Jean-Marie Leclair |
Jean Marie Leclair
Hiki i kekahi ke ʻike i nā sonatas e ka violinist Farani koʻikoʻi o ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ʻo Jean-Marie Leclerc, i nā papahana o nā violinists ʻaha mele. ʻO ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia ʻo ka C-minor, nona ka subtitle "Hoʻomanaʻo".
Eia naʻe, i mea e hoʻomaopopo ai i kāna kuleana mōʻaukala, pono e ʻike i ke kaiapuni kahi i hoʻomohala ai ka hana violin o Farani. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, ua loiloi ʻia ka violin ma ʻaneʻi ma ke ʻano he plebeian mea kani a ʻo ka manaʻo e pili ana i ia mea ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia. Ua noho aliʻi ka viola i ke ola mele hanohano-aristocratic. Ua hoʻokō pono kona leo palupalu i nā pono o nā aliʻi e hoʻokani mele ana. Hāʻawi ka violin i nā lā hoʻomaha aupuni, ma hope - nā pōpō a me nā masquerades i nā hale aristocratic, e pāʻani ana ua manaʻo ʻia he mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa. A hiki i ka pau ʻana o ke kenekulia 24, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka hana violin solo ma Farani. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua kaulana kekahi mau violinists i puka mai i waho o ka poʻe a loaʻa iā lākou ke akamai. ʻO ia ʻo Jacques Cordier, i kapa ʻia ʻo Bokan a me Louis Constantin, akā ʻaʻole lākou i hana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani solo. Hāʻawi ʻo Bokan i nā haʻawina hulahula ma ke aloaliʻi, ua hana ʻo Constantin i loko o ka hui ballroom, i kapa ʻia ʻo "XNUMX Violins of the King."
He mau haku hula ka poe violinists. I ka makahiki 1664, ua puka mai ka puke violinist Dumanoir The Marriage of Music and Dance; ka mea kākau o kekahi o nā kula violin o ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia 1718 (i paʻi ʻia ma XNUMX) kapa ʻo Dupont iā ia iho he "kumu mele a me ka hula."
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka wā mua (mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia 1582) ua hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā mele hoʻokolokolo ma ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "Stable Ensemble" e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻana i ka violin. ʻO ka hui ("chorus") o ka hale hale i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hale pule o nā mea kani makani, e lawelawe ana i nā ʻimi aliʻi, nā huakaʻi, nā pīkino. I ka 24, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea kani violin mai ka "Stable Ensemble" a me ka "Large Ensemble of Violinists" a i ʻole "XNUMX Violins of the King" i hoʻokumu ʻia mai iā lākou e pāʻani i nā bale, nā pōpō, nā masquerades a lawelawe i nā meaʻai aliʻi.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka Ballet i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kiʻi violin Farani. ʻO ke ola o ke aloaliʻi ʻulaʻula, ua kokoke loa kēia ʻano hana keaka. ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka hiki ʻana mai o ka hula ke ʻano he hiʻohiʻona ʻano ʻāina o ka mele violin Farani. ʻO ka nani, ka lokomaikaʻi, ka paʻi plastik, ka lokomaikaʻi a me ka elasticity o nā mele nā ʻano ʻano i loko o ke mele violin Farani. I loko o nā bale ʻaha hoʻokolokolo, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo J.-B. Lully, ua hoʻomaka ka violin e lanakila i ke kūlana o ka mea kani solo.
ʻAʻole i ʻike nā kānaka a pau, ʻo ka haku mele Farani nui loa o ke kenekulia 16, ʻo J.-B. Ua hoʻokani maikaʻi ʻo Lully i ka violin. Me kāna hana, ua kōkua ʻo ia i ka ʻike ʻana i kēia mea kani ma Farani. Ua hoʻokō ʻo ia i ka hana ʻana ma ke alo o ka "Small Ensemble" o nā violinists (mai 21, a laila 1866 mau mea hoʻokani pila). Ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hui ʻelua, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi mea hoʻokani pila e hele pū ana me nā ballets ceremonial. Akā ʻo ka mea nui loa, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka violin i nā helu solo ma kēia mau pila; ma The Ballet of the Muses (XNUMX), ua hele ʻo Orpheus ma ke kahua hoʻokani pila. Aia nā hōʻike e hoʻokani ponoʻī ʻo Lully i kēia kuleana.
