Nikolai Yakovlevich Myaskovsky (Nikolai Myaskovsky).

Nikolai Myaskovsky

ʻO N. Myaskovsky ka ʻelele kahiko loa o ka moʻomeheu mele Soviet, aia ma kona kumu. "Malia paha, ʻaʻohe o nā mea haku mele Soviet, ʻo ka mea ikaika loa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, e noʻonoʻo me ka manaʻo o ke ʻano like ʻole o ke ala hoʻomohala mai ke ola o nā mele Lūkini ma o ka wikiwiki pulsing o kēia manawa i nā ʻike o ka wā e hiki mai ana, e like me Myaskovsky ,” i kākau ai ʻo B. Asafiev. ʻO ka mea mua, pili kēia i ka symphony, i hele i kahi ala lōʻihi a paʻakikī i ka hana a Myaskovsky, ua lilo i kāna "moʻolelo ʻuhane". Hōʻike ka symphony i nā manaʻo o ka haku mele e pili ana i kēia manawa, kahi i loaʻa ai nā ʻino o ke kipi, ke kaua kīwila, ka wī a me ka pōʻino o nā makahiki ma hope o ke kaua, nā hanana pōʻino o nā makahiki 30. Ua alakaʻi ke ola iā Myaskovsky i loko o nā paʻakikī o ke Kaua Patriotic Nui, a i ka hopena o kona mau lā ua loaʻa iā ia ka manawa e ʻike ai i ka ʻawaʻawa nui o nā hoʻopiʻi kūpono ʻole i ka ʻōlelo hoʻoholo ʻino o 1948. ʻO nā symphonies 27 o Myaskovsky he paʻakikī o ke ola, i kekahi manawa ʻeha ʻimi. he kumu uhane, i ike ia ma ka waiwai mau a me ka nani o ka uhane a me ka manao kanaka. Ma waho aʻe o nā symphonies, ua hana ʻo Myaskovsky i nā hana symphonic 15 o nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe; nā concerto no ka violin, cello a me ka hoʻokani pila; 13 string quartets; 2 sonata no cello a me ka piano, violin sonata; ʻoi aku ma mua o 100 mau ʻāpana piano; haku mele no ka bana keleawe. Loaʻa iā Myaskovsky nā mele nani e pili ana i nā pauku a nā haku mele Lūkini (c. 100), cantatas, a me ka mele leo-symphonic Alastor.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Myaskovsky i ka ʻohana o kahi ʻenekini koa ma ka pā kaua o Novogeorgievsk ma ka moku ʻo Warsaw. Ma laila, a laila ma Orenburg a me Kazan, ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i kona wā kamaliʻi. He 9 makahiki o Myaskovsky i ka make ana o kona makuahine, a ua malama ke kaikuahine o ka makuakane i na keiki elima, "he wahine akamai loa a lokomaikai ... ʻAʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia i kā mākou mau ʻano, "i kākau ai nā kaikuahine o Myaskovsky, ʻo ia, e like me kā lākou, ʻo ia i ka wā kamaliʻi "he keikikāne mālie a hilahila hoʻi…

