Maria Malibran |
Maria Malibran
ʻO Malibran, he coloratura mezzo-soprano, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mele koʻikoʻi o ke kenekulia XNUMX. Ua hōʻike ʻia ke kālena koʻikoʻi o ka mea pena kiʻi i nā ʻāpana i piha i nā manaʻo hohonu, nā ʻeha, a me ke kuko. Hōʻike ʻia kāna hana e ke kūʻokoʻa improvisational, artistry, a me ka pono ʻenehana. Ua ʻokoʻa ka leo o Malibran e kona hōʻike kūikawā a me ka nani o ka timbre ma ka papa inoa haʻahaʻa.
ʻO kēlā me kēia pāʻina i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ia, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻano kūʻokoʻa, no ka mea, no Malibran e hoʻokani i kahi kuleana i manaʻo ʻia e ola ma ke mele a ma ke kahua. ʻO ia ke kumu i kaulana ai kāna Desdemona, Rosina, Semiramide, Amina.
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Maria Felicita Malibran ma ka lā 24 o Malaki, 1808 ma Paris. ʻO Maria ke kaikamahine a ka tenor kaulana ʻo Manuel Garcia, he mele Sepania, mea hoʻokani pila, haku mele a kumu leo, ʻo ia ke kupuna o ka ʻohana o nā mea hoʻokani leo kaulana. Ma waho aʻe o Maria, ua komo pū ka mea mele kaulana ʻo P. Viardo-Garcia a me ke kumu-leo ʻo M. Garcia Jr.
Mai ka makahiki ʻeono, hoʻomaka ke kaikamahine e komo i nā hana opera ma Naples. I ka makahiki ʻewalu, hoʻomaka ʻo Maria e aʻo i ka hīmeni ʻana ma Paris ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a kona makuakāne. Ua aʻo ʻo Manuel Garcia i kāna kaikamahine i ke ʻano o ka hīmeni ʻana a me ka hana ʻana me ka ikaika e pili ana i ka hana ʻino. Ma hope mai, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e koi ʻia ʻo Mary e hana me ka lima hao. Akā naʻe, ua hoʻokō ʻo ia i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kāna ʻano ʻino i loko o nā palena o ke kiʻi, ua hana kona makuakāne i mea pena kiʻi nani mai kāna kaikamahine.
I ka pūnāwai o ka makahiki 1825, ua huakaʻi ka ʻohana Garcia i ʻEnelani no ke kau keaka ʻItalia. I ka lā 7 o Iune, 1825, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Maria he ʻumikūmāhiku makahiki i kāna hana hoʻomaka ma ke kahua o ka London Royal Theatre. Ua pani ʻo ia i ka Giuditta Pasta maʻi. Ma hope o ka hana ʻana i mua o ka lehulehu Pelekane ʻo Rosina ma The Barber of Seville, aʻo ʻia i nā lā ʻelua wale nō, ua lanakila nui ka mea mele ʻōpio a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hui ma mua o ka hopena o ke kau.
I ka pau ʻana o ke kauwela, haʻalele ka ʻohana Garcia ma ka moku ʻeke o New York no ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. I kekahi mau lā, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo Manuel i kahi hui keaka liʻiliʻi, me nā lālā o kona ʻohana ponoʻī.
Ua wehe ʻia ke kau ma Nowemapa 29, 1825, ma ka Park tietre e ka Barber of Seville; i ka hopena o ka makahiki, hoʻokani ʻo Garcia i kāna keaka ʻo The Daughter of Mars no Maria, a ma hope aku ʻekolu mau opera: Cinderella, The Evil Lover and The Daughter of the Air. ʻO nā hana hoʻokani he lanakila noʻeau a me ke kālā.
Ma Malaki 2, 1826, ma muli o ke koi a kona makuakāne, ua mare ʻo Maria ma New York i kekahi kanaka kalepa Farani ʻelemakule, ʻo E. Malibran. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia he kanaka waiwai, akā ua lilo koke ka banekorupa. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i nalowale ʻo Maria i kona manaʻo a ua alakaʻi i ka hui opera Italia hou. No ka leʻaleʻa o ka lehulehu o ʻAmelika, ua hoʻomau ka mea mele i kāna mau hana opera. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻokō ʻo Maria e uku hapa i kāna mau aie a kāna kāne i kona makuakāne a me nā mea ʻaiʻē. Ma hope o kēlā, ua kaʻawale mau ʻo ia me Malibran, a i ka makahiki 1827 ua hoʻi ʻo ia i Farani. I ka makahiki 1828, hana mua ka mea mele ma Grand Opera, ka ʻOpera Italia ma Palisa.
