Ke ano mele |

ʻano Palani, mai ka lat. ʻano - ʻano, ʻano

He manaʻo pohihihi e hōʻike ana i nā genera i hoʻokumu mua ʻia a me nā ʻano muses. nā hana e pili ana i ko lākou kumu a me ke kumu o ke ola, ke ʻano a me nā kūlana (kahi) o ka hana a me ka ʻike, a me nā ʻano o ka ʻike a me ke ʻano. Aia ka manaʻo o ke ʻano ma nā ʻano hana like ʻole, akā ma ke mele, ma muli o nā kikoʻī o kāna mau hana. nā kiʻi, he manaʻo kūikawā; ke kū nei, me he mea lā, ma ka palena ma waena o nā ʻano o ka ʻike a me ke ʻano, a hiki i kekahi ke hoʻoponopono i ka ʻike kikoʻī o ka huahana, ma muli o ka paʻakikī o nā ʻōlelo i hoʻohana ʻia. kālā.

ʻO ka paʻakikī a me ka paʻakikī o ka manaʻo o Zh. m. pili pū ʻia me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole nā ​​​​mea a pau e hoʻoholo ana e hana like me ka ikaika like. He ʻano ʻokoʻa kēia mau mea ponoʻī (no ka laʻana, ke ʻano a me kahi o ka hana) a hiki ke hana i nā hui like ʻole me nā pae like ʻole o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana. No laila, ma ka ʻepekema mele i hoʻomohala ʻokoʻa. nā ʻōnaehana hoʻohālikelike o Zh. m. Ke hilinaʻi nei lākou i kahi o nā kumu e hoʻokumu ai i ka Zh. m. manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea nui. No ka laʻana, hōʻike ʻo BA Zuckerman i ke kumu ʻike (genre - typified content), AH Coxop - society. noho ana, ie ke kumu ola o ke mele a me ke kaiapuni no kāna hana a me ka ʻike. ʻO ka wehewehe paʻakikī loa o nā mele filosofia aia i loko o nā puke "The Structure of Musical Works" na L. A. Mazel a me "Analysis of Musical Works" na L. A. Mazel a me BA Zuckerman. ʻO ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o Zh. m. pili pū me kā lākou ulu ʻana. Hoʻololi i nā kūlana o ka noho ʻana o nā muses. hana, ka pilina o Nar. ka hana hoʻomohala a me ka prof. art-va, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā muses. alakaʻi nā ʻōlelo i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ʻano kahiko a me ka puka ʻana o nā mea hou. ʻO Zh. m. noonoo a nat. nā kikoʻī o ka huahana mele, no kekahi a i ʻole kekahi kiʻi manaʻo. kuhikuhi (no ka laʻana, ka French romantic grand opera). ʻO ka manawa pinepine hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hana like mai nā manaʻo like ʻole, a i ʻole ke ʻano like i loko o nā pūʻulu ʻano. No laila, hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka opera ma nā ʻōlelo maʻamau e like me ke ʻano mele. makakū A laila hiki iā ʻoe ke hāʻawi iā ia i ka hui wok.-instr. (ʻano hana) a me ke keaka a me ke keaka. (kahi o ka hana a me ka pilina me kekahi koi pili) o na hana. Eia hou, hiki ke hoʻoholo i kona hiʻohiʻona mōʻaukala, pili i ke au, nā kuʻuna (pinepine i ka lāhui) o ke koho ʻana i kahi pā, kūkulu ʻana, a me ka hana ʻana i kahi hale keaka, etc. (ea ʻO nā ʻano opera Italia seria a me buffa, nā mele mele Farani a i ʻole nā ​​mele mele). ʻOi aku ke kanaka. nā hiʻohiʻona o ke mele a me ka drama. ʻO ka maʻiʻo a me ke ʻano o ka opera e alakaʻi i ka concretization hou o ke ʻano palapala (Mozart's buffa opera The Marriage of Figaro is a lyric-comedy opera, Rimsky-Korsakov's Sadko is a epic opera, and others). ʻOkoʻa paha kēia mau wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻoi aʻe a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi o ka pololei, a i kekahi manawa ma kahi arbitrariness; i kekahi manawa hāʻawi ʻia lākou e ka mea haku mele ponoʻī ("The Snow Maiden" - kahi moʻolelo moʻolelo puna, "Eugene Onegin" - nā hiʻohiʻona lyrical, etc.). Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā "genres i loko o nā ʻano". No laila, arias, ensembles, recitatives, choirs, symphony. ʻO nā ʻāpana i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka opera hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ʻo dec. wok genres. a instr. mele. Eia hou, hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ko lākou ʻano ʻano ma muli o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o kēlā me kēia lā (e laʻa, ʻo Juliet's waltz mai Gounod's Romeo and Juliet a i ʻole Sadko's poepoe hula mele mai Rimsky-Korsakov's Sadko), e hilinaʻi ana i nā kuhikuhi a ka haku mele a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i kā lākou iho. nā wehewehe (ʻo Cherubino's aria "The Heart Excites" he aloha, ʻo Susana's aria he serenade).

