Bedrich Smetana |

Bedrich Smetana

Kilima ʻawaʻawa. "The Bartered Bride" Polka (orchestra alakaʻi ʻia e T. Beecham)

ʻO ka hana ʻaoʻao nui o B. Smetana i hoʻokumu ʻia i hoʻokahi pahuhopu - ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mele Czech ʻoihana. He haku mele koʻikoʻi, alakaʻi, kumu, pianist, hoʻohewa, mele a me ka lehulehu kanaka, hana ʻo Smetana i ka manawa i ʻike ai ka poʻe Czech iā lākou iho he lāhui me kā lākou moʻomeheu maoli, kūʻē ikaika i ka noho aliʻi ʻana o Austrian ma ka politika a me ka ʻuhane.

Uaʻikeʻia ke aloha o Czech no nā mele mai ka wā kahiko. ʻO ka neʻe hoʻokuʻu ʻana o Hussite o ke kenekulia 5. nā mele kaua-himene; i ke kenekulia 6, ua hāʻawi nui nā mea haku mele Czech i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mele kahiko ma ʻEulopa Komohana. ʻO ka hana mele home - solo violin a me ka pāʻani hui - ua lilo ia i mea hiʻohiʻona o ke ola o ka poʻe maʻamau. Ua makemake pū lākou i nā mele i loko o ka ʻohana o ka makuakāne o Smetana, he mea hoʻolale ma ka ʻoihana. Mai ka makahiki XNUMX, hoʻokani ka mea haku mele e hiki mai ana i ka violin, a ma XNUMX ua hoʻokani ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he pianist. I kona mau makahiki kula, ho'okani 'oli'oli ke keiki i ka orchestra, ho'omaka e haku. Ua hoʻopau ʻo Smetana i kāna hoʻonaʻauao mele a me ka hoʻonaʻauao ma Prague Conservatory ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a I. Proksh, i ka manawa like ʻo ia e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i kāna hoʻokani piano.

Ma ka manawa like (40s), hui ʻo Smetana me R. Schumann, G. Berlioz a me F. Liszt, e hele ana ma Prague. Ma hope, mahalo nui ʻo Liszt i nā hana a ka haku mele Czech a kākoʻo iā ia. ʻOiai i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kāna ʻoihana ma lalo o ka mana o ka romantics (Schumann a me F. Chopin), ua kākau ʻo Smetana i nā mele piano he nui, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ke ʻano miniature: polkas, bagatelles, impromptu.

ʻO nā hanana o ke kipi o 1848, kahi i komo ai ʻo Smetana, ua loaʻa kahi pane ola i kāna mau mele heroic ("Song of Freedom") a me nā huakaʻi. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻomaka ka hana aʻoaʻo a Smetana i ke kula āna i wehe ai. Eia naʻe,ʻo ka lanakilaʻana o ke kipi i alakaʻiʻia i ka piʻiʻana o ka hopena i ke kulekele o ka Austrian Empire, ka mea i hoʻopau i nā mea a pau Czech. ʻO ka hoʻomāinoino ʻana i nā poʻe alakaʻi i hoʻokumu i nā pilikia nui ma ke ala o nā hana aloha ʻāina a Smetana a koi iā ia e neʻe i Suedena. Ua noho ʻo ia ma Gothenburg (1856-61).

E like me Chopin, nāna i hopu i ke kiʻi o kahi ʻāina mamao i kāna mazurkas, kākau ʻo Smetana i "Memories of the Czech Republic ma ke ʻano o nā pou" no ka piano. A laila huli ʻo ia i ke ʻano o ka symphonic poem. Ma hope o Liszt, hoʻohana ʻo Smetana i nā ʻāpana mai nā moʻolelo moʻokalaleo ʻEulopa - W. Shakespeare ("Richard III"), F. Schiller ("Wallenstein's Camp"), ka mea kākau Denemaka ʻo A. Helenschleger ("Hakon Jarl"). Ma Gothenburg, hana ʻo Smetana ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi o ka Society of Classical Music, he pianist, a ke hana nei i nā hana aʻo.

60s - ʻo ka manawa o ka piʻi hou ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka lāhui ma Czech Republic, a ʻo ka mea haku mele i hoʻi i kona ʻāina hānau e komo ikaika i ke ola lehulehu. Ua lilo ʻo Smetana i mea hoʻokumu i ka opera kahiko Czech. ʻOiai no ka wehe ʻana i kahi hale keaka kahi e hīmeni ai ka poʻe hīmeni ma kā lākou ʻōlelo ponoʻī, pono e hoʻomanawanui ʻia kahi paio paʻakikī. I ka makahiki 1862, ma ke kumu o Smetana, ua wehe ʻia ka Provisional Theatre, kahi i hana ai ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi (1866-74) no nā makahiki he nui.

He ʻokoʻa loa ka hana opera a Smetana ma ke ʻano o nā kumuhana a me nā ʻano. ʻO ka opera mua, The Brandenburgers in the Czech Republic (1863), e haʻi e pili ana i ka hakakā ʻana i ka poʻe naʻi aupuni Kelemania i ke kenekulia 1866, ʻo nā hanana o ka wā kahiko ma aneʻi i ʻōlelo pololei me kēia manawa. Ma hope o ka mōʻaukala-heroic opera, kākau ʻo Smetana i ka mele mele The Bartered Bride (1868), kāna hana kaulana a kaulana loa. ʻO ka ʻakaʻaka pau ʻole, ke aloha o ke ola, ke ʻano mele-a-hula o ke mele e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia ma waena o nā opera comic o ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia XNUMX. ʻO ka opera aʻe, ʻo Dalibor (XNUMX), he pōʻino heroic i kākau ʻia ma ke kumu o kahi moʻolelo kahiko e pili ana i kahi naita i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka hale kiaʻi no ke aloha a me ke kākoʻo ʻana o ka poʻe kipi, a me kāna mea aloha ʻo Milada, ka mea i make i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻopakele iā Dalibor.

Ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Smetana, ua mālama ʻia kahi ʻohi kālā ʻāina no ke kūkulu ʻana i ka National Theatre, i wehe ʻia i ka makahiki 1881 me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kāna opera Libuse hou (1872). He epic kēia e pili ana i ka mea hoʻokumu kaulana o Prague, ʻo Libuse, e pili ana i ka poʻe Czech. Ua kapa ʻia e ka mea haku mele "he kiʻi koʻikoʻi." A i kēia manawa ma Czechoslovakia aia kahi kuʻuna o ka hana ʻana i kēia opera ma nā lā hoʻomaha aupuni, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hanana nui. Ma hope o "Libushe" kākau nui ʻo Smetana i nā opera comic: "ʻElua wahine kāne make", "Kiss", "Mystery". Ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi opera, hoʻolaha ʻo ia ʻaʻole Czech wale nō akā i nā mele haole, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā kula Slavic hou (M. Glinka, S. Moniuszko). Ua kono ʻia ʻo M. Balakirev mai Rūsia e hoʻokani i nā keaka mele a Glinka ma Prague.

Ua lilo ʻo Smetana i mea hoʻokumu ʻaʻole wale i ka opera classical national, akā ʻo ka symphony pū kekahi. ʻOi aku ma mua o kahi symphony, ua hoihoi ʻia ʻo ia e kahi mele symphonic papahana. ʻO ka hoʻokō kiʻekiʻe loa o Smetana i nā mele orchestral i hana ʻia i nā makahiki 70. cycle of symphonic poems "My Motherland" - he epic e pili ana i ka ʻāina Czech, kona poʻe, ka mōʻaukala. ʻO ka mele "Vysehrad" (ʻo Vysehrad kahi ʻāpana kahiko o Prague, "ke kūlanakauhale nui o nā aliʻi a me nā mō'ī o Czech Republic") he moʻolelo e pili ana i ka wā kahiko a me ka nui o ka ʻāina makuahine.

ʻO nā mele nani i loko o nā mele "Vltava, Mai nā māla a me nā ululāʻau Czech" e kiʻi i nā kiʻi o keʻano, nā ākea ākea o ka'āina hānau, kahi e laweʻia ai nā leo o nā mele a me nā hula. Ma "Sharka" nā kuʻuna kahiko a me nā moʻolelo i ola. ʻO "Tabor" a me "Blanik" e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā koa Hussite, e hīmeni i "ka nani o ka ʻāina Czech."

Hoʻokomo pū ʻia ke kumumanaʻo o ka ʻāina i loko o ke keʻena mele piano: "Czech Dances" kahi hōʻiliʻili o nā kiʻi o ke ola o ka poʻe, e loaʻa ana nā ʻano hula holoʻokoʻa ma Czech Republic (polka, skochna, furiant, coysedka, etc.).

Ua hoʻohui mau ʻia ka mele haku mele a Smetana me nā hana kaiapili ikaika a me nā ʻano like ʻole - ʻoi loa i kona ola ʻana ma Prague (60s - hapa mua o nā makahiki 70). No laila, ua kōkua ke alakaʻi o ka Verb of Prague Choral Society i ka hana ʻana i nā hana he nui no ka papa himeni (me ka poem dramatic e pili ana iā Jan Hus, The Three Horsemen). He lālā ʻo Smetana o ka hui o nā kiʻi kaulana o Czech Culture "Handy Beseda" a ke poʻo nei i kāna ʻāpana mele.

ʻO ka mea haku mele kekahi o nā mea i hoʻokumu i ka Philharmonic Society, nāna i kōkua i ka hoʻonaʻauao mele o ka poʻe, ka ʻike me nā mele kahiko a me nā mea hou o nā mele kūloko, a me ke kula leo Czech, kahi āna i aʻo ai me nā mea mele. ʻO ka hope, hana ʻo Smetana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani mele a hoʻomau i ka hana ma ke ʻano he pianist virtuoso. ʻO ka maʻi makaʻu nui wale a me ka nalo ʻana o ka lohe (1874) i koi i ka haku mele e haʻalele i ka hana ma ka hale opera a kaupalena i ka laulā o kāna mau hana kaiaulu.

Haʻalele ʻo Smetana iā Prague a noho ma ke kauhale ʻo Iabekenice. Akā na'e, ho'omau 'o ia i ka haku mele (ho'opau i ka pō'ai "My Motherland", kākau i nā opera hou loa). E like me ka wā ma mua (i nā makahiki o ka neʻe ʻana o Suedena, ʻo ke kaumaha no ka make ʻana o kāna wahine a me kāna kaikamahine i hopena i kahi piano trio), ua hoʻokomo ʻo Smetana i kāna mau ʻike pilikino i nā ʻano ʻano chamber-instrumental. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka quartet "From My Life" (1876) - he moʻolelo e pili ana i kona hopena ponoʻī, hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka hopena o ka hana kiʻi Czech. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia māhele o ka quartet kahi wehewehe papahana a ka mea kākau. ʻO ka poʻe ʻōpio manaʻolana, ka mākaukau "e hakakā i ke ola", nā hoʻomanaʻo o nā lā leʻaleʻa, nā hula a me nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa mele i loko o nā salons, kahi manaʻo poʻomanaʻo o ke aloha mua a, ʻo ka hope, "ʻoliʻoli i ka nānā ʻana i ke ala i hele ai i ke kiʻi aupuni". Akā, ua pau nā mea a pau i kahi leo kiʻekiʻe monotonous - e like me kahi ʻōlelo aʻo weliweli.

Ma waho aʻe o nā hana i haʻi mua ʻia o nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala, ua kākau ʻo Smetana i ka opera The Devil's Wall, ka symphonic suite The Prague Carnival, a hoʻomaka i ka hana ma ka opera Viola (e pili ana i ka comedy ʻo Shakespeare Twelfth Night), i kāohi ʻia mai ka hoʻopau ʻana e ka maʻi ulu. ʻO ke kūlana paʻakikī o ka mea haku mele i nā makahiki i hala iho nei ua hoʻomālamalama ʻia e ka ʻike ʻana i kāna hana e ka poʻe Czech, nāna i hoʻolaʻa i kāna hana.

K. Zenkin

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Smetana a ua pale nui i nā manaʻo kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻāina i nā kūlana pilikanaka paʻakikī, i ke ola piha i ka hana keaka. Ma ke ʻano he haku mele akamai, pianist, alakaʻi a me ke mele a me ka lehulehu, ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i kāna mau hana ikaika a pau no ka hoʻonani ʻana i kona poʻe kamaʻāina.

ʻO ke ola o Smetana he hana hana. Ua loaʻa iā ia ka manaʻo paʻa ʻole a me ka hoʻomanawanui i ka hoʻokō ʻana i kāna pahuhopu, a me nā pilikia a pau o ke ola, ua hoʻokō ʻo ia i kāna mau hoʻolālā. A ua hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau hoʻolālā i hoʻokahi manaʻo nui - e kōkua i ka poʻe Czech me nā mele i kā lākou hakakā heroic no ke kūʻokoʻa a me ke kūʻokoʻa, e hoʻokomo i loko o lākou i ke ʻano o ka ikaika a me ka manaʻo maikaʻi, ka manaʻoʻiʻo i ka lanakila hope o ke kumu kūpono.

Ua hoʻokō ʻo Smetana i kēia hana paʻakikī, kuleana, no ka mea aia ʻo ia i loko o ka mānoanoa o ke ola, e pane ikaika ana i nā koi socio-cultural o ko mākou manawa. Me kāna hana, a me nā hana pilikanaka, ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i ka ulu nui ʻana ʻaʻole wale i ka mele mele, akā ʻoi aku ka laulā - o ka moʻomeheu a pau o ka ʻāina makuahine. ʻO ia ke kumu i kapu ai ka inoa ʻo Smetana i nā Czechs, a ʻo kāna mele, e like me ka hae kaua, e hoʻāla i ka manaʻo haʻaheo o ka lāhui.

ʻAʻole i hōʻike koke ʻia ke akamai o Smetana, akā ua ulu mālie. Ua kōkua ke kipi o 1848 iā ia e hoʻomaopopo i kāna mau manaʻo pilikanaka a me ka noʻeau. E hoʻomaka ana i ka makahiki 1860, ma ka paepae o ke kanahā lā hānau o Smetana, ua hana ʻia kāna mau hana ma ke ʻano ākea ākea: alakaʻi ʻo ia i nā ʻaha mele symphony ma Prague ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi, alakaʻi i ka hale opera, hoʻokani piano, a kākau i nā ʻatikala koʻikoʻi. Akā ʻo ka mea nui loa, me kāna noʻonoʻo ʻana, hana ʻo ia i nā ala kūpono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kiʻi mele kūloko. ʻO kāna mau hana i hōʻike i kahi ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui, hiki ʻole ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ʻoiai nā pilikia āpau, makemake i ke kūʻokoʻa o ka poʻe Czech hoʻoluhi.