ʻO ia ke kahua o ka ʻOpera Italia ma ka hopena o 20s i lilo i kahua o nā "hakakā" kaulana kaulana ma waena o Maria Malibran a me Henriette Sontag. I loko o nā opera kahi i ʻike pū ʻia ai lākou, ʻimi kēlā me kēia mele e ʻoi aku ma mua o kona hoʻokūkū.
No ka manawa lōʻihi, ua hōʻoleʻo Manuel Garcia, ka mea i hakakā me kāna kaikamahine, i nā ho'āʻo a pau e hoʻokuʻikahi,ʻoiai ua nohoʻo ia i ka nele. Akā i kekahi manawa, pono lākou e hui ma ke kahua o ka opera Italia. I kekahi manawa, e like me kā Ernest Legouwe i hoʻomanaʻo ai, ua ʻae lākou i ka hana ʻana o Rossini's Othello: ʻo ka makua kāne - ma ke kuleana o Othello, ʻelemakule a hina hina, a me ke kaikamahine - ma ke kuleana o Desdemona. Hoʻokani a hīmeni lāua me ka hoʻoikaika nui. No laila, ma ke kahua, i ka paʻipaʻi ʻana o ka lehulehu, ua hoʻokō ʻia ko lākou hoʻolauleʻa.
Ma ka laulā, ʻo Maria ʻo Rossini Desdemona. ʻO kāna hana ʻana i ke mele kanikau e pili ana i ka willow i paʻi i ka manaʻo o Alfred Musset. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia i kona manaʻo ma kahi mele i kākau ʻia i ka makahiki 1837:
A o ka aria, ua like ia me ke kaniuhu, O ke kaumaha wale no ka mea e hiki ai ke unuhi mai ka umauma, Ka leo make o ka uhane, e minamina i ke ola. No laila, hīmeni ʻo Desdemona i ka hope ma mua o ka moe ʻana… ʻO ka mua, he leo maopopo, i hoʻopiha ʻia i ka iini, Hoʻopā iki wale i ka hohonu o ka puʻuwai, Me he mea lā i hihia i ka pale o ka noe, Ke ʻakaʻaka ka waha, piha nā maka i ka waimaka. … Eia ka pauku kaumaha i meleia no ka manawa hope, Ua hala ke ahi iloko o ka uhane, nele i ka hauoli, malamalama, Ka lira kaumaha, hahau i ka melancholy, Kulou ke kaikamahine, kaumaha a haikea, Me he mea la he honua ke mele. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻokomo i ka ʻuhane o kona manaʻo, akā ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i ke mele me ka make ʻana i ka uē, I kona hola o ka make ua hāʻule ʻo ia i kona mau manamana lima ma ke kaula.
I nā lanakila o Mary, aia pū kona kaikaina ʻo Polina, nāna i komo pinepine i kāna mau ʻahamele ma ke ʻano he piano. ʻO nā kaikuahine - he hōkū maoli a me ka wā e hiki mai ana - ʻaʻole like kekahi i kekahi. ʻO Maria maikaʻi, "he lepe leʻaleʻa", ma ka ʻōlelo a L. Eritte-Viardot, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hana mau, hana ikaika. Ua kaulana ʻo Ugly Polina i kāna mau haʻawina ma ke koʻikoʻi a me ka hoʻomanawanui. ʻAʻole i hoʻopilikia ka ʻokoʻa o ke ʻano i ko lākou pilina.
ʻElima mau makahiki ma hope mai, ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana o Maria iā New York, i ke kiʻekiʻe o kona kaulana, ua hui ka mea mele me ka mea hoʻokani pila kaulana Belgian Charles Berio. No kekahi mau makahiki, i ka huhū o Manuel Garcia, ua noho lāua i kahi male kīwila. I ka makahiki 1835 wale nō lāua i male ai, i ka wā i hiki ai iā Mary ke ha'alele i kāna kāne.
I ka lā 9 o Iune, 1832, i ka wā o ka huakaʻi mākaʻikaʻi o Malibran ma Italia, ma hope o kahi maʻi pōkole, make ʻo Manuel Garcia ma Paris. Me ke kaumaha nui, ua hoʻi wikiwiki ʻo Mary mai Roma i Paris, a me kona makuahine, ua hoʻonohonoho i nā hana. Ua neʻe ka ʻohana makua ʻole - makuahine, ʻo Maria lāua ʻo Polina - i Brussels, ma ke kula ʻo Ixelles. Noho lākou i loko o kahi hale i kūkulu ʻia e ke kāne o Maria Malibran, he hale neoclassical nani, me ʻelua mau mekala stucco ma luna o nā kolamu o ka semi-rotunda i lilo i puka. I kēia manawa ua kapa ʻia ke alanui i kū ai kēia hale ma muli o ke mele kaulana.
I ka makahiki 1834-1836, ua hoʻokani maikaʻi ʻo Malibran ma ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻo La Scala. Ma ka lā 15 o Mei, 1834, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi Norma nui ma La Scala – Malibran. ʻO ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia hana me ka Pasta kaulana me he mea lā ʻaʻole i lohe ʻia o ka audacity.
ʻO Yu.A. Ua kākau ʻo Volkov: "Ua wānana maopopo ka poʻe pā o Pasta i ka hemahema o ka mea mele ʻōpio. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Pasta he "akua wahine". A lanakila naʻe ʻo Malibran i ka Milanese. ʻO kāna pāʻani, me ka ʻole o nā ʻaha kūkā a me nā clichés kuʻuna, i hoʻopiʻi ʻia me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo hou a me ka hohonu o ka ʻike. ʻO ka mea mele, me he mea lā, ua ho'ōla hou, hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke mele a me ke kiʻi o nā mea āpau, mea hana, a, komo i loko o nā mea huna o loko o ka mele a Bellini, hana hou i ke kiʻi multifaceted, olaola, nani o Norma, he kaikamahine kūpono, hoaaloha pono a makuahine koa. Pīhoihoi ka poʻe Milanese. Me ka hoʻopunipuni ʻole ʻana i kā lākou punahele, ua hoʻomaikaʻi lākou iā Malibran.
I ka makahiki 1834, ma waho aʻe o Norma Malibran, ua hoʻokani ʻo ia iā Desdemona ma Rossini's Otello, Romeo ma Capulets a me Montagues, Amina ma Bellini's La Sonnambula. Ua ʻōlelo ka mea mele kaulana ʻo Lauri-Volpi: "Ma La Sonnambula, ua paʻi ʻo ia me ka ʻānela maoli ʻole o ka laina leo, a ma ka ʻōlelo kaulana a Norma "Aia ʻoe i koʻu mau lima mai kēia manawa" ʻike ʻo ia pehea e kau ai i ka huhū nui o kahi. liona wahine i eha.
I ka makahiki 1835, hīmeni pū ka mea mele i nā ʻāpana o Adina ma Lʻelisir dʻamore a me Mary Stuart i ka opera a Donizetti. I ka makahiki 1836, ua hīmeni ʻo ia i ke poʻo inoa ma Vaccai's Giovanna Grai, haʻi aku ʻo ia iā Milan a laila hoʻokani pōkole ma nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma Lākana.
Ua mahalo nui ʻia ke kālena o Malibran e nā mea haku mele ʻo G. Verdi, F. Liszt, ka mea kākau ʻo T. Gauthier. A ʻo ka haku mele ʻo Vincenzo Bellini i lilo i waena o nā mea aloha puʻuwai o ka mea mele. Ua kamaʻilio ka mea haku mele Italia e pili ana i ka hui mua ʻana me Malibran ma hope o ka hana ʻana i kāna opera La Sonnambula ma Lākana ma kahi leka iā Florimo:
"ʻAʻole lawa kaʻu mau huaʻōlelo e haʻi aku iā ʻoe i koʻu hoʻomāinoino ʻia, hoʻomāinoino ʻia a i ʻole, e like me ka ʻōlelo a ka poʻe Neapolitans, "wehe" i kaʻu mele maikaʻi ʻole a kēia poʻe Pelekania, ʻoi aku ka nui o kā lākou mele ʻana ma ka ʻōlelo a nā manu, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā parrots. ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke hoʻomaopopo i ka ikaika. ʻO ka manawa wale nō i hīmeni ai ʻo Malibran i ʻike ai i kaʻu Sleepwalker…
… Ma ka allegro o ka hanana hope, a i ʻole, ma nā huaʻōlelo “Ah, mabbraccia!” ("Ah, apo mai iaʻu!"), Ua hoʻopuka ʻo ia i nā manaʻo he nui, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, i ka wā mua i kāhāhā iaʻu, a laila hāʻawi mai iaʻu i ka hauʻoli nui.
… Ua koi mai ke anaina e hele au ma ke kahua me ka hala ole, a kokoke au e kauo ia e ka lehulehu o ka poe opiopio i kapa ia lakou iho he poe hoohiwahiwa i ka'u mele, aka, aole o'u hanohano e ike.
Ua ʻoi aku ʻo Malibran ma mua o nā mea a pau, ua hoʻolei ʻo ia iā ia iho ma luna o koʻu ʻāʻī a me ka hauʻoli nui o ka hauʻoli i mele ai i kekahi o kaʻu mau memo "Ah, mabbraccia!". ʻAʻohe āna ʻōlelo hou aʻe. Akā ʻo kēia aloha ʻino a manaʻo ʻole ua lawa ia e hoʻolilo iā Bellini, ua hauʻoli loa, ʻaʻohe ʻōlelo. “Ua hiki koʻu hauʻoli i ka palena. ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke hoʻopuka i kahi huaʻōlelo a ua huikau loa ...
Hele mākou i waho me nā lima: ʻo ke koena hiki iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo iā ʻoe iho. ʻO kaʻu mea hiki ke haʻi aku iā ʻoe ʻaʻole wau i ʻike inā loaʻa iaʻu kahi ʻike nui aʻe i koʻu ola.
Ua kākau ʻo F. Pastura:
"Ua lawe ʻia ʻo Bellini e Malibran, a ʻo ke kumu o kēia ʻo ke aloha āna i hīmeni ai a me nā pūliki āna i hālāwai ai me ia ma hope o ka hale keaka. No ka mea mele, he mea hoʻonui ma ke ʻano, ua pau ia manawa, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻohui i kekahi mea hou aku i kēlā mau memo liʻiliʻi. No Bellini, he ʻano wela loa, ma hope o kēia hālāwai, hoʻomaka nā mea a pau: ʻo ka mea a Malibra i haʻi ʻole ai iā ia, ua hele mai ʻo ia me ia iho ...
… Ua kōkua ʻia ʻo ia e hoʻomaopopo i kona manaʻo e ke ʻano hoʻoholo a Malibran, nāna i hoʻoikaika i ka Catanian ikaika no ke aloha ua lawe ʻo ia i kahi manaʻo mahalo nui no kāna talena, ʻaʻole i hele ma mua o ka pilina.
A mai ia manawa mai, ua noho mau ka pilina ma waena o Bellini a me Malibran i ke aloha a me ka mahana. He mea pena kiʻi ka mea hīmeni. Ua pena ʻo ia i kahi kiʻi liʻiliʻi o Bellini a hāʻawi iā ia i kahi brooch me kāna kiʻi ponoʻī. Ua kiai ikaika ka mea hookani pila i keia mau makana.
ʻAʻole maikaʻi wale ʻo Malibran, ua kākau ʻo ia i kekahi mau hana mele - nocturnes, romances. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou i hana ʻia e kona kaikuahine ʻo Viardo-Garcia.
Auē, ua make ʻo Malibran i kahi ʻōpiopio. ʻO ka make ʻana o Mary mai ka hāʻule ʻana mai ka lio mai i ka lā 23 o Kepakemapa, 1836 ma Manchester, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pane aloha ma ʻEulopa. Ma kahi kokoke i hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻokani ʻia ka opera a Bennett ʻo Maria Malibran ma New York.
Ma waena o nā kiʻi o ka mea mele nui, ʻo ka mea kaulana loa na L. Pedrazzi. Aia ia ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo La Scala. Eia nō naʻe, aia kahi manaʻo kūpono loa i hana ʻo Pedrazzi i kope o ka pena kiʻi e ka mea pena kiʻi Lūkini nui ʻo Karl Bryullov, kekahi mea mahalo i ke kālena a Malibran. "Ua kamaʻilio ʻo ia e pili ana i nā mea pena kiʻi haole, hāʻawi ʻo ia i ka makemake iā Mrs. Malibran ...", i hoʻomanaʻo ai ka mea pena kiʻi ʻo E. Makovsky.
