Flamenco |

Flamenco, ʻoi aku ka pololei ʻo cante flamenco (Spanish cante flamenco), he hui nui o nā mele a me nā hula o ka Hema. ʻO Sepania a me kahiʻano kūikawā o kā lākou hana. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "F." - mai ka jargon o ke kenekulia 18, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia kāna etymology ʻoiai ka nui. noiʻi ʻepekema. Ua ʻike ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 19 i kapa ʻia nā gypsies o Seville a me Cadiz iā lākou iho he flamencos, a ma hope o ka manawa, ua loaʻa kēia huaʻōlelo i ka manaʻo o "gitano andaluzado", ʻo ia hoʻi, "gypsies i kūlohelohe i Andalusia." No laila, ʻo "canto flamenco" ʻo ia hoʻi ka "mele (a i ʻole nā ​​mele) o nā gypsies Andalusian", a i ʻole "Gypsy-Andalusian mele" (cante gitano-andaluz). ʻAʻole pololei kēia inoa a ʻaʻole pololei maoli, no ka mea: ʻAʻole nā ​​Gypsies nā mea hana a ʻaʻole nā ​​hui. nā mea lawe i ka lole F.; ʻO cante F. he waiwai ʻaʻole ʻo Andalusia wale nō, ua pālahalaha ʻia ma waho o kona mau palena; ma Andalusia aia nā muses. ka moolelo, aole ia Cante F.; ʻO Cante F. ʻaʻole wale ka hīmeni ʻana, akā hoʻokani pū i ke kīkā (guitarra flamenca) a me ka hula (baile flamenco). Eia naʻe, e like me kā I. Rossi, kekahi o nā mea noiʻi nui o F., i hōʻike ai, ua ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o kēia inoa ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe (cante jondo, cante andaluz, cante gitano), no ka mea, uhi ʻia nā mea āpau, me ka ʻole o nā hōʻike kūikawā. o kēia ʻano, hōʻike ʻia e nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe. Me ka cante F., ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka inoa "cante jondo" (cante jondo; ʻaʻole maopopo ka etymology, ʻo ia paha ke ʻano he "mele hohonu") hoʻohana nui ʻia. ʻAʻole ʻike kekahi poʻe ʻepekema (R. Laparra) ma waena o cante jondo a me cante F., akā naʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea noiʻi (I. Rossi, R. Molina, M. Rios Ruiz, M. Garcia Matos, M. Torner, E. Lopez Chavarri ) manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ka cante jondo he ʻāpana wale nō ia o ka cante F., malia paha, e like me ka M. iā Falla, kona kumu kahiko loa. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "cante hondo" pili wale i ka hīmeni ʻana a ʻaʻole hiki ke kuhikuhi i ke akamai o F. holoʻokoʻa.

ʻO ka ʻāina hānau ʻo Cante F. ʻo Andalusia (Turdetania kahiko), kahi ʻāina kahi i dec. moʻomeheu, me nā mele, nā mana o ka Hikina (Phoenician, Greek, Carthaginian, Byzantine, Arab, Gypsy), i hoʻoholo i ka hiʻohiʻona emphatically oriental o ka cante F. i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ke koena o ka Spanish. mele mele. He 2500 mau mea i hoʻoholo nui i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o cante F.: ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka ʻōlelo Sepania. halepule o Helene-Byzantine mele (2-2 mau kenekulia, ma mua o ka hoʻokomo 'ia o ka Roma liturgy i kona maemae 'ano) a me ka neʻeʻana ma 11 i Sepania he nui. nā pūʻulu gypsies i noho ma Andalusia. Mai Helene-Byzantine. Liturgy cante F. ʻaiʻē i nā unahi maʻamau a me ka melodic. nā hoʻololi; hana. ʻo ka hana a nā gypsies i hāʻawi i ka cante F. kona hope. ʻoihana noʻeau. kinona. ʻO ka ʻāpana nui o ka hāʻawi ʻana i kēia manawa o ka cante F. - Lower Andalusia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka ʻāina ʻo Cadiz a me ka hema. ʻāpana o ka panalāʻau o Seville (ʻo Triana nā kikowaena nui (he hapaha o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Seville ma ke kapa ʻākau o Guadalquivir), ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Jerez de la Frontera a me ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Cadiz me nā kūlanakauhale awa kokoke a me nā kūlanakauhale). Ma kēia wahi liʻiliʻi, ua kū mai ka 1447% o nā ʻano a me nā ʻano o ka cante F., a ʻo ka mua o nā mea kahiko loa - nā kani (tonb), sigiriya (siguiriya), solea (soleb), saeta (saeta). Ma kahi o kēia "flamenco zone" nui he wahi nui o ka aflamencada - me ka mana ikaika o ke ʻano Cante F.: nā panalāʻau o Huelva, Cordoba, Malaga, Granada, Almeria, Jaen a me Murcia. Eia ch. ʻO ke ʻano o ka cante F. he fandango me kona lehulehu. nā ʻano like ʻole (verdiales, habera, rondeña, malagena, granadina, etc.). ʻO Dr. nā wahi mamao loa o "aflamencadas" - Extremadura (i Salamanca a me Valladolid ma ka ʻākau) a me La Mancha (i Madrid); ʻo ka "mokupuni" kaʻawale o Cante F. hoʻokumu i Barcelona.