Ma waena o ka hakakā ikaika me nā pūʻali o ka lehulehu, ua loaʻa ʻo Smetana i kahi pōʻino, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka mea ʻaʻohe mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mea hoʻokani mele: ua lilo koke ʻo ia i kuli. He kanalima makahiki ona. I ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻeha kino koʻikoʻi, ua ola ʻo Smetana i mau makahiki he ʻumi, kahi āna i hoʻohana ai i ka hana hoʻomohala ikaika.

Ua ho'ōki ka hana, akā ua hoʻomau ka hana noʻeau me ka ikaika like. Pehea e hoʻomanaʻo ʻole ai iā Beethoven i kēia pili - ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻaʻole ʻike ka mōʻaukala o nā mele i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe i hōʻike ʻia i ka nui o ka ʻuhane o kahi mea pena, wiwo ʻole i ka pōʻino! ..

Hoʻopili ʻia nā mea kiʻekiʻe loa o Smetana me ke kahua o ka opera a me ka symphony papahana.

Ma ke ʻano he kamaʻāina kiʻi koʻikoʻi, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kāna mau hana hoʻoponopono i ka makahiki 1860, ua huli mua ʻo Smetana i ka opera, no ka mea ma kēia wahi i hoʻoholo ʻia ai nā pilikia koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu aupuni. "ʻO ka hana nui a maikaʻi loa o kā mākou hale opera ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kiʻi kūloko," wahi āna. Hōʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona he nui o ke ola i kāna mau hana opera ʻewalu, ua paʻa nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ke kiʻi opera. Ua hōʻailona ʻia kēlā me kēia o lākou e nā hiʻohiʻona kū hoʻokahi, akā hoʻokahi wale nō hiʻohiʻona ko lākou āpau - ma nā opera a Smetana, nā kiʻi o nā poʻe maʻamau o Czech Republic a me kona mau koa hanohano, kokoke i nā mea hoʻolohe ākea nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo. i ola.

Ua huli pū ʻo Smetana i ke kahua o ka symphonism papahana. ʻO ka paʻa o nā kiʻi o nā mele papahana ʻole i hiki i ka haku mele ke hōʻike i kona mau manaʻo aloha ʻāina i ka lehulehu o ka poʻe hoʻolohe. ʻO ka mea nui loa ma waena o lākou ka symphonic cycle "My Motherland". He hana nui kēia hana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mele instrumental Czech.

Ua haʻalele ʻo Smetana i nā hana ʻē aʻe he nui - no ka hui mele ʻole, piano, string quartet, etc. ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻano o ke mele mele āna i huli ai, ʻo nā mea a pau i hoʻopā ʻia e ka lima koi o ka haku, ua ulu aʻe ma ke ʻano he ʻano hana noʻeau maoli, e kū ana ma ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. nā hoʻokō o ka moʻomeheu mele honua o ke kenekulia XIX.

Ke noi nei ia i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hana mōʻaukala o Smetana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mele mele Czech me nā mea a Glinka i hana ai no nā mele Lūkini. ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha i kapa ʻia ʻo Smetana ʻo "Czech Glinka".

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Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Bedrich Smetana ma Malaki 2, 1824 ma ke kūlanakauhale kahiko o Litomysl, aia ma ka hikina hema o Bohemia. Ua lawelawe kona makua kāne ma ke ʻano he mea inu waiu ma ka waiwai o ka helu. I nā makahiki, ua ulu ka ʻohana, pono ka makuakāne e ʻimi i nā kūlana maikaʻi aʻe no ka hana, a neʻe pinepine ʻo ia mai kēlā me kēia wahi. He mau kulanakauhale liilii no hoi keia a pau, i hoopuniia e na kauhale a me na kauhale, kahi i kipa pinepine ai o Bedrich opio; Ua ike nui ia ke ola o ka poe mahiai mai kona wa kamalii mai. Ua mālama ʻo ia i kona aloha i ka poʻe maʻamau o Czech Republic no ke koena o kona ola ʻana.

ʻO ka makuakāne o ka mea haku mele e hiki mai ana he kanaka koʻikoʻi: heluhelu nui ʻo ia, hoihoi i ka politika, a makemake i nā manaʻo o ka poʻe ala. Hoʻokani pinepine ʻia ke mele ma ka hale, ʻo ia hoʻi i hoʻokani i ka violin. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka hōʻike ʻana o ke keiki i ka hoihoi mua i ka mele, a ua hāʻawi nā manaʻo holomua o kona makuakāne i nā hopena maikaʻi loa i nā makahiki oʻo o ka hana a Smetana.

Mai ka makahiki ʻehā, ua aʻo ʻo Bedřich e hoʻokani i ka violin, a ua kūleʻa ʻo ia i hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai ua komo ʻo ia i ka hana o nā quartets a Haydn. No nā makahiki ʻeono, hoʻokani ʻo ia i ka lehulehu ma ke ʻano he pianist a ma ka manawa like e hoʻāʻo e haku mele. ʻOiai ʻo ia e aʻo ana i ka hale haʻuki, i loko o kahi ʻano aloha, hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine ʻo ia i nā hula (ua mālama ʻia ʻo Louisina Polka maikaʻi a me ka melodic, 1840); hookani piano me ka ikaika. I ka makahiki 1843, kākau ʻo Bedrich i nā huaʻōlelo haʻaheo i kāna diary: “Me ke kōkua a me ke aloha o ke Akua, e lilo wau i Liszt ma ka ʻenehana, Mozart i ka haku mele." Ua oo ka hoʻoholo: pono ʻo ia e hāʻawi piha iā ia iho i ke mele.

Ua neʻe kahi keikikāne he ʻumikūmāhiku makahiki i Prague, ola lima i ka waha - ʻaʻole ʻoluʻolu kona makuakāne i kāna keiki, hōʻole ʻo ia e kōkua iā ia. Akā, uaʻikeʻo Bedrich iā ia iho he alakaʻi kūpono -ʻo ke kumu kaulanaʻo Josef Proksh, nāna i hāʻawi i kona hopena. ʻEhā makahiki o ke aʻo ʻana (1844-1847) i hua nui loa. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o Smetana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani pila i hoʻokō ʻia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma Prague ua hoʻokō ʻo ia e hoʻolohe iā Liszt (1840), Berlioz (1846), Clara Schumann (1847).

I ka makahiki 1848, ua pau na makahiki o ke ao ana. He aha kā lākou hopena?

ʻOiai i kona wā ʻōpiopio, makemake nui ʻo Smetana i ke mele o ka ballroom a me nā hula folk - ua kākau ʻo ia i nā waltzes, quadrilles, gallops, polkas. Me he mea lā, ua like ʻo ia me nā kuʻuna o nā mea kākau salon nani. Hoʻopilikia pū ʻia ka mana o Chopin, me kona akamai i ka unuhi mele ʻana i nā kiʻi hula. Eia kekahi, ua makemake ka mea hoʻokani pila Czech.

Ua kākau pū ʻo ia i nā pāʻani aloha - he ʻano "landscapes of moods", e hāʻule ana ma lalo o ka mana o Schumann, ʻo Mendelssohn kekahi hapa. Eia naʻe, he "sourdough" koʻikoʻi ko Smetana. Mahalo ʻo ia iā Mozart, a ma kāna mau mele nui mua (piano sonatas, orchestral overtures) hilinaʻi iā Beethoven. Eia naʻe, ʻo Chopin kahi kokoke loa iā ia. A ma ke ʻano he pianist, hoʻokani pinepine ʻo ia i kāna mau hana, ʻo ia, e like me Hans Bülow, kekahi o nā "Chopinists" maikaʻi loa o kona manawa. A ma hope mai, i ka makahiki 1879, kuhikuhi ʻo Smetana: "No Chopin, i kāna mau hana, ua ʻaiʻē wau i ka kūleʻa o kaʻu mau ʻahamele, a mai ka manawa aʻu i aʻo ai a hoʻomaopopo ai i kāna mau haku mele, ua maopopo iaʻu kaʻu mau hana hana i ka wā e hiki mai ana."

