Leopold Stokowski |

Leopold Stokowski

ʻO ke kiʻi ikaika o Leopold Stokowski he kumu kūʻokoʻa a multifaceted. No ka hapalua o ke kenekulia, ua piʻi aʻe ma luna o ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka honua, e hauʻoli ana i nā ʻumi a me nā haneli haneli o ka poʻe aloha mele, e hoʻomaka ana i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ikaika, puʻupuʻu me nā nane i manaʻo ʻole ʻia, me ka ikaika pau ʻole a me ka ʻōpio mau loa. ʻO Stokowski, he mea ʻālohilohi, ʻaʻole like me nā alakaʻi ʻē aʻe, he mea kaulana kaulana o ke kiʻi i waena o ka lehulehu, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i nā orchestras, ka mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻōpio, ka mea hoʻolaha, ka hero kiʻiʻoniʻoni, lilo i mea kaulana loa ma ʻAmelika, a ma waho o kona mau palena. Ua kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo ia ka "hōkū" o ke kuʻi alakaʻi. A me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka makemake o nā ʻAmelika i kēlā mau wehewehe, paʻakikī ke ʻae ʻole i kēia.

Ua paʻa ke mele i kona ola a pau, e hana ana i ka manaʻo a me ka ʻike. Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Leopold Anthony Stanislav Stokowski (ʻo ia ka inoa piha o ka mea pena) ma Lākana. ʻO Polish kona makuakāne, ʻo Irish kona makuahine. Mai ka ʻewalu o kona mau makahiki, ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka piano a me ka violin, a laila ua aʻo ʻo ia i ke okana a me ka haku mele, a me ke alakaʻi ʻana ma ke Kula Nui o nā Mele ma Lākana. I ka makahiki 1903, ua loaʻa i ka mea hoʻokani pila ke kēkelē laepua mai ke Kulanui o Oxford, a ma hope iho ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo ia iā ia iho ma Paris, Munich, a me Berlin. Ma ke ʻano he haumāna, ua hana ʻo Stokowski ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokalakupua ma St James's Church ma Lākana. Ua lawe mua ʻo ia i kēia kūlana ma New York, kahi i neʻe ai ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1905. Akā ʻaʻole liʻuliʻu ua alakaʻi ʻia ʻo ia e kahi ʻano hana i ke kahua o ke alakaʻi: Ua manaʻo ʻo Stokowski i ka makemake nui e kamaʻilio i ka ʻōlelo mele ʻaʻole i kahi pōʻai haiki o ka poʻe parishioners, akā i nā poʻe āpau. . Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i kāna hana mua ma Ladana, e mālama ana i nā ʻaha mele o ke kauwela ma 1908. A i ka makahiki aʻe ua lilo ʻo ia i alakaʻi noʻeau o kahi mele mele symphony liʻiliʻi ma Cincinnati.

Maʻaneʻi, no ka manawa mua, uaʻikeʻia kaʻikepili hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi o ka mea pena. Ua hoʻonohonoho kokeʻo ia i ka hui, hoʻonui i kona haku mele a loaʻa i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka hana. Ua kamaʻilio ʻia ke alakaʻi ʻōpio ma nā wahi a pau, a ua kono ʻia ʻo ia e alakaʻi i ka orkestra ma Philadelphia, kekahi o nā kikowaena mele nui loa ma ka ʻāina. Ua hoʻomaka ka manawa o Stokowski me ka Philadelphia Orchestra i ka makahiki 1912 a kokoke i ka hapahā o ke kenekulia. I loko o kēia mau makahiki i loaʻa ai ka kaulana i ka honua holoʻokoʻa o ka orchestra a me ke alakaʻi. Manaʻo ka nui o ka poʻe hoʻohewa i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ia lā i ka makahiki 1916, i ka wā i alakaʻi mua ʻia ai ʻo Stokowski ma Philadelphia (a laila ma New York) Mahler's Eighth Symphony, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokumu ai i kahi ʻino o ka hauʻoli. I ka manawa like, hoʻonohonoho ka mea pena i kāna mau ʻaha mele ma New York, i lilo koke i kaulana, nā inoa mele kūikawā no nā keiki a me nā ʻōpio. ʻO nā manaʻo democratic i hoʻoikaika iā Stokowski i kahi hana ʻaha mele koʻikoʻi, e ʻimi i nā pōʻai hou o ka poʻe hoʻolohe. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻāʻo nui ʻo Stokowski. I kekahi manawa, no ka laʻana, ua hoʻopau ʻo ia i ke kūlana o ka mea hoʻokani pila, a hāʻawi iā ia i nā lālā orkestra a pau. Hoʻokahi ala a i ʻole, hoʻokele ʻo ia e hoʻokō i ka hoʻopaʻi hao maoli, ka hoʻihoʻi ʻoi loa ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka poʻe mele, ko lākou hoʻokō pono ʻana i kāna mau koi āpau a me ka hui piha ʻana o nā mea hoʻokani me ke alakaʻi i ke kaʻina hana mele. I nā ʻaha mele, ua hoʻohana ʻo Stokowski i nā hopena kukui a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana like ʻole. A ʻo ka mea nui loa, ua hoʻokō ʻo ia i ka mana kupaianaha nui i ka unuhi ʻana i nā ʻano hana like ʻole.