ʻO ka ʻike palapala mua e pili ana iā Kant F. ma ke ʻano he kikoʻī. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hīmeni ʻana mai ka makahiki 1780 a pili pū me ka inoa o ka "cantaora" (ka mele - hoʻokani o cante F.) ʻO Tio Luis el de la Julian, he gypsy mai ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Jerez de la Frontera, i iho mai. ia kakou. A hiki i ka hapaha hope. ʻO ke kenekulia 19 he mau gypsies wale nō nā cantaors kaulana a pau (El Filho mai Puerto Real, Ciego de la Peña mai Arcos de la Frontera, El Planeta, Curro Durce a me Eirique el Meliso mai Cadiz, Manuel Cagancho a me Juan el Pelao mai Triana, Loco Mateo, Paco la Luz, Curro Frijones a me Manuel Molina mai Jerez de la Frontera). Ua kaupalena ʻia ka papa inoa o nā mea hoʻokani cante F.; cantaors 1st floor. ʻO ke kenekulia 19 i hana mua ʻia. nā kani, nā sigiriya a me nā soleares (solea). Ma ka papahele ʻelua. 2th century cante F. loaʻa ma kahi o 20 dec. nā ʻano mele (ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou he hula i ka manawa like), a ʻo kekahi o lākou a hiki i ka 50, 30 a hiki i ka 40 ʻāpana. palapala. Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Cante F. ma nā ʻano a me nā ʻano o ke kumu Andalusian, akā ua hoʻohui ʻo cante F. i nā mele a me nā hula he nui i hele mai mai nā wahi ʻē aʻe o Sepania a mai kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka Atlantika (e like me ka habanera, tango Argentine, a me ka rumba).

ʻAʻole pili ka mele a Cante F. me K.-L. ʻano metric mau; hoohana ia i na stanza like ole me na pauku like ole. ʻO ke ʻano nui o ka stanza ʻo "kopla romanseada", ʻo ia hoʻi, he quatrain me 8-complex choreic. nā pauku a me nā haʻina ma ka paukū 2 a me 4; me kēia, hoʻohana ʻia nā koplas me nā pauku like ʻole - mai 6 a 11 mau huaʻōlelo (sigiriya), nā stanzas o 3 pauku me nā assonances ma ka paukū 1 a me 3 (solea), nā stanza o 5 pauku (fandango), stanza o seguidilla (liviana, serrana, buleria), etc. I loko o kāna ʻike, ʻo ka poetry o F. cante he mele mele wale nō, i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka individualism a me ka manaʻo noʻonoʻo i ke ola, ʻo ia ke kumu e like ai nā coplas o F. cante e like me nā maxims ʻokoʻa e hōʻuluʻulu ana i ka ʻike ola. . Ch. ʻO nā kumuhana o kēia mele ʻo ke aloha, ka mehameha, ka make; hōʻike i ke ao o loko o ke kanaka. Kaulana ʻia ka mele a Cante F. no ka pōkole a me ka maʻalahi o ke kiʻi. kālā. ʻO nā metaphors, nā hoʻohālikelike mele, nā ʻano hōʻike haʻiʻōlelo ʻaneʻane ʻaʻole i loaʻa i loko.

Ma nā mele o Cante F., hoʻohana ʻia ka nui, ka liʻiliʻi, a pēlā aku. fret mi (ʻo ka modo de mi he inoa kūlana, mai ke kaula bass o kahi kīkā; kapa ʻia ʻo ia e ka poʻe loea mele Sepania ʻo "Doric" - modo dorico). Ma ka nui a me ka liʻiliʻi, hoʻohana ʻia nā harmonies o I, V a me IV; i kekahi manawa, aia ke mele ʻehiku o ka degere ʻelua. ʻAʻole nui nā mele a Cante F. ma ka liʻiliʻi: he farruka, haleo, kekahi mau sevillane, buleria a me tiento. ʻO nā mele nui - bolero, polo, alegrias, mirabras, martinete, carcelera, etc. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mele o cante F. ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke ʻano "mode mi" - kahi ʻano kahiko i hala i Nar. hana mele mai Sepania kahiko. liturgy a me kahi papa i hoʻololi ʻia. nā mea hoʻokani pila; ʻano like ia me ke ʻano Phrygian, akā me ka tonic major. triad in harmonica. ka hoʻokani pila a me ka "fluctuating" II a me III i nā ʻanuʻu i ke mele - ma ke ʻano maoli a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe, me ka nānā ʻole i ke ala o ka neʻe.

I loko o ka fandango, me kāna mau ʻano like ʻole a ma kekahi mau mele o ka Levant (taranto, cartagenera) hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻano hoʻololi: kā lākou wok. kūkulu ʻia nā melodies ma kahi pālākiō nui, akā e hoʻopau ʻia. Hoʻololi maoli ka huaʻōlelo o ka manawa i "mode mi", kahi i hoʻokani ʻia ai kahi interlude a i ʻole postlude i ke kani ʻana o ke kīkā. Kepania. Ua kapa ʻia kēlā mau mele he "bimodal" (cantos bimodales), ʻo ia hoʻi, "ʻelua-mode".

Hōʻike ʻia nā melodies Cante F. e kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (ma nā ʻano kahiko loa, e like me nā leo a i ʻole sigiriya, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalima), kahi neʻe ʻana i lalo mai ka leo o luna a hiki i ka tonic me kahi decrescendo like (mai f a p), mele mele mālie. kiʻi me ka lele ʻole (e ʻae ʻia ka lele ʻana i kekahi manawa a ma waena wale nō o ka pau ʻana o hoʻokahi manawa mele a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā e hiki mai ana), ka hana hou ʻana o ka leo hoʻokahi, nā mea hoʻonani nui (melismas, appoggiatura, hoʻomau i ke mele ʻana i nā leo melodic kuhikuhi, etc.), pinepine. ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka portamento - ʻoi aku ka hōʻike ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā cantaors i nā wā ma lalo o kahi semitone. Hāʻawi ʻia kahi hiʻohiʻona kūikawā i nā mele o ka cante F. ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻokani ʻana i nā cantaors, ka mea ʻaʻole e hana hou i ka mele like, akā lawe mau i kahi mea hou a manaʻo ʻole ʻia iā ia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole e uhai i ke ʻano.

Metrorhythm. ʻO ke ʻano o ka cante F. he waiwai a ʻokoʻa. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mele a me nā hula o ka cante F. i mau kakini o nā hui ma muli o ka mika a me ke kani o ka wok. melody, accompaniment, a me kā lākou mau pilina like ʻole. ʻO nā hana maʻalahi wale nō. kiʻi, hiki iā ʻoe ke kaʻana like i nā mele a pau o Cante F. na metrorhythm. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona i 3 mau pūʻulu:

1) nā mele i hoʻokani ʻole ʻia me ka ʻole o ka hoʻokani ʻana, me ke kani manuahi, a i ʻole me ka hoʻokani pila (guitar) ʻaʻole pili i ka c.-l. mika mau a hāʻawi i ka mea mele i ka lokahi wale nō. kākoʻo; ʻO kēia hui nā mele kahiko loa o cante F. - tone, saeta, debla, martinete;

2) hoʻokani pū ʻia nā mele e ka mea mele ma ka mika manuahi, akā me ka hoʻokani ʻia ʻana: sigiriya, solea, kanya, polo, tiento, etc.;

3) nā mele me ka wok i kauoha ʻia. mele a me ka hoʻokani pila; Aia ma kēia hui ka hapa nui o nā mele o F.

Hoʻohana nā mele o ka hui 2 a me 3 i ʻelua ʻāpana (2/4), ʻekolu ʻāpana (3/8 a me 3/4) a me nā mea hoʻololi (3/8 + 3/4 a me 6/8 + 6/8 + 3 /4 ) mika; ʻo nā mea hope loa he mea maʻamau.

ʻO ka mea nui, hoʻokahi lokahi. mele ka mea kani i loko o ka cante F. ʻo ia ke kīkā. ʻO ke kīkā i hoʻohana ʻia e ka Andalusian "tocaors" (nā mea hoʻokani pila o ke ʻano F.) ua kapa ʻia ʻo "flamenca guitar" (guitarra flamenca) a i ʻole "sonanta" (sonanta, lit. - kani); ʻokoʻa ia i ka ʻōlelo Sepania maʻamau. nā kīkā me ke kino haiki a, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua ʻoi aku ke kani ʻana o ke kani. Wahi a ka poʻe noiʻi, ʻaʻole ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hui ʻana o ka tokaor me ka cantaor i ka canta F. 19th century Hana ka tokaor i nā preludes ma mua o ka hoʻokomoʻana o ka cantaor a me nā interludes e hoʻopiha i nā āpau ma waena o nā woksʻelua. nā māmalaʻōlelo. ʻO kēia mau ʻāpana solo, i kekahi manawa kikoʻī loa, ua kapa ʻia ʻo "falsetas" (falsetas) a hana ʻia me ke ʻano "punteo" (mai ka puntear - a hiki i ka puncture; ka hana ʻana i kahi mele mele a me nā kiʻi like ʻole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā chords i kekahi manawa e hoʻoikaika i ka lokahi i ka cadence. huli). ʻO nā pāʻani pōkole ma waena o ʻelua "falsetas" a i ʻole ma waena o "falsetas" a me ka hīmeni ʻana, i hana ʻia e ka ʻenehana "rasgeo" (rasgueo; he kaʻina o ke kani piha, i kekahi manawa haʻalulu), i kapa ʻia. “paseos” (paseos). Me nā cantaors kaulana, ʻike ʻia nā mea hoʻokani pila o ka cante F.: Patiño, Javier Molina, Ramon Montoya, Paco de Lucia, Serranito, Manolo Sanlucar, Melchor de Marchena, Curro de Jerez, El Niño Ricardo, Rafael del Aguila, Paco Aguilera, Moranto Chico a me nā mea ʻē aʻe

Ma waho aʻe o ke kīkā, hīmeni ʻia ma F. cante me nā "palmas flamencas" (palmas flamencas) - rhythmic. ma ke kuʻi ʻana i 3-4 mau manamana lima o kekahi lima ma ka poho lima o kekahi, “pitos” (pitos) – paʻi manamana lima ma ke ʻano o ka castanets, paʻi me ka kuʻekuʻe wāwae, a pēlā aku.

Hoʻoponopono i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā mele cante F., ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā manawa ma lalo o kahi semitone i loko o lākou, a me ka mika manuahi i ka nui o lākou, e pale i kā lākou hoʻoponopono pololei ʻana i ka notation mele: ʻaʻole hiki ke hāʻawi i ka manaʻo maoli o ​ʻO ke kani maoli o ka cante F. Eia naʻe, hāʻawi mākou i ʻelua ʻāpana o ka sigiriya - ʻo ka "falset" mua o ka guitar a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka cantaor (i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e I. Rossi; e ʻike i nā kolamu 843, 844 ):

ʻO ka hula ma cante F. ʻo ia ke kumu kahiko me ka hīmeni ʻana. He hula hoʻokahi kēia, pili pili i ka hīmeni ʻana, akā loaʻa kona ʻano hiʻohiʻona. A hiki i ka ser. ʻAʻole nui nā hula F. ke kenekulia 19 (zapateado, fandango, jaleo); mai ka papahele 2. ʻO ke kenekulia 19 ke ulu wikiwiki nei ko lākou helu. Mai ia manawa, nui nā mele cante F. i hui pū ʻia me ka hula a lilo i ke ʻano o ka canto bailable (mele-hula). No laila, hoʻi i ke kenekulia 19. ua hoʻomaka ka gypsy kaulana "baylaora" (F. style dancer) mai Seville, La Mehorana, e hula solea. I ke kenekulia 20 aneane pau nā mele cante f. hana ʻia ma ke ʻano he hula. Ua papa inoa ʻo Jose M. Caballero Bonald ma mua o 30 mau hula "maʻemaʻe" F.; hui pū me nā hula āna i kapa ai he "mixed" (hulahula keaka a F.), ua ʻoi aku ko lākou helu ma mua o 100.

ʻAʻole like me nā ʻano ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka Spanish. mele folklore, cante F. ma kona ʻano maʻemaʻe ʻaʻole i hoʻolaha ʻia i ka lehulehu. waiwai, ʻaʻole i mahi ʻia e ka lehulehu holoʻokoʻa o Andalusia (ʻaʻole kūlanakauhale a i ʻole kuaʻāina) a hiki i ka hapakolu hope o ke kenekulia 19. ʻaʻole kaulana a kaulana hoʻi ma waho o kahi pōʻai haiki o nā connoisseurs a me nā amateurs. ʻO ka waiwai o ka lehulehu cante F. lilo wale me ka hiki ʻana mai o ka mea kūikawā. cafe artistic, kahi i hoʻokani ai nā mea hoʻokani o cante F.