No laila, i ka makahiki iwakāluakūmāhā, ua mākaukau mua ʻo Smetana i ka haku mele a me nā ʻano hana pianistic. Pono wale ʻo ia e ʻimi i kahi noi no kona mana, a no kēia mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻike iā ia iho.

I kēlā manawa, ua wehe ʻo Smetana i kahi kula mele, kahi i hāʻawi iā ia i ka manawa e ola ai. Aia ʻo ia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka male ʻana (i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1849) - pono ʻoe e noʻonoʻo pehea e hoʻolako ai i kou ʻohana e hiki mai ana. I ka makahiki 1847, ua hana ʻo Smetana i kahi huakaʻi ʻahamele a puni ka ʻāina, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ia i hōʻoia pono iā ia iho. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma Prague ponoʻī ʻike ʻia a mahalo ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he piano a me ke kumu. Akā ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka mea haku mele ʻo Smetana. I ka minamina, huli ʻo ia iā Liszt no ke kōkua ma ke kākau ʻana, me ka nīnau kaumaha: "ʻO wai ka mea hiki ke hilinaʻi inā ʻaʻole ʻo ia ka mea pena e like me ia? ʻO ka poʻe waiwai - kēia mau aliʻi - nānā i ka poʻe ʻilihune me ke aloha ʻole: e make ʻo ia i ka pōloli! ..». Ua hoʻopili ʻo Smetana i kāna "ʻEono mau ʻāpana" no ka piano i ka leka.

He mea hoʻolaha hanohano o nā mea a pau i holomua i ka hana akamai, lokomaikaʻi me ke kōkua, ua pane koke ʻo Liszt i ka mea hoʻokani pila i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ia: "Ke manaʻo nei au ʻo kāu mau pāʻani ʻo ia ka mea maikaʻi loa, manaʻo hohonu a hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia i waena o nā mea a pau aʻu i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ai i loko. nā manawa i hala iho nei." Ua kōkua ʻo Liszt i ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o kēia mau pāʻani (ua paʻi ʻia i ka makahiki 1851 a ua kaha ʻia i ka op. 1). Mai kēia manawa, hele pū kāna kākoʻo moʻomeheu i nā hana hoʻomohala āpau o Smetana. "ʻO ka pepa," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ia, "ua hoʻolauna iaʻu i ka honua noʻeau." Akā e hala nā makahiki he nui a hiki i ka hoʻokō ʻana o Smetana i ka ʻike ʻia ma kēia ao. ʻO nā hanana kipi o 1848 i lilo i mea hoʻoikaika.

Hāʻawi ke kipi i nā ʻēheu i ka haku mele Czech aloha ʻāina, hāʻawi iā ia i ka ikaika, kōkua iā ia e hoʻomaopopo i kēlā mau hana manaʻo a me nā hana noʻeau i hoʻomau mau ʻia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o kēia wā. ʻO ka mea hōʻike a me ke komo pololei i loko o ka haunaele ʻino i hoʻopau iā Prague, ua kākau ʻo Smetana i kahi mau hana koʻikoʻi: "ʻElua Revolutionary Marches" no ka piano, "March of the Student Legion", "March of the National Guard", "Song. of Freedom” for choir and piano, overture” D-dur (Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka overture ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a F. Shkroup i ʻApelila 1849. "ʻO kēia kaʻu mele orchestral mua," i kuhikuhi ai ʻo Smetana i ka makahiki 1883; a laila hoʻoponopono hou ʻo ia.) .

Me kēia mau hana, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo pathos i ke mele a Smetana, e lilo koke ia i mea maʻamau no kāna wehewehe ʻana i nā kiʻi aloha aloha kūʻokoʻa. ʻO nā huakaʻi a me nā mele o ka French Revolution i ka hopena o ke kenekulia XNUMX, a me ka heroism o Beethoven, he mana koʻikoʻi i kona hoʻokumu ʻana. Aia kekahi hopena, ʻoiai me ka wiwo ʻole, ka mana o ka mele mele Czech, i hānau ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana o Hussite. ʻO ka hale kūʻai aupuni o sublime pathos, akā naʻe, e hōʻike maopopo ʻia iā ia iho i ka wā oʻo o ka hana a Smetana.

ʻO kāna hana nui ʻē aʻe ʻo ia ka Solemn Symphony ma E major, i kākau ʻia i ka makahiki 1853 a hana mua ʻia ʻelua makahiki ma hope ma lalo o ke alakaʻi a ka mea kākau. (ʻO kāna hana mua kēia ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi). Akā, i ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā manaʻo nui, ʻaʻole i hiki i ka mea haku mele ke hōʻike i ke ʻano maoli o kāna ʻano hana. ʻO ke kolu o ka neʻeʻana iʻoi aku ke kumu - he scherzo i loko o kaʻuhane o ka polka; ua hana pinepine ia ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana orchestral kūʻokoʻa. Ua ʻike koke ʻo Smetana iā ia iho i ka haʻahaʻa o kāna symphony a ʻaʻole i huli hou i kēia ʻano. ʻO kāna hoa ʻōpio, ʻo Dvořák, ka mea nāna i hana i ka symphony Czech.

ʻO kēia nā makahiki o ka ʻimi hoʻomohala ikaika. Ua aʻo nui lākou iā Smetana. ʻOi aku ka nui o kona kaumaha ʻana i ka pōʻai haiki o ke aʻo ʻana. Eia kekahi, ua uhi ʻia ka hauʻoli pilikino: ua lilo ʻo ia i makua kāne no nā keiki ʻehā, akā ʻekolu o lākou i make i ka wā kamaliʻi. Ua hopu ka mea haku mele i kona mau manaʻo kaumaha ma muli o ko lākou make ʻana i ka piano piano g-moll, nona nā mele i hōʻike ʻia e ka impetuosity kipi, ke keaka a i ka manawa like me ka palupalu, ka hanohano o ka lāhui.

Ua maʻi ke ola ma Prague iā Smetana. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke noho hou i loko i ka wā i hohonu ai ka pōʻeleʻele o ka hopena ma Czech Republic. Ma ka ʻōlelo aʻo a nā hoaaloha, haʻalele ʻo Smetana i Suedena. Ma mua o kona haʻalele ʻana, ua kamaʻāina pono ʻo ia iā Liszt; a laila, ma 1857 a me 1859, ua kipa aku ia ia ma Weimar, i ka makahiki 1865 - ma Budapest, a me Liszt, i ka manawa i hele mai ai i Prague i ka 60-70s, kipa mau iā Smetana. No laila, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka pilina ma waena o ka mea hoʻokani pila Hungarian a me ka haku mele Czech akamai. Ua hui pū ʻia lākou ʻaʻole wale e nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo: ʻo nā kānaka o Hungary a me Czech Republic he ʻenemi maʻamau - ʻo ke aupuni mōʻī Austrian inaina ʻia o nā Habsburgs.