No laila, i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻano, pono e hoʻomanaʻo i kēlā me kēia manawa ke kumu a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana o kekahi mau mea e hoʻoholo ai. Wahi a ke kumu o nā ʻano, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano i nā ʻano e pili pono ana i nā pono o ke ola o ke kanaka, ke kani ʻana i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā - nā ʻano hale a me nā poʻe i kēlā me kēia lā, a me nā ʻano i lawe ʻole i kekahi mau hana koʻikoʻi a me kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO ka nui o nā ʻano o ka hui 1 i kū mai i ka wā ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale loa ʻia nā mele mai nā ʻano hana e pili ana (poetry, choreography) a hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻano hana hana āpau, nā hana kuʻuna (hulahula puni, lanakila a i ʻole kaʻina koa. nā hoʻomana, nā kiʻi, a me nā mea'ē aʻe).

ʻO Dek. ʻike nā mea noiʻi i nā loina kumu like ʻole o nā ʻano. No laila, manaʻo ʻo BA Zuckerman i ke mele a me ka hula ma ke ʻano he "ʻano kumu mua", ʻōlelo ʻo CC Skrebkov i ʻekolu ʻano ʻano - declamation (e pili ana i ka huaʻōlelo), motority (e pili ana i ka neʻe) a me ke oli (pili me ka expressiveness lyrical kūʻokoʻa). Hoʻohui ʻo AH Coxop i ʻelua mau ʻano i kēia mau ʻano ʻekolu - instr. hōʻailona a me ke kiʻi kani.

Hiki ke hoʻohui i nā hiʻohiʻona Genre, e like me ka laʻana. mele a me ka hula, nā ʻano. I loko o nā ʻano ʻano poʻe i kēlā me kēia lā, a me nā ʻano e hōʻike ana i ka ʻike o ke ola ma kahi ʻano paʻakikī, i hoʻopili ʻia, aia, me ka hoʻohālikelike maʻamau, kahi ʻokoʻa. Hoʻopaʻa ia i ke kumu kūpono a me ka ʻike, ke ʻano o ka huahana. (no ka laʻana, lullaby, serenade, barcarolle ma ke ʻano he mau mele mele, kanikau a me nā huakaʻi lanakila, etc.).

ʻIke mau ʻia nā ʻano ʻano hou o kēlā me kēia lā, ua hoʻohuli lākou i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole a komo i ka launa pū me lākou. Aia ka Renaissance, no ka laʻana, ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o instr. suite, nona nā hula o kēlā me kēia lā o ia manawa. Ua lawelawe ʻia ka suite ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka symphony. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka minuet e like me kekahi o nā ʻāpana o ka symphony i kōkua i ka crystallization o kēia ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka instr. mele. Me ke koi o ke kenekulia 19. pili i ka poeticization o na mele a me na hula. nā genres, e hoʻonui ana i kā lākou mele a me ka psychological. maʻiʻo, symphonization, etc.

Hale Zh. m., ka noonoo ana ia lakou iho ma ke ano. ʻO nā leo a me nā mele o ke au, ka nohona pili kanaka, ka poʻe i hānau iā lākou, he mea nui loa ia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o prof. mele. Mele hale a me ka hula. ʻO nā genres (German, Austrian, Slavic, Hungarian) kekahi o nā kumu i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka Classic Viennese. kula (ʻo J. Haydn's folk-genre symphonism ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi). Nā ʻano hou o ka hoʻololi mele. Hōʻike ʻia ʻo Farani i ka heroic. symphonism o L. Beethoven. Hoʻopili mau ʻia ka puka ʻana o nā kula aupuni me ka hoʻomāhuahua ʻana o ka haku mele i nā ʻano o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka nar. mele. ʻO ka hilinaʻi nui i nā ʻano o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka poʻe i kēlā me kēia lā, e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano o ka concretization a me ka generalization ("generalization through the genre" - kahi huaʻōlelo i hoʻolauna ʻia e AA Alschwang e pili ana i ka opera a Bizet "Carmen"), ke ʻano o ka mea maoli. opera (PI Tchaikovsky, MP Mussorgsky, J. Bizet, G. Verdi), pl. phenomena instr. mele o nā kenekulia 19 a me 20. (F. Schubert, F. Chopin, I. Brahms, DD Shostakovich a me na mea e ae). No nā mele o nā kenekulia 19-20. ʻO kahi ʻōnaehana ākea o nā pilina ʻano he ʻano, i hōʻike ʻia ma kahi synthesis (pinepine i loko o ke kumuhana like) nā hiʻohiʻona decomp. nā genres (ʻaʻole wale nā ​​mele o kēlā me kēia lā) a kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka waiwai kūikawā o nā mea koʻikoʻi o ka huahana. (no ka laʻana, F. Chopin). He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka wehewehe ʻana o ke ʻano i ka dramaturgy o nā ʻano "poetic" paʻakikī o ka romanticism. mele o ke kenekulia 19, no ka laʻana. e pili ana i ke kumu o ka monothematism.

Pili i ka socio-historical. nā kumu kaiapuni o kahi, nā kūlana hana a me ka noho ʻana o nā muses. prod. hoʻoikaika ikaika i ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o ke ʻano. mai nā hale aliʻi aristocratic a i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni lehulehu i hoʻololi nui i loko o ia mea a kōkua i kona crystallization ma ke ʻano he ʻano. ʻO ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hale keaka e hui pū me ia dec. ma nā ʻāpana a me ke ʻano o ka hana keaka mele. nā ʻano like me ka opera, ballet, vaudeville, operetta, mele no ka pāʻani ʻana i nā keaka. t-pe, a pela aku B 17 c. ua ala mai nā ʻano mele hou o nā mele kiʻiʻoniʻoni, nā mele lekiō, a me nā mele pop.

Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi, ka hana o ka ensemble a me nā hana solo. (quartets, trios, sonatas, romances a me nā mele, nā ʻāpana no nā mea kani pākahi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) i loko o kahi home home, "keʻena" kaiapuni i hoʻokumu i nā kikoʻī o nā ʻano keʻena me ko lākou hohonu hohonu, i kekahi manawa pili pili o ka ʻōlelo, lyrical a philosophical orientation a i ʻole. , ka mea like, kokoke i nā ʻano o kēlā me kēia lā (ma muli o nā kūlana hana like). Hoʻopili nui ʻia nā kikoʻī o nā ʻano keʻena e ka helu palena o nā mea komo i ka hana.

Ka hoʻomohala ʻana o conc. ola, hoʻoili i ka hana o ke mele. hana ma ke kahua nui, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka poʻe hoʻolohe i alakaʻi i nā kikoʻī o ka hopena. nā ʻano me kā lākou virtuosity, ʻoi aku ka hoʻomaha ʻana o nā kumuhana, hoʻokiʻekiʻe pinepine ʻia ka leo "oratorical" o nā muses. nā haʻiʻōlelo, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke kumu o ia ʻano ʻano e hoʻi i nā hana okana. J. Frescobaldi, D. Buxtehude, GF Handel a me JS Baxa; ʻO kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona i paʻi ʻia ma ke ʻano "special" o ka concerto (no ka mea kani hoʻokahi me ka orchestra), ma conc. nā ʻāpana no nā mea hoʻokani pila a me nā mea hoʻokani pila (nā ʻāpana piano na F. Mendelssohn, F. Liszt, etc.). Hoʻololi ʻia i conc. keʻena kahua, home a hiki i ke aʻo-pedagogical. hiki i nā genres (etudes) ke loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona hou. hoʻopau kikoʻī. ʻO kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo plein-air genres (nā mele waho), i hōʻike mua ʻia i nā hana a GF Handel ("Music on the Water", "Firework Music") a ua pālahalaha ʻia i ka wā o ka Farani Nui. kipi. Me kēia hiʻohiʻona, hiki ke ʻike i ke ʻano o ka wahi o ka hana i hoʻopili ai i ka thematicism ponoʻī me kāna mau hope, lapidarity a me ka laulā.

ʻO ke kumu o nā kūlana hana e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hana o ka mea hoʻolohe i ka manaʻo o ke mele. hana - a hiki i ke komo pololei i ka hana. No laila, ma ka palena me nāʻano o kēlā me kēia lā he mauʻano nui (mass song), i hānauʻia i ka hoʻololi. au a loaʻa i ka hoʻomohala nui i ke mele pueo. B 20th century music-drama laha loa. nā genres, i hoʻolālā ʻia no ke komo like ʻana o prof. nā mea hoʻokani a me nā mea nānā (nā keaka keiki na P. Hindemith a me B. Britten).

ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea hana a me ke ʻano o ka hana e hoʻoholo ai i ka hoʻohālikelike maʻamau o nā ʻano. ʻO kēia ka mahele nui i ka wok. a instr. nā ʻano.

Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻano pahu pahu me kekahi mau ʻokoʻa (vocalization) me ka poetic. (rarely prosaic) kikokikona. Ua ala mai lākou ma ke ʻano he mele a mele. nā genres (i ke mele o nā moʻomeheu kahiko, ka Middle Ages, i nā mele mele o nā ʻāina like ʻole), kahi i hana ʻia ai ka huaʻōlelo a me ke mele i ka manawa like, he mele maʻamau. hui. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hana pahu i ka solo (mele, romance, aria), ensemble and choral. Hiki iā lākou ke leo maʻemaʻe (solo a i ʻole xop me ka hoʻokani ʻole ʻana, he cappella; ʻo ka haku mele cappella kahi ʻano nui o nā mele polyphonic o ka Renaissance, a me nā mele mele Lūkini o nā kenekulia 17-18) a me nā leo-instr. (ʻoi aku ka pinepine, mai ke kenekulia 17) – hele pū ʻia me hoʻokahi (maʻa mau keyboard) a i ʻole kekahi. mea kani a okestra. pahu pahu. me ka hele pu ana o kekahi a oi. pili nā mea kani i nā woks keʻena. nā ʻano, me ka hoʻokani pila – i ka wok.-instr. nā ʻano (oratorio, mass, requiem, passions). He moʻolelo paʻakikī kēia mau ʻano a pau e paʻakikī ai ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana iā lākou. No laila, hiki i ka cantata ke lilo i keʻena mele a me ka haku mele nui no nā mele hui. haku mele (xop, soloists, orchestra). No ka 20th kenekulia komo maʻamau i wok.-instr. prod. mea heluhelu, mea keaka, komo i ka pantomime, hula, hana keaka (dramatic oratorios na A. Onegger, "stage cantatas" na K. Orff, e lawe mai ana i na ano leo-instrumental kokoke i na ano o ke keaka keaka).

He opera e hoʻohana ana i nā mea hoʻokani like (soloists, xop, orchestra) a pinepine i nā ʻāpana like me ka wok-instr. ʻano, ʻokoʻa ʻia e kona pae. a me ka pahu. kūlohelohe a he mea synthetic. ʻano, kahi e hoʻohui like ʻole. ʻano koi.

No ka hula ka mea hana, ʻoi aku ka laulā mai ka pilina o ke mele me ka neʻe. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻololi mau nā ʻano wok i ko lākou ulu ʻana. mele. Nā ʻano nui instr. mele – hoʻokahi, ensemble, orchestral - ua hana ʻia i ke au o nā mele Viennese (ka hapa ʻelua o ke kenekulia 2). ʻO kēia nā symphony, sonata, quartet a me nā hui keʻena ʻē aʻe, concerto, overture, rondo, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. i ka crystallization o keia mau ano. ) ma ke ʻano sonata-symphonic maʻamau. pōʻaiapuni.

ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka hana ʻana i kahi instr. ua like nā ʻano me ka ʻokoʻa o nā mea hoʻokani. haku mele, me ka hooulu ana e hoike. a me ka ʻenehana. nā mea paahana. Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka hana ma nā ʻano kikoʻī o nā ʻano solo, ensemble a me nā ʻano orchestral. No laila, ʻo ke ʻano o ka sonata i hōʻike ʻia e kahi kuleana nui o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēlā me kēia kanaka, ka symphony - ma ka laulā nui a me ka pālākiō, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka nui, hui, concerto - kahi hui o kēia mau ʻano me ka improvisation.

I ke au o ka romanticism ma instr. mele, kapaia. nā mele mele - ballad, poem (fp. and symphonic), a me nā mele. liʻiliʻi. I loko o kēia mau ʻano, aia ka mana o nā mea pili, kahi ʻano i ka hoʻolālā ʻana, ka pilina o nā loina lyrical-psychological a me kiʻi-pena kiʻi. He kuleana nui i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke aloha. instr. Ua pāʻani ʻia nā genres e ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mea hiki ke hōʻike a me ka timbre o FP. a me ka orkestra.

Nui nā ʻano kahiko (17th-1st half of the 18th century) e hoʻohana mau ʻia ana. He aloha kekahi o lākou. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ka wā (no ka laʻana, prelude a me ka noʻonoʻo, kahi e hana nui ai ka improvisation, ka suite, i hoʻōla hou ʻia i ke ʻano o kahi pōʻai aloha o nā miniatures), ʻaʻole i ʻike kekahi i nā loli nui (concerto grosso, passacaglia, ka mea i kapa ʻia. pōʻai polyphonic liʻiliʻi - prelude a fugue, etc.).

ʻO ka mea koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke ʻano ʻo ia ka mea maʻiʻo. Paʻi mele. mea i loko o kekahi mele. ʻano (ma ka manaʻo ākea o ka huaʻōlelo) ke kumu o ka manaʻo o Zh. m. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o Zh. m., e noʻonoʻo pono ana i nā ʻano o ka ʻike, ua ʻaiʻē ʻia mai ke kumumanaʻo o ka palapala; e like me ia, ʻokoʻa nā ʻano dramatic, lyrical a me epic. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻopili mau ʻana o kēia mau ʻano hōʻike e paʻakikī ke wehewehe i kēia ʻano hoʻohālikelike. No laila, hiki i kahi hoʻomohala koʻikoʻi ke hoʻopuka i ke mele. liʻiliʻi ma waho o ke mele. genres (C-moll Chopin's nocturne), moʻolelo-epic. hiki ke paʻakikī ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka ballad e ka lyric. ke ʻano o ke kumuhana a me ke keaka. ka hoʻomohala ʻana (Chopin's ballads); Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā symphonies dramatic me nā kumu mele-lyrical o ka dramaturgy, thematics (Schubert's h-moll symphony, Tchaikovsky's symphonies, etc.).

ʻO nā pilikia o Zh. m. pili i nā wahi a pau o ka musicology. E pili ana i ka hana a Zh. m. i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mea o muses. prod. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ma nā hana i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i nā pilikia like ʻole a me nā phenomena o muses. hana hoʻohālike (no ka laʻana, ma ka puke a A. Dolzhansky "Instrumental Music of PI Tchaikovsky", ma nā hana a LA Mazel e pili ana iā F. Chopin, DD Shostakovich, etc.). Nānā pl. ʻāina a me nā ʻāina ʻē, hoihoi ʻia nā mea noiʻi e ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻoihana. nā ʻano. B 60-70 mau makahiki. ʻO nā pilikia o ke kenekulia 20 o Zh. m. ʻoi aku ka pili o nā muses. aesthetics and sociology. ʻO kēia kuhikuhi i ke aʻo ʻana i nā mele wahine i wehewehe ʻia ma nā hana a BV Asafiev ("Russian Music mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka 1930th Century", XNUMX). ʻO ka hōʻai'ē no ka hoʻomohala kūikawā o ke kumumanaʻo o nā mele mele no ka ʻepekema Soviet o nā mele (nā hana a AA Alschwang, LA Mazel, BA Zuckerman, SS Skrebkov, AA Coxopa, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe).

Mai ka maka o ka pueo. I loko o ka musicology, ʻo ka wehewehe ʻana i nā pili ʻano he mea pono a koʻikoʻi loa o ka nānā ʻana i nā muses. hana, kōkua ia i ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻike pili kaiaulu o muses. kiʻi a pili pono i ka pilikia o ka realism i ke mele. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo Genre kekahi o nā wahi koʻikoʻi o ka musicology.

E hoʻomaopopo ': Alschwang AA, Opera genres "Karmen", ma kāna puke: Selected Articles, M., 1959; Zuckerman BA, Nā ʻano mele a me nā kumu o nā ʻano mele, M., 1964; Skrebkov CC, Artistic Principles of Musical Styles (Introduction and Research), ma: Music and Modernity, vol. 3, M., 1965; nā ʻano mele. Sat. ʻatikala, ed. TB Popova, M., 1968; Coxop AH, ʻO ke ʻano nani o ke ʻano i ke mele, M., 1968; kāna, Theory of musical genres: tasks and prospects, in collection: Theoretical problems of musical forms and genres, M., 1971, p. 292-309.

EM Tsareva