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ke akamai o nā violinists Farani i ka wā o Lully hiki ke hoʻokolokolo ʻia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma kāna orkestra i loaʻa i nā mea hoʻokani ka mea kani i loko o ke kūlana mua. Ua mālama ʻia kahi anecdote i ka wā i loaʻa ai kahi memo ma nā ʻāpana violin i ma ka lima, hiki ke "hiki" ma ke kikoo ana i ka manamanalima ha me ka haalele ole i ke kulana mua, ua hili ia ma ka orkestra: "akamai - i!"
ʻOiai i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 1712 (i ka makahiki 1715), ʻo kekahi o nā mea hoʻokani pila Farani, ka theoretician a me ka violinist Brossard, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo ia ma nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe e koi ʻia ka leo o ka violin a ʻoluʻolu ʻole; "ma kahi ʻōlelo. ʻaʻole ia he violin hou. I ka XNUMX, i ka hiki ʻana o nā sonata trio ʻekolu i Farani, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi o nā violinists ke pāʻani iā lākou, no ka mea ʻaʻohe o lākou mau kūlana ʻekolu. "ʻO ke kuhina nui, ʻo ke Duke o Orleans, he mea aloha nui i ka mele, makemake e hoʻolohe iā lākou, ua koi ʻia e ʻae i ʻekolu mau mele e hīmeni iā lākou…
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka hana violin o Farani, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kula violinists XNUMX, e hana ana i ʻelua mau kahawai: ʻo ka "French", ka mea i hoʻoilina i nā kuʻuna aupuni mai Lully, a me ka " Italian", aia ma lalo o ka mana ikaika o Corelli. Ua paʻa ka hakakā ʻino ma waena o lākou, he pāʻani no ke kaua e hiki mai ana o nā buffoons, a i ʻole nā hakakā o nā "glukists" a me nā "picchinists". Ua hoʻonui mau ka poʻe Farani i kā lākou ʻike mele; Eia kekahi, i keia au, ua hoomaka ka manao o ka poe encyclopedists e oo, a ua hooukaia na hoopaapaa ikaika ma kela a me keia pilikanaka, noeau, palapala.
ʻO F. Rebel (1666–1747) lāua ʻo J. Duval (1663–1728) no ka poʻe violinists Lullist, ʻo M. Maschiti (1664–1760) a me J.-B. Senaye (1687-1730). Ua hoʻomohala ke ʻano "French" i nā loina kūikawā. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ia e ka hula, ka nani, nā kīʻaha pōkole. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ka poʻe violinists, i hoʻoikaika ʻia e ke kiʻi violin Italia, hoʻoikaika i ka melodiousness, kahi ākea a waiwai nui.
ʻO ka ikaika o ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā au ʻelua e hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka makahiki 1725 i hoʻokuʻu ai ka mea hoʻokani harpsichordist Farani kaulana ʻo Francois Couperin i kahi hana i kapa ʻia ʻo "The Apotheosis of Lully." Ua "wehewehe" ia (ua hāʻawi ʻia kēlā me kēia helu me ka wehewehe wehewehe) pehea ʻo Apollo i hāʻawi ai iā Lully i kona wahi ma Parnassus, pehea ʻo ia e hui ai me Corelli ma laila a ʻo ʻApolo e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i nā mea ʻelua e hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka maikaʻi o nā mele ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā muses Farani a me Italia.
ʻO kahi hui o nā violinists akamai loa i hele i ke ala o ia hui, i waena o nā kaikunāne ʻo Francoeur Louis (1692-1745) a me Francois (1693-1737) a me Jean-Marie Leclerc (1697-1764) i kū i waho.
ʻO ka hope o lākou me ke kumu maikaʻi e manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke kula violin classic French. Ma ka hana hoʻohiwahiwa a me ka hana, ua hoʻohui ʻo ia i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa loa o ia manawa, me ka hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻana i nā kuʻuna aupuni Farani, e hoʻonui ana iā lākou me nā ʻano hōʻike i lanakila ʻia e nā kula violin Italia. ʻO Corelli - Vivaldi - Tartini. Leclerc's biographer, the French scholar Lionel de la Laurencie, consider the years 1725-1750 as the time of the first flower of the French violin culture, which is ma ia manawa he nui na violinists brilliant. Ma waena o lākou, hāʻawi ʻo ia i ke kikowaena o Leclerc.
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Leclerc ma Lyon, i loko o ka ʻohana o kahi mea hana akamai (ma ka ʻoihana he galloon). Ua male kona makuakāne i ke kaikamahine ʻo Benoist-Ferrier ma Ianuali 8, 1695, a ua loaʻa iā ia ʻewalu mau keiki - ʻelima keikikāne a ʻekolu kaikamahine. ʻO Jean-Marie ka hiapo o kēia keiki. Ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia ma Mei 10, 1697.
Wahi a nā kumu kahiko, ua hana ka ʻōpio ʻo Jean-Marie i kāna hana kiʻi mua i ka makahiki 11 ma ke ʻano he hula ma Rouen. Ma keʻano laulā, ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha, no ka mea he nui nā violinists ma Farani i hana i ka hula. Eia naʻe, me ka hōʻole ʻole ʻana i kāna mau hana ma kēia wahi, hōʻike ʻo Laurency i nā kānalua inā ua hele maoli ʻo Leclerc i Rouen. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ua aʻo ʻo ia i nā ʻoihana ʻelua ma kona kūlanakauhale hānau, a laila, ʻike ʻia, me ka mālie, ʻoiai ua manaʻo nui ʻo ia e lawe i ka ʻoihana a kona makuakāne. Hōʻike ʻo Laurency aia kekahi mea hula mai Rouen nāna i lawe ka inoa ʻo Jean Leclerc.
Ma Lyon, i ka lā 9 o Nowemapa, 1716, ua male ʻo ia iā Marie-Rose Castagna, ke kaikamahine a kekahi mea kūʻai waiʻona. He ʻumikūmāiwa mau makahiki ʻoi aʻe kona mau makahiki. I kēia manawa, ʻike maopopo ʻo ia, ʻaʻole wale i ka hana o ke galloon, akā ua ʻike pū ʻo ia i ka ʻoihana o kahi mea hoʻokani pila, mai ka makahiki 1716 aia ʻo ia ma ka papa inoa o ka poʻe i kono ʻia i ka ʻOpera Lyon. Ua loaʻa paha iā ia kāna hoʻonaʻauao violin mua mai kona makuakāne, nāna i hoʻolauna ʻaʻole iā ia wale nō, akā i kāna mau keiki kāne a pau i ke mele. Ua pāʻani nā kaikunāne o Jean-Marie ma Lyon orchestras, a ua helu ʻia kona makuakāne ma ke ʻano he kumu cellist a me ke kumu hula.
He mau ʻohana ko ka wahine a Jean-Marie ma Italia, a ma o lākou paha ua kono ʻia ʻo Leclerc i ka makahiki 1722 i Turin ma ke ʻano he hula mua o ka ballet kūlanakauhale. Akā, ua pōkole kona noho ʻana ma ke kapikala Piedmontese. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, ua neʻe ʻo ia i Palika, kahi āna i hoʻopuka ai i ka hōʻiliʻili mua o nā sonatas no ka violin me nā bass digitized, hoʻolaʻa iā Mr. Bonnier, ka puʻukū mokuʻāina o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Languedoc. Ua kūʻai ʻo Bonnier iā ia iho i ka inoa ʻo Baron de Mosson no ke kālā, loaʻa kāna hōkele ponoʻī ma Paris, ʻelua mau hale noho ʻāina - "Pas d'etrois" ma Montpellier a me ka hale kākela o Mosson. I ka wā i pani ʻia ai ka hale keaka ma Turin, e pili ana i ka make ʻana o ke Kamāliʻiwahine o Piedmont. Ua noho ʻo Leclerc no ʻelua mahina me kēia kahu.
I ka makahiki 1726 ua neʻe hou ʻo ia i Turin. Ua alakaʻi ʻia ka Royal Orchestra ma ke kūlanakauhale e ka haumāna kaulana o Corelli a me ke kumu violin papa mua ʻo Somis. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Leclerc e lawe i nā haʻawina mai iā ia, me ka holomua kupaianaha. ʻO ka hopena, i ka makahiki 1728 ua hiki iā ia ke hoʻokani ma Paris me ka lanakila nui.
I loko o kēia manawa, hoʻomaka ke keiki a Bonnier i make koke nei e kākoʻo iā ia. Hoʻonoho ʻo ia iā Leclerc i kona hōkele ma St. Dominica. Hoʻolaʻa ʻo Leclerc iā ia i ka lua o nā sonatas no ka violin solo me ka bass a me 6 sonata no 2 violins me ka ʻole o ka bass (Op. 3), i paʻi ʻia i ka makahiki 1730. Hoʻokani pinepine ʻo Leclerc i ka Spiritual Concerto, e hoʻoikaika ana i kona kaulana ma ke ʻano he soloist.