ʻOiai ka ulu ʻana o ka makemake i ke mele, ua koho ʻia ʻo Myaskovsky, e like me ka moʻomeheu ʻohana, no ka ʻoihana koa. Mai 1893 ua aʻo ʻo ia ma Nizhny Novgorod, a mai 1895 ma ka Second St. Petersburg Cadet Corps. Ua aʻo pū ʻo ia i ke mele, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maʻamau. ʻO nā hoʻokolohua haku mele mua - nā piano preludes - no nā makahiki he ʻumikumamālima. I ka makahiki 1889, ua komo ʻo Myaskovsky, ma muli o ka makemake o kona makuakāne, i ke kula ʻoihana koa o St. Petersburg. "O nā kula koa i pani ʻia, ʻo ia wale nō kaʻu e hoʻomanaʻo nei me ka liʻiliʻi o ka inaina," i kākau ai ʻo ia ma hope. Malia paha he kuleana ko nā hoa hou o ka haku mele ma kēia loiloi. Ua hui ʻo ia… "me ka nui o ka poʻe leʻaleʻa mele, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi manaʻo hou loa iaʻu - ka Mighty Handful." ʻO ka hoʻoholo e hoʻolaʻa iā ia iho i ke mele i lilo i mea ikaika a ikaika, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻuhane. A no laila, ma hope o ka puka 'ana mai ke kulanui ma 1902, Myaskovsky, hoouna aku la e lawelawe i loko o ka pūʻali koa o Zaraysk, a laila Moscow, huli aku la ia S. Taneyev me ka palapala o ka paipai ana mai N. Rimsky-Korsakov a ma kāna'ōlelo aʻo no 5 mahina mai Ianuali. a hiki i Mei 1903 ua hele pū ʻo G. me R. Gliere i ke ala holoʻokoʻa o ka lokahi. Ma hope o kona neʻe ʻana i St. Petersburg, ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i kāna mau haʻawina me kahi haumāna mua o Rimsky-Korsakov, ʻo I. Kryzhanovsky.

I ka makahiki 1906, ua komo malū ʻo Myaskovsky i ka Conservatory o St. Petersburg a i loko o ka makahiki, ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e hoʻohui i ke aʻo ʻana me ka lawelawe, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi wale ʻia i ka maikaʻi a me ka ʻoluʻolu loa. Ua haku ʻia ke mele i kēia manawa, e like me kāna, "huhū", a i ka manawa i puka ai ʻo ia mai ka conservatory (1911), ʻo Myaskovsky ke kumu o ʻelua symphonies, ʻo Sinfonietta, ka symphonic poem "Silence" (na E. Poe), ʻehā sonata piano, he quartet, romances . ʻO nā hana o ka wā Conservatory a me kekahi mau mea ma hope he pōʻeleʻele a hoʻopilikia. "Hōhinahina, eerie, hāleʻa hāʻule me ka uhi uhi o nā ao mānoanoa," ʻo Asafiev ke ʻano o kēia ʻano. Uaʻikeʻo Myaskovsky iā ia iho i ke kumu o kēia ma nā "kūlana o ka hopena pilikino" i koi iā ia e hakakā no ka hoʻopauʻana i kānaʻoihana alohaʻole. I loko o nā makahiki Conservatory, ua ala mai kahi pilina pili a hoʻomau i kona ola ʻana me S. Prokofiev a me B. Asafiev. ʻO Myaskovsky ka mea nāna i kuhikuhi iā Asafiev ma hope o kona puka ʻana mai ka conservatory i ka hana koʻikoʻi mele. "Pehea e hiki ʻole ai iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kāu ʻano koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi"? - ua kākau ʻo ia iā ia i ka makahiki 1914. Ua mahalo ʻo Myaskovsky iā Prokofiev ma ke ʻano he haku mele kaulana loa: "Ua loaʻa iaʻu ka wiwo ʻole e noʻonoʻo iā ia i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o Stravinsky ma ke ʻano o ke kālena a me ke kumu."

Me nā hoaaloha, hoʻokaniʻo Myaskovsky i nā mele, makemakeʻo ia i nā hana a C. Debussy, M. Reger, R. Strauss, A. Schoenberg, hele i "Evenings of Modern Music", kahi mai ka makahiki 1908 i komo aiʻo ia ma keʻano he haku mele. . ʻO nā hālāwai me nā haku mele ʻo S. Gorodetsky a me Vyach. Hoʻoulu ʻo Ivanov i ka hoihoi i ka poetry o nā Symbolists - 27 mau romances i hōʻike ʻia ma nā paukū o Z. Gippius.

I ka makahiki 1911, ua hoʻolauna ʻo Kryzhanovsky iā Myaskovsky i ke alakaʻi alakaʻi ʻo K. Saradzhev, a ma hope i lilo ʻo ia i mea hoʻokani mua o ka nui o nā hana a ka haku mele. I ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hoʻomaka ka hana mele-koʻikoʻi o Myaskovsky i ka pule "Music", i paʻi ʻia ma Moscow e V. Derzhanovsky. No 3 mau makahiki o ka launa pū ʻana ma ka puke pai (1911-14), ua paʻi ʻo Myaskovsky i 114 mau ʻatikala a me nā memo, i ʻike ʻia e ka ʻike a me ka hohonu o ka hoʻokolokolo. Ua hoʻoikaika nui ʻia kona mana ma ke ʻano he mea mele, akā ʻo ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaua imperialist i hoʻololi nui i kona ola ma hope. I ka mahina mua loa o ke kaua, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻo Myaskovsky, ua hele i mua o Austrian, ua loaʻa i kahi concussion kaumaha kokoke i Przemysl. "Ke manaʻo nei au ... he manaʻo o kekahi ʻano hoʻokaʻawale hiki ʻole ke wehewehe ʻia i nā mea āpau e hana nei, me he mea lā ke hana nei kēia ʻano naʻaupō, nā holoholona, ​​nā haunaele ma kahi mokulele ʻokoʻa loa," kākau ʻo Myaskovsky, me ka nānā ʻana i ka "pilikia nui" ma ke alo. , a hiki i ka hopena: "I Gehena me kekahi kaua!"

Ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ʻOkakopa, i Dekemaba 1917, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻo Myaskovsky e lawelawe ma ke Keʻena Nui Naval ma Petrograd a hoʻomaka hou i kāna hana haku mele, me ka hana ʻana i 3 symphonies i loko o 2 a me ka hapa mahina: ʻo ka dramatic Fourth ("he pane i ka ʻike pili, akā. me ka hopena mālamalama” ) a me ka ʻelima, kahi i kani ai ke mele a Myaskovsky, nā ʻano a me nā kumuhana hula, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i nā kuʻuna o nā haku mele Kuchkist. No ia mau hana i kākau ai ʻo Asafiev:… “ʻAʻole au i ʻike i kekahi mea ʻoi aku ka nani o ka mele a Myaskovsky ma mua o nā manawa o ka ʻike ʻole o ka ʻuhane a me ka hoʻomālamalama ʻuhane, ke hoʻomaka koke ka mele e hoʻomālamalama a hoʻomaʻamaʻa, e like me ka ululāʻau puna ma hope o ka ua. ” Ua lawe koke mai kēia symphony iā Myaskovsky i ka honua kaulana.

Mai ka makahiki 1918, noho ʻo Myaskovsky ma Moscow a komo koke i nā hana mele a me ka pilikanaka, me ka hui pū ʻana me nā hana mana ma ka General Staff (i hoʻoili ʻia i Moscow e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ke aupuni). Hana ʻo ia i ka ʻāpana mele o ka State Publishing House, ma ke keʻena mele o ka People's Commissariat of Russia, komo i ka hana ʻana o ka hui "Collective of Composers", mai 1924 ua hana ikaika ʻo ia i ka puke pai "Modern Music". .

Ma hope o ka demobilization i ka makahiki 1921, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Myaskovsky i ke aʻo ʻana ma ka Conservatory Moscow, kahi kokoke i 30 mau makahiki. Ua lawe mai ʻo ia i ka galaxy holoʻokoʻa o nā mea haku mele Soviet (D. Kabalevsky, A. Khachaturian, V. Shebalin, V. Muradeli, K. Khachaturian, B. Tchaikovsky, N. Peiko, E. Golubev a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). Loaʻa ka laulā o nā hoaaloha mele. ʻO Myaskovsky me ka makemake e komo i nā ahiahi mele me P. Lamm, mele mele M. Gube, V. Derzhanovsky, mai ka makahiki 1924 ua lilo ʻo ia i lālā o ka ASM. I loko o kēia mau makahiki, ʻike ʻia nā romances ma nā pauku o A. Blok, A. Delvig, F. Tyutchev, 2 sonata piano, i nā makahiki 30. huli ka mea haku mele i ke ʻano o ka quartet, me ka hoʻoikaika ʻoiaʻiʻo e pane i nā koi democratic o ke ola proletarian, hana i nā mele lehulehu. Eia naʻe, aia mau ka symphony i mua. I ka makahiki 20. Ua hana ʻia he 5 o lākou, i nā makahiki he 11 hou aʻe. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole like like lākou a pau, akā i nā symphonies maikaʻi loa ua loaʻa ʻo Myaskovsky i ka wikiwiki, ikaika a me ka hanohano o ka haʻi ʻōlelo, me ka ʻole o ia, e like me ia, ʻaʻohe mele nona.

Mai ka symphony a hiki i ka symphony, hiki i kekahi ke ʻike i ke ʻano o ka "hoʻohui hui", ʻo Asafiev i hōʻike ʻia ʻo "ʻelua au - ʻike pilikino iā ʻoe iho ... Ua kākau ʻo Myaskovsky iā ia iho e pili ana i nā symphonies "i haku pinepine ʻia ʻo ia: ʻoi aku ka nui o ka psychologically ... a me ka liʻiliʻi." ʻO kahi laʻana o ka mua ʻo ka ʻumi, "ʻo ia ka pane ... i kahi manaʻo ʻehaʻeha ... e hāʻawi i ke kiʻi o ka huikau ʻuhane o Eugene mai ka Pushkin's The Bronze Horseman." ʻO ka makemake i kahi ʻōlelo epic ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o ka Eighth Symphony (he hoʻāʻo e hoʻokomo i ke kiʻi o Stepan Razin); ʻo ka ʻumikumamālua, pili i nā hanana o ka hui ʻana; ʻo ka ʻumikumamāono, hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ka wiwo ʻole o nā mea hoʻokele Soviet; ʻumikūmāiwa, kākau ʻia no ka bana keleawe. Ma waena o nā symphonies o nā 20-30s. ʻO ka mea koʻikoʻi loa ʻo ka ʻeono (1923) a me ka iwakāluakūmākahi (1940). ʻO ka Sixth Symphony he mea pōʻino a paʻakikī i ka ʻike. Hoʻopili ʻia nā kiʻi o ka mea kipi me ka manaʻo o ka mōhai. ʻO ke mele o ka symphony ua piha i nāʻokoʻa, huikau, hoʻonāukiuki, ua wela kona lewa i ka palena. ʻO Myaskovsky's Sixth kekahi o nā palapala kiʻi hoihoi loa o ia au. Me kēia hana, "he manaʻo nui o ka hopohopo no ke ola, no ka mea, komo kona kūpaʻa i ka symphony Lūkini" (Asafiev).

Hoʻokomo ʻia ka manaʻo like me ka Twenty-First Symphony. Akā, uaʻikeʻiaʻo ia e ke kaohi nui o loko, ka pōkole, a me ka noʻonoʻo. Ua uhi ʻia ka manaʻo o ka mea kākau i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke ola, e haʻi ana e pili ana iā lākou me ka pumehana, me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, me ke ʻano o ke kaumaha. Hoʻopili ʻia nā kumuhana o ka symphony me nā leo o ka haku mele Lūkini. Mai ka Iwakaluakūmākahi, ua kuhikuhi ʻia kahi ala i ka hope, Twenty-XNUMXth Symphony, i kani ʻia ma hope o ka make ʻana o Myaskovsky. Ke hele nei kēia ala i ka hana o nā makahiki kaua, kahi e pili ana ʻo Myaskovsky, e like me nā haku mele Soviet āpau, i ke kumumanaʻo o ke kaua, e noʻonoʻo ana iā ia me ka ʻole o ka pomp a me nā ala hoʻopunipuni. ʻO kēia keʻano i komo aiʻo Myaskovsky i ka moʻolelo o ka moʻomeheu mele Soviet, he kanakaʻoiaʻiʻoʻo Rūsiaʻoiaʻiʻo,ʻoiaʻiʻo, nona nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hana a pau i hōʻailona o kaʻuhane kiʻekiʻe loa.

O. Averyanova

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