I loko o kēlā manawa, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kiʻi kiʻi a Stokowski a me kāna repertoire. E like me kēlā me kēia alakaʻi o kēia nui. Ua kamaʻilio ʻo Stokowski i nā wahi āpau o nā mele symphonic, mai kona kumu a hiki i kēia lā. Loaʻa iā ia nā transcription virtuoso orchestral o nā hana a JS Bach. ʻO ke alakaʻi, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ua hoʻokomo ʻia i kāna mau papahana ʻaha mele, e hui pū ana i nā mele o nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano, nā hana kaulana a kaulana ʻole, poina ʻole ʻia a hana ʻole ʻia. I nā makahiki mua o kāna hana ma Philadelphia, ua ho'okomo'o ia i nā mea hou i loko o kāna repertoire. A laila ua hōʻike ʻo Stokovsky iā ia iho he mea hoʻolaha i nā mele hou, hoʻolauna i nā ʻAmelika i nā hana he nui e nā mea kākau o kēia wā - Schoenberg, Stravinsky, Varese, Berg, Prokofiev, Satie. Ma hope mai, ua lilo ʻo Stokowski i ka mea mua ma ʻAmelika e hana i nā hana a Shostakovich, a me kāna kōkua, ua loaʻa koke ka kaulana i ka United States. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ma lalo o nā lima o Stokowski, no ka manawa mua, kani nā hana a nā mea kākau ʻAmelika - Copland, Stone, Gould a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. (E hoʻomanaʻo i ka hana ʻana o ka mea alakaʻi i ka American League of Composers a me kahi lālā o ka International Society for Contemporary Music.) ʻAʻole i hana ʻo Stokowski i ka hale opera, akā i ka makahiki 1931 ua alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka mua ʻAmelika o Wozzeck ma Philadelphia.

I ka makahiki 1935-1936, ua hana ʻo Stokowski i kahi huakaʻi lanakila ma ʻEulopa me kāna hui, e hāʻawi ana i nā ʻahamele ma nā kūlanakauhale he iwakāluakūmāhiku. Ma hope o kēlā, ha'alele'o ia i ka "Philadelphians" a no kekahi manawa ho'ola'a iā ia iho e hana ma ka lekiō, ke kani leo, ke ki'i'oni'oni. Hoʻokani ʻo ia i nā haneli o nā papahana lekiō, e hoʻolaha ana i nā mele koʻikoʻi no ka manawa mua ma ia ʻano pālākiō, hoʻopaʻa i nā moʻolelo he nui, ua hōkū ʻia ma nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻo The Big Radio Program (1937), One Hundred Men and One Girl (1939), Fantasia (1942). , alakaʻi ʻia e W. Disney ), "Carnegie Hall" (1948). I loko o kēia mau kiʻiʻoniʻoni, hoʻokani ʻo ia iā ia iho - ke alakaʻi ʻo Stokowski a, no laila, lawelawe ʻo ia i ke kumu hoʻokahi o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā miliona o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni me nā mele. I ka manawa like, ʻo kēia mau kiʻi pena, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo "Hoʻokahi Haneri kāne a me hoʻokahi kaikamahine" a me "Fantasy", lawe mai i ka mea pena kiʻi kaulana ʻole ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.

I nā makahiki he kanahā, hana hou ʻo Stokowski ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻonohonoho a alakaʻi i nā hui symphony. Ua hana ʻo ia i ka All-American Youth Orchestra, e huakaʻi a puni ka ʻāina me ia, ʻo ke City Symphony Orchestra o New York, ma 1945-1947 ua alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka orchestra ma Hollywood, a ma 1949-1950, me D. Mitropoulos, alakaʻi i ka. New York Philharmonic. A laila, ma hope o ka hoʻomaha, ua lilo ka mea pena kiʻi hanohano i poʻo o ka orchestra ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Houston (1955), a i ka makahiki kanaono ua hana ʻo ia i kāna hui ponoʻī, ʻo ka American Symphony Orchestra, ma ke kumu o ka hoʻokani pila NBC, ma i hānai ʻia nā mea hoʻokani pila ma lalo o kāna alakaʻi. a me na alakai.

I kēia mau makahiki a pau, ʻoiai ʻo kona ʻelemakule, ʻaʻole i hoʻemi ʻo Stokowski i kāna hana hana. Hana ʻo ia i nā huakaʻi he nui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ʻEulopa, e ʻimi mau ana a hana i nā mele hou. Hōʻike ʻo Stokovsky i ka hoihoi mau i nā mele Soviet, ʻo ia hoʻi i nā papahana o kāna mau ʻaha mele a Shostakovich, Prokofiev, Myaskovsky, Gliere, Khachaturian, Khrennikov, Kabalevsky, Amirov a me nā mea haku mele ʻē aʻe. Kākoʻo ʻo ia i ka pilina a me ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o nā mea hoʻokani pila mai ka USSR a me ʻAmelika, e kapa ana iā ia iho "he mea hoihoi no ka hoʻololi ʻana ma waena o ka moʻomeheu Lūkini a me ʻAmelika."

Ua kipa muaʻo Stokowski i ka USSR i ka makahiki 1935. Akā,ʻaʻoleʻo ia i hāʻawi i nā'ahamele, akā uaʻike waleʻo ia i nā hana a nā mea haku mele Soviet. Ma hope o ia hana ʻo Stokowski i ka Shostakovich's Fifth Symphony no ka manawa mua ma USA. A i ka makahiki 1958, ua hā'awi ka mea ho'okani mele kaulana i nā'ahamele me ka lanakila nui ma Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv. Ua manaʻo ka poʻe hoʻolohe Soviet ʻaʻohe mana o ka manawa ma luna o kāna talena. "Mai nā leo mele mua loa, ʻo L. Stokowski ka mea i hoʻomalu i ka lehulehu," i kākau ai ka mea hoʻohewa ʻo A. Medvedev, "e koi ana iā lākou e hoʻolohe a manaʻoʻiʻo i kāna mea e makemake ai e haʻi. Hoʻopio ia i ka poʻe hoʻolohe me kona ikaika, ʻālohilohi, noʻonoʻo hohonu a me ka pololei o ka hoʻokō. Hana ʻo ia me ka wiwo ʻole a me ke kumu. A laila, ma hope o ka ʻaha mele, e noʻonoʻo ʻoe, e hoʻohālikelike, e noʻonoʻo, e ʻae ʻole i kekahi mea, akā i loko o ke keʻena, i ka wā o ka hana, ʻo ke ʻano o ke alakaʻi e hoʻopilikia iā ʻoe me ka hiki ʻole. He mea maʻalahi loa ka hana a L. Stokowski, akaka loa… Paʻa ʻo ia iā ia iho, me ka mālie, a i nā manawa wale nō o ka hoʻololi koke ʻana, nā kiʻekiʻe, i kekahi manawa e ʻae iā ia iho i kahi nalu kupaianaha o kona mau lima, kahi huli o ke kino, kahi ʻano ikaika a ʻoi. ʻO nā lima o L. Stokowski ka mea kupaianaha a me ka hōʻike: noi wale lākou i ke kiʻi! Hōʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia manamana lima, hiki ke hoʻopuka i ka pā mele liʻiliʻi, expressive he pulupulu nui, me he mea lā e lana ana i ka lewa, no laila ʻike ʻia "ka huki ʻana" i ka cantilena, kahi nalu ikaika poina ʻole o ka lima i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lima, kauoha i ka hoʻolauna nā paipu ... "Ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ʻo Leopold Stokowski e nā mea a pau i hui pū me kāna kiʻi hanohano a kumu maoli…

Lit.: L. Stokowski. Mele no kēlā me kēia kanaka. M., 1963 (ed. 2nd).

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, 1969