I ka makahiki 1733, ua komo ʻo ia me nā mea hoʻokani pila o ke aloaliʻi, ʻaʻole naʻe i lōʻihi (a hiki i ka makahiki 1737). ʻO ke kumu o kona haʻalele ʻana he moʻolelo ʻakaʻaka i hana ʻia ma waena ona a me kona hoa hoʻokūkū, ʻo ka mea hoʻokani pila koʻikoʻi ʻo Pierre Guignon. Ua lili kēlā me kēia i ka hanohano o kekahi, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻae e hoʻokani i ka leo lua. I ka hopena, ua ʻae lākou e hoʻololi i nā wahi i kēlā me kēia mahina. Ua hāʻawi ʻo Guignon iā Leclair i ka hoʻomaka, akā i ka hala ʻana o ka mahina a pono ʻo ia e hoʻololi i ka violin lua, ua koho ʻo ia e haʻalele i ka hana.
I ka makahiki 1737, ua huakaʻi ʻo Leclerc i Holland, kahi i hui ai ʻo ia me ka violinist nui loa o ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia XNUMX, he haumāna no Corelli, ʻo Pietro Locatelli. He mana nui kēia haku mele kumu a mana ma Leclerc.
Mai Holani mai, ua hoi aku o Leclerc i Parisa, a malaila oia i noho ai a hiki i kona make ana.
ʻO nā paʻi he nui o nā hana a me nā hana pinepine i nā ʻahamele i hoʻoikaika i ka maikaʻi o ka violinist. I ka makahiki 1758, kūʻai ʻo ia i hale ʻelua papa me kahi māla ma ka Rue Carem-Prenant ma nā ʻāpana o Paris. Aia ka hale ma kahi kihi mālie o Paris. Noho wale ʻo Leclerc ma laila, ʻaʻohe kauā a me kāna wahine, ka mea i kipa pinepine i nā hoaaloha ma ke kikowaena o ke kūlanakauhale. ʻO ka noho ʻana o Leclerc ma kahi mamao loa i hopohopo i kāna poʻe mahalo. Ua ʻōlelo pinepine ʻo Duke de Grammont e noho me ia, ʻoiai ua makemake ʻo Leclerc i kahi mehameha. Ma ka lā 23 o ʻOkakopa, 1764, i ke kakahiaka nui, ua ʻike ʻia kahi mea māla, ʻo Bourgeois ka inoa, e hele kokoke ana i ka hale, ʻike i kahi puka ākea. Aneane i ka manawa like, neʻe maila ke kanaka māla o Leclerc, ʻo Jacques Peizan, a ʻike lāua i ka pāpale a me ka wig o ka mea hoʻokani e waiho ana ma ka honua. Me ka makaʻu, kāhea lākou i nā hoalauna a komo i ka hale. E waiho ana ke kino o Leclerc ma ka puka. Ua hou ʻia ʻo ia ma ke kua. ʻAʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia ka mea pepehi kanaka a me ke kumu o ka hewa.
Hāʻawi nā moʻolelo mākaʻi i ka wehewehe kikoʻī o nā mea i waiho ʻia mai Leclerc. Aia ma waena o lākou he papaʻaina kaila kahiko i ʻoki ʻia me ke gula, he mau noho kīhāpai, ʻelua papa ʻaʻahu, kahi pahu huki huki, kahi pahu pahu liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe, kahi pahu puna punahele, kahi spinet, ʻelua violins, a pēlā aku. hale waihona puke. He kanaka naʻauao a heluhelu maikaʻi ʻo Leclerc. ʻO kāna waihona he 250 mau puke a loaʻa iā Ovid's Metamorphoses, Milton's Paradise Lost, nā hana a Telemachus, Molière, Virgil.
ʻO ke kiʻi ola wale nō o Leclerc na ka mea pena ʻo Alexis Loire. Mālama ʻia ia ma ka lumi paʻi o ka National Library of Paris. Hōʻike ʻia ʻo Leclerc i ka hapalua maka, e paʻa ana i kahi ʻaoʻao o ka pepa mele i kākau ʻia ma kona lima. He helehelena piha kona, he waha piha a he mau maka olaola. Wahi a ka poʻe o kēia wā he ʻano maʻalahi kona, akā he kanaka haʻaheo a noʻonoʻo. Ma ka haʻi ʻana i kekahi o nā obituaries, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Lorancey i kēia mau huaʻōlelo: "Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia e ka haʻaheo haʻaheo a me ke ʻano o ka mea akamai. He koʻikoʻi a noʻonoʻo ʻo ia a ʻaʻole makemake i ka honua nui. Melancholic a mehameha, haʻalele ʻo ia i kāna wahine a makemake ʻo ia e noho kaʻawale iā ia a me kāna mau keiki.