No ʻelima mau makahiki (1856-1861) aia ʻo Smetana ma kahi ʻāina ʻē, e noho nui ana ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Suedena ʻo Gothenburg. Maʻaneʻi ua hoʻokumuʻo ia i kahi hana ikaika: ua hoʻonohonohoʻo ia i kahi mele symphony, a ua hanaʻo ia ma keʻano he alakaʻi, hāʻawi maikaʻi i nā'ahamele ma keʻano he piano (ma Suedena, Kelemānia, Denmark, Holland), a he nui nā haumāna. A ma ka manaʻo noʻonoʻo, ua hua kēia manawa: inā ʻo 1848 i hoʻololi nui i ka ʻike honua o Smetana, e hoʻoikaika ana i nā hiʻohiʻona holomua i loko, a laila ʻo nā makahiki i hala ma waho i kōkua i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i kāna mau manaʻo aupuni a, i ka manawa like, ka ulu ana o ke akamai. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ia i loko o kēia mau makahiki, e makemake nui ana i kona ʻāina hānau, ua ʻike hope ʻo Smetana i kāna ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he mea pena kiʻi Czech.

Ua ulu kāna hana haku mele ma ʻelua ʻaoʻao.

Ma kekahiʻaoʻao, ua hoʻomaka mua nā hoʻokolohua i ka hanaʻana i nā'āpana piano, i uhiʻia me ka poetry o nā hula hula Czech. No laila, i ka makahiki 1849, ua kākau ʻia ka pōʻai "Wedding Scenes", a he mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua wehewehe ʻo Smetana iā ia iho i hāpai ʻia i kahi "ʻano Czech maoli." Ua hoʻomau ʻia nā hoʻokolohua ma kahi pōʻai piano ʻē aʻe - "Memories of the Czech Republic, i kākau ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka polka" (1859). Ma ʻaneʻi ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kumu ʻāina o nā mele a Smetana, akā ʻo ka hapa nui ma ka lyrical a me ka wehewehe ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻekolu mau mele symphonic i mea nui no kāna hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kiʻi: Richard III (1858, ma muli o ka pōʻino o Shakespeare), Wallenstein's Camp (1859, ma muli o ke keaka a Schiller), Jarl Hakon (1861, ma muli o ka pōʻino. o ka haku mele Denemaka - ke aloha o Helenschläger). Ua hoʻomaikaʻi lākou i nā ala haʻahaʻa o ka hana a Smetana, e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā kiʻi heroic a me ke kiʻi.

ʻO ka mea mua, he mea koʻikoʻi nā kumumanaʻo o kēia mau hana: Ua hoihoi ʻia ʻo Smetana i ka manaʻo o uXNUMXbuXNUMXbka paio kūʻē i ka poʻe ʻaihue o ka mana, i hōʻike maopopo ʻia i loko o nā hana moʻokalaleo i hoʻokumu i ke kumu o kāna mau mele (ma ke ala, ka manaʻo a me nā kiʻi o ka pōʻino o Dane Elenschleger e hoʻokani iā ​​Shakespeare's Macbeth), a me nā hiʻohiʻona momona mai ke ola o ka poʻe, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma Schiller's "Wallenstein Camp", e like me ka mea haku mele, hiki ke kani pono i nā makahiki o ka hoʻokaumaha ʻino ʻana i kona ʻāina hānau.

ʻO ka manaʻo mele o nā haku mele hou a Smetana he mea hou: ua huli ʻo ia i ke ʻano o "symphonic poems", i hoʻomohala koke ʻia e Liszt. ʻO kēia nā ʻanuʻu mua o ka haku Czech i ka haku ʻana i nā mea hiki ke hōʻike ʻia i wehe iā ia ma ke kahua o ka symphony papahana. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole ʻo Smetana he mea hoʻohālike makapō i nā manaʻo o Liszt - ua hana ʻo ia i kāna mau ʻano o ka haku mele ʻana, kāna loiloi ponoʻī o ka juxtaposition a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kiʻi mele, a ma hope i hoʻohui ʻia me ka maikaʻi maikaʻi loa i ka pōʻai symphonic "My Motherland".

A ma nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā mele "Gothenburg" nā ala koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā hana hana hou a Smetana i hoʻonohonoho ai nona iho. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona kiʻekiʻe a me ka hana keaka o kā lākou mele e kali ana i ke ʻano o ka opera Dalibor a me Libuše, ʻoiai ʻo nā hiʻohiʻona hauʻoli mai Wallenstein's Camp, e paʻi ana me ka leʻaleʻa, kala ʻia me ka ʻono Czech, me he mea lā he prototype o ka overture i The Bartered Bride. No laila, ua kokoke mai nā mea koʻikoʻi ʻelua o ka hana a Smetana i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, ʻo ka poʻe i kēlā me kēia lā a me ke kaumaha, a hoʻowaiwai kekahi i kekahi.

Mai kēia manawa, ua mākaukau ʻo ia no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hana ideological a me nā hana noʻeau hou. Akā hiki ke hana ʻia ma ka home wale nō. Ua makemake pū ʻo ia e hoʻi i Prague no ka mea ua pili nā hoʻomanaʻo koʻikoʻi me Gothenburg: ua hāʻule kahi pōʻino weliweli hou ma luna o Smetana - i ka makahiki 1859, ua maʻi make kāna wahine aloha ma ʻaneʻi a make koke ...

I ka pūnāwai o 1861, ua hoʻi ʻo Smetana i Prague i ʻole e haʻalele i ke kapikala o Czech Republic a hiki i ka hopena o kona mau lā.

He kanakolukūmāhiku ona makahiki. Ua piha ʻo ia i ka hana hana. ʻO nā makahiki i hala aku nei i hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kona makemake, hoʻonui i kona ola a me ka ʻike noʻeau, a hoʻoikaika i kona hilinaʻi iā ia iho. ʻIke ʻo ia i kāna mea e kū ai, i ka mea e hoʻokō ai. Ua kapa ʻia kēlā mea pena kiʻi e ka hopena ponoʻī e alakaʻi i ke ola mele o Prague a, ʻoi aku hoʻi, e hoʻohou i ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o ka moʻomeheu mele o Czech Republic.

Ua maʻalahi kēia e ka hoʻāla hou ʻana o ke kūlana socio-political a me ka moʻomeheu i ka ʻāina. Ua pau nā lā o "Bach's reaction". Ke ulu ikaika nei nā leo o nā ʻelele o ka holomua Czech artistic intelligentsia. I ka makahiki 1862, ua wehe ʻia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "Provisional Theatre", i kūkulu ʻia me nā kālā poʻe, kahi e hoʻokani ʻia ai nā hana mele. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, ua hoʻomaka ka "Crafty Talk" - "Art Club" - i kāna hana, e hui pū ana i nā aloha aloha aloha - nā mea kākau, nā mea pena, nā mea mele. Ma ka manawa like, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kahi hui mele - "The Verb of Prague", i kākau ʻia ma kāna hae i nā huaʻōlelo kaulana: "Song to the heart, heart to the homeland."

ʻO Smetana ka ʻuhane o kēia mau hui. Ke alakaʻi nei ʻo ia i ka ʻāpana mele o ka "Art Club" (ʻo Neruda ke poʻo o nā mea kākau, nā mea pena - na Manes), hoʻonohonoho i nā ʻaha mele ma aneʻi - ke keʻena a me ka symphony, hana pū me ka hui "Verb", a me kāna hana e hāʻawi i ka ulu ʻana o ka. ʻO "Provisional Theatre" (he mau makahiki ma hope a ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi).

I ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e hoʻāla i ka haʻaheo o ka lāhui Czech i kāna mele, ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo Smetana ma ka paʻi. "ʻO ko mākou poʻe," i kākau ai ʻo ia, "ua kaulana loa ma ke ʻano he poʻe mele, a ʻo ka hana a ka mea pena kiʻi, i hoʻoulu ʻia e ke aloha i ka ʻāina makuahine, ʻo ia ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i kēia hanohano."

A ma kekahi ʻatikala i kākau ʻia e pili ana i ke kau inoa ʻana o nā ʻaha mele symphony i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ia (he mea hou kēia no ka poʻe o Prague!), Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Smetana: "Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā haku mele mele i loko o nā papahana, akā ua uku ʻia nā mea haku mele Slavic. No ke aha i hana ʻole ʻia ai nā hana a nā mea kākau Lūkini, Polani, South Slavic i kēia manawa? ʻO nā inoa o kā mākou haku haku ʻāina i ʻike ʻole ʻia… ". ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā ʻōlelo a Smetana i kāna mau hana: i ka makahiki 1865 ua alakaʻi ʻo ia i nā hana orchestral a Glinka, i ka makahiki 1866 ua hoʻokani ʻo ia iā Ivan Susanin ma ka Provisional Theatre, a ma 1867 Ruslan lāua ʻo Lyudmila (no laila ua kono ʻo ia iā Balakirev i Prague), i ka makahiki 1878 - ka opera a Moniuszko ". Pebble", etc.

I ka manawa like, hōʻailona nā 60s i ka manawa o ka pua kiʻekiʻe loa o kāna hana. Aneane i ka manawa like, loaʻa iā ia ka manaʻo o ʻehā mau opera, a i ka pau ʻana o kekahi, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e haku i ka mea aʻe. Ma ke ʻano like, ua hana ʻia nā papa mele no ka "Verb" (Ua haku ʻia ka papa mele mua i kahi kikokikona Czech i ka makahiki 1860 ("Czech Song"). ʻO nā mele mele nui a Smetana ʻo Rolnicka (1868), e hīmeni ana i ka hana a kahi mahiʻai, a me ka mele mele a ke Kai (1877). Ma waena o nā haku mele ʻē aʻe, ʻo ke mele himeni "Dowry" (1880) a me ka hauʻoli, hauʻoli ʻo "Our Song" (1883), i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka mele o ka polka.), nā ʻāpana piano, nā hana symphonic nui i noʻonoʻo ʻia.

ʻO nā Brandenburgers ma Czech Republic ka inoa o ka opera mua a Smetana, i hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 1863. Hoʻāla hou ia i nā hanana o ka wā i hala, mai ka makahiki XNUMXth. Eia nō naʻe, pili pono kona ʻike. ʻO Brandenburgers nā haku feudal Kelemania (mai ka Margraviate o Brandenburg), nāna i hao i nā ʻāina Slavic, hehi i nā kuleana a me ka hanohano o nā Czechs. Pēlā nō ia i ka wā ma mua, akā ua mau nō ia i ka wā o ke ola ʻana o Smetana - ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua hakakā kona mau hoa maikaʻi loa i ka Germanization o Czech Republic! ʻO ka pāʻani hauʻoli i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā hopena pilikino o nā kiʻi i hui pū ʻia i ka opera me ka hōʻike ʻana i ke ola o nā poʻe maʻamau - ka poʻe ʻilihune Prague i hopu ʻia e ka ʻuhane kipi, he mea hou wiwo ʻole i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka hoʻokō ʻana o kēia hana me ka huhū e nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka lehulehu.

Ua waiho ʻia ka opera i kahi hoʻokūkū i hoʻolaha ʻia e ka luna hoʻokele o ka Provisional Theatre. ʻEkolu mau makahiki e hakakā ai no kāna hana ma ke kahua. Ua loaʻa iā Smetana ka makana a ua kono ʻia ʻo ia i ka hale keaka ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi alakaʻi. I ka makahiki 1866, ua hoʻomaka ka mua o The Brandenburgers, he lanakila nui - ua kāhea pinepine ʻia ka mea kākau ma hope o kēlā me kēia hana. Ua hele pū ka lanakila i nā hana ma hope (i ka manawa wale nō, "The Brandenburgers" i hana ʻia he ʻumikumamāhā mau manawa!).

ʻAʻole i pau kēia hoʻomaka mua, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o kahi haku mele hou a Smetana - ʻo ka opera comic The Bartered Bride, nāna i hoʻonani iā ​​​​ia ma nā wahi āpau. Ua kiʻi ʻia nā kiʻi kiʻi mua no ia mea i ka makahiki 1862, i ka makahiki aʻe ua hana ʻo Smetana i ka overture ma kekahi o kāna mau ʻahamele. Hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ka hana, akā ua hana hou ka mea haku mele i nā helu pākahi: e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana a kona mau hoaaloha, ua ikaika loa ʻo ia "Czechized", ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻokomo nui ʻia ʻo ia i ka ʻuhane o Czech, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke māʻona hou. me ka mea i loaa mua iaia. Ua hoʻomau ʻo Smetana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kāna opera ʻoiai ma hope o kāna hana ʻana i ka pūnāwai o 1866 (ʻelima mau mahina ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o The Brandenburgers!): i nā makahiki ʻehā e hiki mai ana, ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i ʻelua mau paʻi hou o The Bartered Bride, e hoʻonui a hohonu i ka ʻike o kāna. hana make ole.

ʻAʻole naʻe i hiamoe nā ʻenemi o Smetana. Ke kali wale nei lākou i kahi manawa e hoʻouka ākea iā ia. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēlā manawa kūpono i ka makahiki 1868 i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ke kolu o ka opera ʻo Smetana, ʻo Dalibor (ua hoʻomaka ka hana ma ka makahiki 1865). ʻO ka pā, e like me Brandenburgers, lawe ʻia mai ka mōʻaukala o Czech Republic: ʻo kēia ka hopena o ke kenekulia XNUMX. Ma kahi moʻolelo kahiko e pili ana i ka naita hanohano ʻo Dalibor, ua hoʻoikaika ʻo Smetana i ka manaʻo o kahi hakakā hoʻokuʻu.

Ua hoʻoholo ka manaʻo hou i ke ʻano o ka ʻōlelo maʻamau. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia e ka poʻe kūʻē iā Smetana he Wagnerian ikaika nāna i haʻalele i ka manaʻo aupuni-Czech. "ʻAʻohe aʻu mea mai Wagner mai," wahi a Smetana i kūʻē ʻole ai. "E hōʻoia ʻo Liszt i kēia." Akā naʻe, ua ikaika ka hoʻomāinoino ʻana, ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hoʻouka ʻana. ʻO ka hopena, ua holo wale ka opera i ʻeono manawa a ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia mai ka repertoire.

(I ka makahiki 1870, ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo "Dalibor" ʻekolu manawa, i ka makahiki 1871 - ʻelua, i ka makahiki 1879 - ʻekolu; mai ka makahiki 1886 wale nō, ma hope o ka make ʻana o Smetana, ua ola hou ka hoihoi i kēia keaka. Ua mahalo nui ʻo Gustav Mahler iā ia, a i kona kono ʻia ʻana. ke alakaʻi alakaʻi o ka Vienna Opera, koi ʻia e hoʻokani ʻia ʻo "Dalibor", ua mālama ʻia ka mua o ka opera ma 1897. ʻElua mau makahiki ma hope mai, kani ʻo ia ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a E. Napravnik ma St. Petersburg Mariinsky Theatre.)

