Alessandro Scarlatti |

ʻO Alessandro Scarlatti

ʻO ka mea nona ka hoʻoilina hoʻoilina a lākou e hoʻemi nei ... ʻo nā mele Neapolitan āpau o ke kenekulia XNUMX ʻo Alessandro Scarlatti. R. Rollan

Ua komo ka haku mele Italia ʻo A. Scarlatti i ka moʻolelo o ka moʻomeheu mele ʻEulopa ma ke ʻano he poʻo a hoʻokumu i ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia i ka hopena o XNUMXth - mua o XNUMXth mau kenekulia. Ke kula opera Neapolitan.

Ua piha ka mooolelo o ka haku mele i na kiko keokeo. He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia i kona wā kamaliʻi a me kona wā ʻōpio. No ka manawa lōʻihi, ua manaʻoʻia ua hānauʻiaʻo Scarlatti ma Trapani, akā ua hoʻokumuʻiaʻo ia he kama'āinaʻo Palermo. ʻAʻole ʻike maopopo ʻia kahi a me ka mea i aʻo ai ka haku mele e hiki mai ana. Eia naʻe, no ka mea, mai ka makahiki 1672 i noho ai ʻo ia ma Roma, ua hoʻomau ka poʻe noiʻi i ka haʻi ʻana i ka inoa ʻo G. Carissimi kekahi o kāna mau kumu. ʻO ka lanakila nui mua o ka haku mele e pili ana me Roma. Ma ʻaneʻi, i ka makahiki 1679, ua hoʻokani ʻia kāna opera mua ʻo "Innocent Sin", a ma ʻaneʻi, hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope o kēia hana, ua lilo ʻo Scarlatti i haku haku o ka mōʻīwahine o Suedena ʻo Christina, i noho i kēlā mau makahiki ma ke kapikala pope. Ma Roma, ua komo ka mea haku mele i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "Arcadian Academy" - kahi kaiāulu o nā haku mele a me nā mea hoʻokani pila, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke ʻano he kikowaena no ka pale ʻana i nā mele Italia a me ka ʻōlelo ʻana mai nā ʻaha o ka pompous a pretentious art o ka 1683th century. Ma ke kula, ua hui ʻo Scarlatti a me kāna keiki ʻo Domenico me A. Corelli, B. Marcello, ʻo GF Handel ʻōpio a i kekahi manawa hoʻokūkū pū me lākou. Mai ka makahiki 1684, noho ʻo Scarlatti ma Naples. Ma laila ʻo ia i hana mua ai ma ke ʻano he poʻokela o ka hale keaka o San Bartolomeo, a mai 1702 a 1702. – Royal Kapellmeister. I ka manawa like ua kākau ʻo ia i nā mele no Roma. Ma 08-1717 a ma 21-XNUMX. Ua noho ka mea haku mele ma Roma a i ʻole ma Florence, kahi i hoʻokani ʻia ai kāna mau keaka. Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i kona mau makahiki hope ma Naples, e aʻo ana ma kekahi o nā conservatories o ke kūlanakauhale. Ma waena o kāna mau haumāna, ʻo D. Scarlatti, A. Hasse, F. Durante ka mea kaulana loa.

I kēia lā, nani maoli ka hana hana a Scarlatti. Ua haku ʻo ia ma kahi o 125 mau opera, ʻoi aku ma mua o 600 cantatas, ma kahi o 200 mau mele, nui nā oratorio, motets, madrigals, orchestral a me nā hana ʻē aʻe; ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hoʻopili i kahi manual methodological no ke aʻo ʻana i ka pāʻani ʻana i ka bass kikohoʻe. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka waiwai nui o Scarlatti aia ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hana ʻo ia i kāna hana i ke ʻano o ka opera-seria, a ma hope i lilo i mea maʻamau no nā haku mele. He aʻa hohonu ko Scarlatti. Ua hilinaʻi ʻo ia i nā kuʻuna o ka opera Venetian, nā kula mele Roma a me Florentine, e hōʻuluʻulu ana i nā ʻano nui o ke kiʻi opera Italian ma ka huli ʻana o nā kenekulia XNUMXth-XNUMXth. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka hana opera a Scarlatti e kahi manaʻo maʻalahi o ka hana keaka, ʻike ʻia ma ke kahua o ka orchestration, a me kahi ʻono kūikawā no ka wiwo ʻole harmonic. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka pōmaikaʻi nui paha o kāna mau helu ʻo ia ka arias, i hoʻopiha ʻia me nā cantilena hanohano a i ʻole me ka hōʻike ʻana i ka virtuosity pathetic. Aia i loko o lākou ka mana nui o kāna mau opera, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā manaʻo maʻamau i nā kūlana maʻamau: ʻeha - i ka lamento aria, aloha idyll - i ka pastoral a i ʻole Sicilian, heroism - i ka bravura, genre - i ka mālamalama. aria o ke ano mele a me ka hula.

Ua koho ʻo Scarlatti i nā kumuhana like ʻole no kāna mau keaka: moʻolelo moʻolelo, mōʻaukala-kaʻao, comedic-i kēlā me kēia lā. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i koʻikoʻi ka manaʻo, no ka mea, ua ʻike ʻia e ka mea haku mele ke kumu no ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke mele i ka ʻaoʻao o ka manaʻo o ka pāʻani, kahi ākea o nā manaʻo a me nā ʻike kanaka. ʻO ka lua no ka mea haku mele nā ​​ʻano o nā mea, ko lākou ʻano pilikino, ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a i ʻole ka ʻike ʻole o nā hanana i hana ʻia ma ka opera. No laila, kākau pū ʻo Scarlatti i nā opera e like me "Cyrus", "The Great Tamerlane", a me "Daphne and Galatea", "Love Misunderstandings, or Rosaura", "Mai ka hewa - maikaʻi", etc.

He waiwai mau ka nui o nā mele opera a Scarlatti. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i like ka pālākiō o ke kālena o ka haku mele me kona kaulana ma Italia. “… ʻO kona ola,” i kākau ai ʻo R. Rolland, “ua ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia… Ua pono ʻo ia e kākau no ka loaʻa ʻana o kāna berena, i ka wā i lilo ai ka ʻono o ka lehulehu i mea haʻahaʻa a ʻoi aku ka akamai o kekahi. a i ʻole ka poʻe haku mele i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e hoʻokō i kāna aloha… Ua loaʻa iā ia ka noʻonoʻo a me ka noʻonoʻo maikaʻi, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia e ka poʻe Italia o kona au. ʻO ka haku mele he ʻepekema nona, "ka brainchild o ka makemakika", e like me kāna i kākau ai iā Ferdinand de Medici ... Aia nā haumāna maoli o Scarlatti ma Kelemānia. He hopena pōkole akā ikaika kona i ka ʻōpio Handel; ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻoikaika ʻo ia iā Hasse ... Inā mākou e hoʻomanaʻo i ka nani o Hasse, inā mākou e hoʻomanaʻo i noho aliʻi ʻo ia ma Vienna, pili pū me JS - Juan "".

I. Vetlitsyna