He kūʻokoʻa kona kaulana. No kāna mau hana, ua haku ʻia nā mele, ua kākau ʻia nā manaʻo hoihoi. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Leclerc he haku kaulana o ke ʻano sonata, ka mea nāna i hana i ka concerto violin Farani.
ʻO kāna mau sonata a me kāna concerto he mea hoihoi loa ia ma ke ʻano o ke ʻano, kahi hoʻoponopono ʻoluʻolu maoli o nā leo kani i ke ʻano o nā mele violin Farani, Kelemānia a me Italia. Ma Leclerc, kani ʻia kekahi mau ʻāpana o ka concerto "Bachian", ʻoiai ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa mamao loa ia mai kahi ʻano polyphonic; loaʻa ka nui o ka intonation huli, aie mai Corelli, Vivaldi, a ma ka pothetic "arias" a ma ka sparkling hope rondos he Palani oiaio; ʻAʻole he mea kupanaha ka mahalo nui ʻana o ka poʻe o kēia wā i kāna hana no kona ʻano lāhui. Mai nā kuʻuna aupuni mai ka "portrait", ka hōʻike o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o nā sonatas, kahi e like ai lākou me nā miniatures harpsichord a Couperin. Hoʻopili ʻo ia i kēia mau mea like ʻole o nā melos, hoʻohui ʻo ia iā lākou i ke ʻano e loaʻa ai kahi ʻano monolithic kūʻokoʻa.
Ua kākau ʻo Leclerc i nā hana violin wale nō (koe naʻe ka opera Scylla and Glaucus, 1746) - sonatas no ka violin me bass (48), trio sonatas, concertos (12), sonata no ʻelua violins me ka ʻole bass, etc.
Ma ke ʻano he violinist, ʻo Leclerc he haku maikaʻi loa o ke ʻano o ka pāʻani ʻana a ua kaulana loa ʻo ia no ka hoʻokani pila, nā memo pālua, a me ka maʻemaʻe o ka leo. ʻO kekahi o nā hoaaloha o Leclerc a me kahi mea hoʻokani mele maikaʻi, ʻo Rosois, ua kapa ʻo ia iā ia "he akamai hohonu e hoʻohuli i nā mīkini o ka pāʻani i mea hana kiʻi." Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "ʻepekema" e pili ana iā Leclerc, e hōʻike ana i ka naʻauao kaulana o kāna hana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana a noʻonoʻo kekahi i ka nui o kāna hana i hoʻokokoke iā ia i nā encyclopedists a wehewehe i ke ala i ka classicism. “He naʻauao kāna pāʻani, akā, ʻaʻohe kānalua i kēia naʻauao; ʻo ia ka hopena o ka ʻono maikaʻi ʻole, ʻaʻole no ka nele o ka wiwo ʻole a me ke kūʻokoʻa.
Eia ka loiloi o kekahi o keia manawa: “O Leclerc ka mea mua i hookui i ka oluolu me ka pono o kana mau hana; he haku mele na'auao 'o ia a ho'okani 'o ia i nā memo 'elua me ka maika'i a pa'akikī ke pa'i. Loaʻa iā ia kahi pilina hauʻoli o ke kakaka me nā manamana lima (lima hema. - LR) a pāʻani me ka maʻemaʻe ʻē aʻe: a inā paha, e hoʻomāinoino ʻia ʻo ia i kekahi manawa no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi anuanu i kāna ʻano o ka lawe ʻana, a laila mai ka nele. ʻO ke ʻano o ka naʻau, ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau o ka haku o nā kānaka āpau. Ma ka helu ʻana i kēia mau loiloi, hōʻike ʻo Lorancey i kēia mau ʻano o ka pāʻani ʻana a Leclerc: “Ka wiwo ʻole, ka maikaʻi ʻole, i hui pū ʻia me ka hoʻoponopono kūpono; malia paha kahi maloʻo me ka maopopo a me ka maopopo. Eia hou - ka hanohano, ka paʻa a me ke aloha i kāohiʻia.
He kumu maikaʻi loa ʻo Leclerc. Aia ma waena o kāna mau haumāna nā violinists kaulana loa o Farani - L'Abbe-son, Dovergne a me Burton.
Ua hana ʻo Leclerc, me Gavinier lāua ʻo Viotti i ka nani o ke kiʻi violin Farani o ke kenekulia XNUMX.
L. Raaben
