ʻO Arturo Toscanini (Arturo Toscanini) |

ʻO Arturo Toscanini

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Hoʻopili ʻia kahi au holoʻokoʻa i ka ʻoihana alakaʻi me ka inoa o kēia mea hoʻokani pila. No ka aneane kanahiku mau makahiki, ua kū ʻo ia ma ka console, e hōʻike ana i ka honua i nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi ʻole o ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hana o nā manawa āpau a me nā lāhui. Ua lilo ke kiʻi o Toscanini i hōʻailona o ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana i ke kiʻi, he naita maoli ʻo ia o ke mele, ʻaʻole ʻike i nā kuʻikahi i kona makemake e hoʻokō i ka mea kūpono.

Ua kākau ʻia nā ʻaoʻao he nui e pili ana iā Toscanini e nā mea kākau, nā mea mele, nā mea hoʻohewa, a me nā mea nūpepa. A ʻo lākou a pau, e wehewehe ana i ka hiʻohiʻona nui i ke kiʻi hoʻomohala o ke alakaʻi nui, e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kāna hoʻoikaika pau ʻole no ka hemolele. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i ʻoluʻolu iā ia iho a i ʻole ka mea hoʻokani pila. ʻO nā hale ʻoniʻoni a me nā hale keaka i haʻalulu maoli ʻia me ka ʻoliʻoli nui, ma nā loiloi ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo ia i nā epithets maikaʻi loa, akā no ka maestro, ʻo kona lunamanaʻo mele wale nō, ʻaʻole ʻike i ka maluhia, ʻo ia ka luna kānāwai.

"… Ma kona kino," i kākau ai ʻo Stefan Zweig, "kekahi o ka poʻe ʻoiaʻiʻo loa o ko mākou manawa e lawelawe nei i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o loko o kahi hana noʻeau, lawelawe ʻo ia me ka manaʻo hoʻopono, me ka ʻoi loa o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka haʻahaʻa i ka manawa like. ʻAʻole paha mākou e loaʻa i kēia lā ma nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe. Me ka haʻaheo ʻole, me ka haʻaheo ʻole, me ka makemake ʻole iā ia iho, lawelawe ʻo ia i ka makemake kiʻekiʻe loa o ka haku āna i aloha ai, lawelawe ʻo ia me nā ʻano hana a pau o ka honua: ka mana uwao o ke kahuna, ka haipule o ka mea manaʻoʻiʻo, ka ʻoi loa o ke kumu. a me ka ikaika pau ole o ka haumana mau loa… I ka hana noeau – oia kona hanohano nui, oia kana hana kanaka. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe a pau - ʻae ʻia, kokoke piha a kokoke - ʻaʻole i loaʻa no kēia kiʻi paʻakikī, a inā loaʻa ia, a laila he mea ʻino loa iā ia.

Ua ʻike mua ʻo Toscanini i kona kāhea ʻana ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi. Ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia ma Parma. Ua komo kona makuakāne i ka hakakā aupuni o ka poʻe Italia ma lalo o ka hae o Garibaldi. Ua alakaʻi ʻo Arturo iā ia i ka Conservatory Parma, kahi āna i aʻo ai i ka cello. A hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope o ke puka ʻana mai ka conservatory, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka. I ka lā 25 o Iune, 1886, ua alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka opera Aida ma Rio de Janeiro. ʻO ka lanakila lanakila i hoʻohuli i ka manaʻo o nā mea mele a me nā kiʻi mele i ka inoa ʻo Toscanini. I kona hoʻi ʻana i kona ʻāina hānau, ua hana ke alakaʻi ʻōpio no kekahi manawa ma Turin, a i ka hopena o ke kenekulia ua alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻo Milan La Scala. ʻO nā hana i hana ʻia e Toscanini ma kēia kikowaena opera ma ʻEulopa e kaulana ai ʻo ia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.

Ma ka moʻolelo o ka New York Metropolitan Opera, ʻo ka manawa mai 1908 a 1915 he "gula" maoli. A laila ua hana ʻo Toscanini ma ʻaneʻi. Ma hope mai, ʻaʻole i ʻōlelo maikaʻi loa ke alakaʻi no kēia hale keaka. Me kona hoʻonui maʻamau, haʻi ʻo ia i ka mea hoʻokani mele ʻo S. Khotsinov: "He hale puaʻa kēia, ʻaʻole he opera. Pono lākou e puhi. He hale keaka maikaʻi ʻole ia i nā makahiki he kanahā aku nei. Ua kono ʻia au i ka Met i nā manawa he nui, akā ʻōlelo mau wau ʻaʻole. Ua hele mai ʻo Caruso, ʻo Scotty i Milan a haʻi mai iaʻu: "ʻAʻole, e maestro, ʻaʻole ʻo Metropolitan ka hale keaka no ʻoe. Maikaʻi ʻo ia i ka loaʻa kālā, akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia i koʻikoʻi. A ua hoʻomau ʻo ia me ka pane ʻana i ka nīnau no ke aha ʻo ia i hoʻokani ai ma ka Metropolitan: "Ah! Ua hele mai au i keia hale keaka, no ka mea, i kekahi la, ua haiia mai ia'u ua ae mai o Gustav Mahler e hele ilaila, a noonoo iho la au ia'u iho: ina e ae mai ka mea hookani pila maikai e like me Mahler e hele ilaila, aole hiki ke ino loa ka Met. ʻO kekahi o nā hana maikaʻi loa a Toscanini ma ke kahua o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni o New York ʻo ia ka hana ʻana o Boris Godunov e Mussorgsky.