He hahau ikaika ia no Smetana: ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻolauleʻa iā ia iho me kēlā ʻano manaʻo kūpono ʻole i kāna mau keiki aloha a huhū pū me kāna mau hoaaloha i ka wā i hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka Bartered Bride, poina iā Dalibor.

Akā, me ka wiwo ʻole a me ka wiwo ʻole i kāna ʻimi ʻana, hoʻomau ʻo Smetana i ka hana ʻana i ka opera ʻehā - "Libuse" (ʻo nā kiʻi kiʻi kumu i ka makahiki 1861, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka libretto i ka makahiki 1866). He moʻolelo koʻikoʻi kēia e pili ana i ka moʻolelo kaʻao e pili ana i ke aliʻi naʻauao o Bohemia kahiko. Ua mele ʻia kāna mau hana e nā haku mele a me nā mea mele Czech; ʻO kā lākou mau moeʻuhane maikaʻi loa e pili ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana o ko lākou ʻāina hānau, ua pili pū me ke kāhea ʻana o Libuse no ka lokahi lāhui a me ke kūpaʻa pono o ka poʻe i hoʻokaumaha ʻia. No laila, ua hoʻokomo ʻo ʻErben i loko o kona waha i kahi wānana piha i ke ʻano hohonu:

ʻIke au i ka ʻālohilohi, kaua au i nā kaua, ʻO ka pahi ʻoi e hou i kou umauma, E ʻike ʻoe i nā pilikia a me ka pouli o ka neoneo, Mai pau ka naʻau, e koʻu poʻe Czech!

I ka makahiki 1872 ua hoʻopau ʻo Smetana i kāna keaka. ʻAʻole naʻe ʻo ia e hoʻokalakupua. ʻO ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia nei kahi hoʻolauleʻa aupuni nui. Ma hope i ka makahiki 1868, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kahua o ka National Theatre, kahi i manaʻo ʻia e pani i ka wahi haʻahaʻa o ka Provisional Theatre. "ʻO ka poʻe - no lākou iho" - ma lalo o kahi hua'ōlelo haʻaheo, ua hōʻiliʻiliʻia nā kālā no ke kūkuluʻana i hale hou. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Smetana i ka manawa o ka "Libuše" e hui pū me kēia hoʻolauleʻa aupuni. I ka makahiki 1881 wale nō i wehe ʻia ai nā puka o ka hale keaka hou. ʻAʻole hiki iā Smetana ke lohe hou i kāna keaka: he kuli ʻo ia.

ʻO ka pōʻino loa o nā pōʻino a pau i hahau iā Smetana - ua hiki koke mai ke kuli iā ia i ka makahiki 1874. I ka palena, ka hana ikaika, ka hoʻomāinoino ʻana i nā ʻenemi, ka mea me ka huhū i lawe i nā mea kaua e kūʻē iā Smetana, ua hoʻopuka i kahi maʻi ʻeha o nā aʻalolo auditory a me kahi pōʻino pōʻino. Ua hele hewa kona ola, ʻaʻole naʻe i haki kona ʻuhane kūpaʻa. Pono wau e haʻalele i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hana, neʻe aku i ka hana kaiāulu, akā ʻaʻole i pau nā mana hana - ua hoʻomau ka mea haku mele i nā hana nani.

I ka makahiki o ka pōʻino, ua hoʻopau ʻo Smetana i kāna keaka ʻelima, ʻo The Two Widows, kahi lanakila nui; hoʻohana ʻo ia i kahi moʻolelo mele mai ke ola manor hou.

I ka manawa like, ua haku ʻia ka monumental symphonic cycle "My Motherland". ʻO nā mele mua ʻelua - "Vyshegrad" a me "Vltava" - ua hoʻopau ʻia i nā mahina paʻakikī loa, i ka wā i ʻike ai nā kauka i ka maʻi o Smetana he mea hiki ʻole ke ola. Ma 1875 "Sharka" a me "From Bohemian Fields and Woods" i ukali; i ka makahiki 1878-1879 – Tabor a me Blanik. I ka makahiki 1882, ka mea alakaʻi alakaʻi ʻo Adolf Cech i hana i ka pōʻai holoʻokoʻa no ka manawa mua, a ma waho o ka Czech Republic - aia i ka makahiki 90 - ua hoʻolaha ʻia e Richard Strauss.

Ua hoʻomau ka hana ma ke ʻano opera. Ua loaʻa i ka kaulana kaulana ʻo The Bartered Bride e ka mele mele i kēlā me kēia lā ʻo The Kiss (1875-1876), ma waenakonu ke kiʻi maʻemaʻe o kahi kaikamahine Vendulka maʻalahi; ʻO ka opera The Secret (1877-1878), kahi i mele ai i ka hilinaʻi i ke aloha, ua hoʻokipa maikaʻi ʻia; ʻaʻole i lanakila ma muli o ka nawaliwali o ka libretto ka hana hope loa o Smetana – “Devil's Wall” (1882).

No laila, i ka hala ʻana o ʻewalu mau makahiki, ua haku ka mea haku mele kuli i ʻehā mau keaka, kahi pōʻai symphonic o ʻeono mau mele, a me kekahi mau hana ʻē aʻe - piano, chamber, choral. ʻO ka makemake paha i loaʻa iā ia ke hoʻohua nui! ʻO kona ikaika naʻe, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hāʻule - i kekahi manawa ua loaʻa iā ia nā hihiʻo moeʻuhane; I kekahi manawa, me he mea lā ua nalowale kona manaʻo. Ua lanakila ka ʻiʻini no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā mea a pau. ʻAʻole pau ka Fantasy, a ua kōkua kekahi pepeiao i loko e koho i ke ʻano o ka hōʻike ʻana. A ʻo kekahi mea ʻē aʻe kahaha: ʻoiai ʻo ka holomua o ka maʻi hopohopo, ua hoʻomau ʻo Smetana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mele ma ke ʻano ʻōpio, hou, ʻoiaʻiʻo, manaʻo maikaʻi. Ma hope o ka nalowale ʻana o kona lohe ʻana, ua nalowale ʻo ia i ka hiki ke kamaʻilio pololei me nā kānaka, ʻaʻole naʻe ʻo ia i pale iā ia iho mai o lākou aku, ʻaʻole i haʻalele iā ia iho, e mālama ana i ka ʻoliʻoli o ke ola i loaʻa iā ia, ka manaʻoʻiʻo iā ia. ʻO ke kumu o ia manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole e pili ana i ka ʻike pili ʻole i ka pono a me nā hopena o ka poʻe ʻōiwi.

Ua hoʻoikaika kēia iā Smetana e hoʻokumu i ka pōʻai piano ʻo Czech Dances (1877-1879). Ua koi ka mea haku mele i ka mea hoʻopuka i kēlā me kēia pāʻani - a he ʻumikumamāhā ka nui - e hāʻawi ʻia me kahi poʻo inoa: polka, furiant, skochna, "Ulan", "Oats", "Bear", etc. Ua kamaʻāina kekahi Czech mai ka wā kamaliʻi keia mau inoa, wahi a Sour cream; ua paʻi ʻo ia i kāna pōʻai i mea "e hōʻike i nā poʻe āpau i ke ʻano o nā hula a mākou poʻe Czech."

He ʻano maʻamau kēia ʻōlelo no ka haku mele i aloha aloha ʻole i kona poʻe kānaka a i nā manawa a pau, i kāna mau mele a pau, ua kākau e pili ana iā lākou, e hōʻike ana i nā manaʻo ʻaʻole pili pilikino, akā maʻamau, kokoke a maopopo i nā mea a pau. Ma nā hana liʻiliʻi wale nō i ʻae ʻo Smetana iā ia iho e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kāna pāʻani pilikino. A laila ua huli ʻo ia i ke ʻano keʻena-mea kani. ʻO ia kāna piano trio, i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, a me ʻelua mau string quartets no ka manawa hope o kāna hana (1876 a me 1883.)

ʻO ka mea mua o lākou he mea koʻikoʻi - ma ke kī o e-moll, nona ka subtitle: "Mai koʻu ola". Ma nā ʻāpana ʻehā o ka pōʻai, hana hou ʻia nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka moʻolelo o Smetana. ʻO ka mua (ʻo ka hapa nui o ka hapa mua) kani, e like me ka wehewehe ʻana o ka mea haku mele, "ke kāhea o ka hopena, kāhea i ke kaua"; ʻoi aku - "he makemake ʻole e haʻi ʻia no ka mea ʻike ʻole"; ʻO ka hope, "ʻo kēlā puʻupuʻu make o nā leo kiʻekiʻe loa, i hōʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1874 i koʻu kuli ...". ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻelua - "ma ka ʻuhane o ka polka" - hopu i nā hoʻomanaʻo hauʻoli o ka ʻōpio, nā hula mahiʻai, nā pōpō ... I ke kolu - aloha, hauʻoli pilikino. ʻO ka hapahā ka mea nui loa. Penei ka wehewehe ʻana o Smetana i kāna ʻike: “ʻO ka ʻike i ka mana nui e waiho ana i loko o kā mākou mele aupuni… nā mea i hoʻokō ma kēia ala… ka hauʻoli o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, i hoʻopau ʻia e kahi pōʻino weliweli – nalo ka lohe… nā aniani o ka manaʻolana… koʻu ala hoʻomohala… he manaʻo poignant o ka iini…”. No laila, i loko o kēia hana koʻikoʻi o Smetana, ua hui pū ʻia nā noʻonoʻo pilikino me nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka hopena o ke kiʻi Lūkini. ʻAʻole i haʻalele kēia mau manaʻo iā ia a hiki i nā lā hope o kona ola. A ua hoʻoholo ʻia ʻo ia e hele i nā lā ʻelua o ka hauʻoli a me nā lā o ke kaumaha nui.

I ka makahiki 1880, ua hoʻolauleʻa ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa i ka makahiki kanalima o ka hana mele a Smetana (hoʻomanaʻo mākou iā ʻoe i ka makahiki 1830, ma ke ʻano he keiki ʻeono makahiki, ua hoʻokani ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he pianist). No ka manawa mua ma Prague, ua hoʻokani ʻia kāna "Nā Mele ahiahi" - ʻelima romances no ka leo a me ka piano. I ka pau ʻana o ka ʻaha mele ʻoliʻoli, hoʻokani ʻo Smetana i kāna polka a me Chopin's B major nocturne ma ka piano. Ma hope o Prague, ua hoʻohanohano ʻia ke koa aupuni e ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Litomysl, kahi i hānau ʻia ai.

I ka makahiki aʻe, ʻo 1881, ua ʻike ʻia nā aloha ʻāina ʻo Czech i ke kaumaha nui - ua puhi ʻia ka hale hana hou o Prague National Theatre, kahi i kani ai ka poʻokela o Libuše. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka ʻohi kālā no ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana. Ua kono ʻia ʻo Smetana e alakaʻi i kāna mau mele ponoʻī, hana pū ʻo ia ma nā panalāʻau ma ke ʻano he piano. ʻO ka luhi, ka maʻi make, hāʻawi ʻo ia iā ia iho no kahi kumu maʻamau: ʻo nā mea i loaʻa mai kēia mau ʻahamele i kōkua i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka National Theatre, nāna i wehe hou i kāna kau mua me ka Libuse opera i Nowemapa 1883.

Akā ua helu ʻia nā lā o Smetana. Ua emi loa kona ola kino, ua pohihihi kona noonoo. Ma ka lā 23 o ʻApelila, 1884, ua make ʻo ia i loko o ka haukapila no ka poʻe maʻi noʻonoʻo. Ua kākau ʻo Liszt i nā hoaaloha: “Pīhoihoi wau i ka make ʻana o Smetana. He akamai ʻo ia!

M. Druskin

• ʻO ka hana hana o Smetana →

Nā haku mele:

ʻOpera (ka huina 8) The Brandenburgers in Bohemia, freetto by Sabina (1863, premiered in 1866) The Bartered Bride, libretto by Sabina (1866) Dalibor, libretto by Wenzig (1867-1868) Libuse, libretto by Wenzig (1872, premiered in 1881) “Wo Widows ”, libretto na Züngl (1874) The Kiss, libretto na Krasnogorskaya (1876) “The Secret”, libretto na Krasnogorskaya (1878) “Devil's Wall”, libretto na Krasnogorskaya (1882) Viola, libretto na Krasnogorskaya, e pili ana i ka hookanikani a Shakespeare Twelfth ʻO ka pō (ʻo ke kānāwai aʻu i pau ai, 1884)

Nā hana symphonic "Jubilant Overture" D-dur (1848) "Solemn Symphony" E-dur (1853) "Richard III", symphonic poem (1858) "Camp Wallenstein", symphonic poem (1859) "Jarl Gakon", symphonic poem (1861) “Solemn March” to Shakespeare's Celebrations (1864) “Solemn Overture” C-dur (1868) “My Motherland”, he pōʻaiapuni o 6 symphonic poems: “Vysehrad” (1874), “Vltava” (1874), “Sharka” ( 1875), "Mai nā māla a me nā ululāʻau Czech" (1875), "Tabor" (1878), "Blanik" (1879) "Venkovanka", polka no ka orchestra (1879) "Prague Carnival", hoʻomaka a me ka polonaise (1883)

Hana piano Bagatelles and Impromptu (1844) 8 preludes (1845) Polka and Allegro (1846) Rhapsody in G minor (1847) Czech Melodies (1847) 6 Character Pieces (1848) March of the Student Legion (1848) March of the People's Guard (1848) ) "Letters of Memories" (1851) 3 salon polkas (1855) 3 poetic polkas (1855) "Sketches" (1858) "Scene from Shakespeare's Macbeth" (1859) "Memories of the Czech Republic in the form of a polka" ( 1859) "Ma ke kahakai", study (1862) "Dreams" (1875) Hula Czech ma 2 puke puke (1877, 1879)

Nā hana mea kani o ke keʻena ʻEkolu no ka piano, violin a me cello g-moll (1855) ʻO ka quartet string mua "Mai koʻu ola" e-moll (1876) "Native land" no ka violin a me ka piano (1878) Quartet ʻElua (1883)

Mele leo "Czech Song" no ka hui himeni hui a me ka orchestra (1860) "Renegade" no ka papa himeni elua hapa (1860) "Three Horsemen" no ka papa himeni kane (1866) "Rolnicka" no ka papa himeni kane (1868) "Solemn Song" no ka papa himeni kane ( 1870) “Song by the Sea” no ka papa himeni kāne (1877) 3 mau hīmeni wahine (1878) “Nā Mele ahiahi” no ka leo a me ka piano (1879) “Dowry” no ka papa hīmeni kāne (1880) “Prayer” no ka papa hīmeni kāne (1880) “ Two Slogans” for male choir (1882) “Our Song” for male choir (1883)