Ua wehe ʻia ka cafe mua ma Seville i ka makahiki 1842, akā ʻo kā lākou hoʻolaha nui ʻana mai ka makahiki 70. Ke kenekulia 19, i ka wā i hana ʻia ai nā "cafe cantante" i nā makahiki. Seville, Jerez de la Frontera, Cadiz, Puerto de Santa Maria, Malaga, Granada, Cordoba, Cartagena, La Unión, a ma hope o lākou ma waho o Andalusia a me Murcia - ma Madrid, Barcelona, ​​​​ʻo Bilbao. ʻO ka manawa mai 1870 a 1920 i kapa ʻia ʻo "ke au gula" o cante F. ʻO ke ʻano hou o ka noho ʻana o cante F. ʻo ia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o nā mea hoʻokani (nā mele, nā hula, nā mea hoʻokani), ua hoʻokumu i ka hoʻokūkū ma waena o lākou, a ua kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole. hana. nā kula a me nā ʻano, a me ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻano a me nā ʻano i loko o ka cante F. I kēlā mau makahiki, ua hoʻomaka ka huaʻōlelo "hondo" e hōʻike i nā mele hoʻohālikelike, dramatic, expressive (sigiriya, solea, kanya, polo, martinet, carselera). I ka manawa like, ua puka mai nā inoa "cante grande" (cante grande - hīmeni nui), i wehewehe i nā mele o ka lōʻihi a me nā mele o kahi ākea ākea, a me "cante chico" (cante chico - mele liʻiliʻi) - e kuhikuhi i nā mele i loaʻa ʻole ia mau ʻano. E pili ana i na mea. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka hula ma ka cante, F. hoʻomaka e hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā mele e like me kā lākou hana: ʻo ke mele "alante" (ʻano Andalusian o ka Castilian adelante, i mua) i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻolohe wale ʻana, ʻo ke mele "atras" (atrbs, back) i hele pū me ka hula. ʻO ke au o ka "cafe cantante" i lawe mai i mua o ka galaxy holoʻokoʻa o nā mea hana koʻikoʻi o cante F., i waena o nā cantaors Manuel Toppe, Antonio Mairena, Manolo Caracol, Pastora Pavon, Maria Vargas, El Agujetas, El Lebrijano, Enrique Morente, bailors La ʻO Argentina, ʻo Lolilla La ke kū nei ʻo Flamenca, ʻo Vicente Escudero, ʻo Antonio Ruiz Soler, ʻo Carmen Amaya. I ka makahiki 1914 choreographic. Ua hoʻokani ka hui ʻo La Argentina ma Lākana me nā hula i ke mele a M. de Falla a me nā hula na F. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka cante a F. i mea hoʻokani kupaianaha ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka hana noʻeau. ka pae a me ka maʻemaʻe o ke ʻano o nā mele a me nā hula F. Ke hoʻololi nei i ka 20s. 20th century cante F. i ka hale keaka. ke kahua (ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo flamenca opera) a me ka hui ʻana o nā hana moʻolelo a F. ua hoʻonui i ka emi ʻana o kēia ʻano hana; ka papa inoa o cante F. ua hoʻopiha ʻia nā mea hoʻokani me nā ʻano malihini. ʻO ka hoʻokūkū Cante Jondo, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma Granada i ka makahiki 1922 ma ke ʻano o M. de Falla a me F. ʻO Garcia Lorca, ua hāʻawi i ka ikaika i ke ola hou ʻana o Cante F.; hoʻomaka nā hoʻokūkū like a me nā ʻoliʻoli e mālama mau ʻia ma Seville, Cadiz, Cordoba, Granada, Malaga, Jaen, Almeria, Murcia a me nā kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe. Ua huki lākou i nā mea hoʻokani koʻikoʻi, hōʻike lākou i nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa o cante F. I ka makahiki 1956-64, he mau ahiahi o ka cante F. i mālama ʻia ma Cordoba a me Granada; ma Cordoba i ka makahiki 1956, 1959 a me 1962 i hana nat. nā hoʻokūkū cante F., a ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Jerez de la Frontera ma 1962 - honua. ʻO ka hoʻokūkū mele a me ka hula a me ke kikā a F. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana o cante F.

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PA Pichugin