… Italia hou. Eia hou ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni "La Scala", hana i nā ʻaha mele symphony. Akā, ua lanakila nā pōā a Mussolini. Ua hōʻike ākea ke alakaʻi i kona makemake ʻole i ke aupuni fascist. "Duce" ua kapa ʻo ia i ka puaʻa a me ka pepehi kanaka. I loko o kekahi o nā 'aha mele, ua hōʻole ʻo ia e hoʻokani i ka mele Nazi, a ma hope mai, i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka hoʻokae lāhui, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i komo i ka hoʻolauleʻa mele ʻo Bayreuth a me Salzburg. A ʻo nā hana mua o Toscanini ma Bayreuth a me Salzburg ka mea hoʻonani o kēia mau ʻahaʻaina. ʻO ka makaʻu wale nō i ka manaʻo o ka lehulehu i pale aku i ka dictator Italia mai ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka mea hoʻokani pila.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻomanawanui ʻia ke ola ma Fascist Italia no Toscanini. No nā makahiki he nui, haʻalele ʻo ia i kona ʻāina hānau. Ma hope o ka neʻe ʻana i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua lilo ka alakaʻi Italia ma 1937 i poʻo o ka symphony orchestra hou o ka National Broadcasting Corporation - NBC. Hele ʻo ia i ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hema wale nō ma ka huakaʻi.

ʻAʻole hiki ke haʻi i kahi o ka alakaʻi ʻana i ke kālena o Toscanini i hōʻike maopopo ʻia iā ia iho. ʻO kāna koʻokoʻo kupua maoli i hānau ai i nā haku mele ma ke kahua keaka a ma ke kahua ʻaha mele. ʻO nā ʻOpera na Mozart, Rossini, Verdi, Wagner, Mussorgsky, R. Strauss, nā symphonies na Beethoven, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Mahler, oratorios na Bach, Handel, Mendelssohn, nā ʻāpana orchestral na Debussy, Ravel, Duke - kēlā me kēia heluhelu hou he ʻike. ʻAʻole ʻike palena ʻia ko Toscanini repertory sympathies. Ua makemake nui nā keaka a Verdi iā ia. I loko o kāna mau papahana, me nā hana kahiko, hoʻokomo pinepine ʻo ia i nā mele hou. No laila, i ka makahiki 1942, ua lilo ka orchestra āna i alakaʻi ai i mea hoʻokani mua ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa o Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony.

He kū hoʻokahi ko Toscanini hiki ke apo i nā hana hou. ʻO kona hoʻomanaʻo i hoʻopūʻiwa i nā mea hoʻokani pila. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Busoni: “… He hoʻomanaʻo kupaianaha ko Toscanini, kahi laʻana o ia mea paʻakikī ke loaʻa ma ka mōʻaukala holoʻokoʻa o nā mele… Ua heluhelu ʻo ia i ka helu paʻakikī loa a Duke – “Ariana and the Bluebeard” a i ke kakahiaka aʻe ua koho ʻo ia i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua. ma ka puuwai! .. “

Ua noʻonoʻo ʻo Toscanini i kāna hana nui a hoʻokahi wale nō e hoʻokomo pololei a hohonu i ka mea i kākau ʻia e ka mea kākau ma nā memo. Ke hoʻomanaʻo nei kekahi o nā mea hoʻokani pila o ka National Broadcasting Corporation, ʻo S. Antek: "I kekahi manawa, i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i kahi symphony, ua nīnau au iā Toscanini i ka wā hoʻomaha pehea ʻo ia i "hana" ai i kāna hana. "Maʻalahi loa," i pane aku ai ka maestro. - Hana i ke ʻano i kākau ʻia. ʻAʻole maʻalahi ia, akā ʻaʻohe ala ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka poʻe alakaʻi naʻaupō, e manaʻoʻiʻo ua ʻoi aku lākou ma luna o ka Haku ke Akua ponoʻī, e hana i kā lākou makemake. Pono ʻoe e loaʻa ka wiwo ʻole e pāʻani i ke ʻano i kākau ʻia ai. Ke hoʻomanaʻo nei au i kekahi ʻōlelo a Toscanini ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa lole o Shostakovich's Seventh (“Leningrad”) Symphony… “Ua kākau ʻia pēlā,” wahi āna me ka luhi, e iho ana i nā ʻanuʻu o ke kahua. “I kēia manawa e hoʻomaka kekahi i kā lākou 'wehewehe'. No ka hana ʻana i nā hana "e like me ka mea i kākau ʻia", e hana "pololei" - ʻo kāna credo mele kēia.

He hana ascetic kēlā me kēia hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana iā Toscanini. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i ʻike i ke aloha iā ia iho a me nā mea hoʻokani pila. Pela mau: i ka wa opiopio, i ka wa makua, a me ka elemakule. Huhū ʻo Toscanini, uē, noi, haehae i kona ʻaʻahu, uhaʻi i kāna lāʻau, hana hou nā mea mele i ka ʻōlelo like. ʻAʻohe ʻae - kapu ke mele! Ua hoʻounaʻia kēia manaʻo o loko o ka mea alakaʻi e nā ala iʻikeʻoleʻia i kēlā me kēia mea hoʻokani - ua hiki i ka mea pena nui ke "hoʻokani" i nāʻuhane o ka poʻe mele. A i loko o kēia hui ʻana o ka poʻe i hoʻolaʻa i ka hana noʻeau, ua hānau ʻia ka hana maikaʻi loa, a Toscanini i moe ai i kona ola a pau.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek