ʻIkepili mele |

(mai ka Helene. kālailai – decomposition, dismemberment) – he noiʻi ʻepekema o ke mele. hana: kā lākou ʻano, ʻano, mele. ʻōlelo, a me ke kuleana o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana a me kā lākou pilina ma ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka ʻike. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka ʻikepili ma ke ʻano he ʻano noiʻi, DOS. ma ka puunaue ana i na mea a pau i mau apana, na mea hui. Kūʻē ka ʻimi ʻana i ka synthesis - kahi ʻano noiʻi, e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana otd. nā mea i hoʻokahi holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka loiloi a me ka synthesis i loko o ka lokahi. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo F. Engels, "ʻo ka noʻonoʻo ka nui o ka decomposition o nā mea o ka ʻike i loko o kā lākou mau mea e like me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea i pili kekahi i kekahi i kahi lokahi. ʻAʻohe synthesis me ka nānā ʻole "(Anti-Dühring, K. Marx a me F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 20, M., 1961, p. 41). ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka nānā ʻana a me ka synthesis e alakaʻi i kahi ʻike hohonu o ka hanana. Hoʻopili pū kēia i ka A. m., i ka hopena, pono e alakaʻi mau i kahi generalization, a synthesis. ʻO ia kaʻina hana ʻelua e alakaʻi i ka ʻike hohonu o nā mea e aʻo ʻia. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "A. m.” hoʻomaopopo a hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano ākea a haiki. No laila, e A. m. hoʻomaopopo lākou i ka analytical. ka noonoo ana i kekahi mele. nā hiʻohiʻona e like me ia (no ka laʻana, hiki i kekahi ke nānā i ke ʻano o nā mea nui a me nā mea liʻiliʻi, nā loina o ka hana o nā hana harmonic, nā loina o ka mika i loko o kekahi ʻano, nā kānāwai o ka haku ʻana i kahi ʻāpana mele holoʻokoʻa, etc.). Ma kēia ʻano, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "A. m.” hui pū me ka huaʻōlelo "theoretical musicology". A. m. unuhi ʻia ma ke ʻano he analytical. ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i kekahi mea o ke mele. ʻōlelo i loko o kekahi mele. hana. He ʻike liʻiliʻi kēia o ka huaʻōlelo "A. m.” ʻo ia ke alakaʻi. ʻO ke mele he hana noʻonoʻo, e hōʻike ana i nā hanana o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i ke kaʻina o kā lākou ulu ʻana, no laila, ʻo ka waiwai nui loa i ka nānā ʻana i nā muses. prod. a ʻo kona mau mea ponoʻī ke hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻomohala.

ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano nui o ka hōʻike kiʻi. ʻO ke kiʻi ma ke mele he muses. kumuhana. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i nā kumuhana a me kā lākou hoʻohālikelike, nā kumuhana āpau. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana ka manawa nui loa i ka nānā ʻana i ka hana. ʻO ka manaʻo hoʻomākaʻikaʻi pū kekahi i ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano kumu o nā kumuhana. Ma muli o ka pili ʻana o ke ʻano me kekahi ʻano o ka ʻike a me kahi ʻano o nā ʻano hōʻike, ʻo ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano ʻano o ke kumuhana e kōkua i ka hōʻike ʻana i kāna ʻike.

Hiki ke kālailai. mea mele. nā huahana i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o lākou e hōʻike. 'o ia ho'i: mika, rhythm (ma ko lākou mana'o kū'oko'a a me kā lākou hana hui), mode, timbre, dynamics, etc. kekahi ʻano o ka hōʻike ʻana, a me ka nānā ʻana i ke mele ma ke ʻano maʻalahi loa o ka māhele holoʻokoʻa i loaʻa ka lokahi o ka ʻōlelo. kālā. ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole o A. m. ʻo ia ke kālailai ʻana i nā haku mele. nā palapala hana. (ʻo ia ke kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻohālikelike kumuhana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, e ʻike i ke ʻano mele) - aia i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o nā ʻano, i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā loina o ke kumuhana. hooulu ana.

I loko o kēia mau ʻano a pau, ʻo A. m. pili me kahi degere nui a liʻiliʻi paha o ka wā pōkole, hana, akā pono ka abstraction, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o kahi mea i hāʻawi ʻia mai nā mea ʻē aʻe. No ka laʻana, i ka harmonic analysis i kekahi manawa pono e noʻonoʻo i ka ratio o kēlā me kēia chords, me ka nānā ʻole i ka hana o ka mika, rhythm, melody.

ʻO kahi ʻano loiloi kūikawā - "paʻakikī" a i ʻole "holistic" - ʻo ia ka loiloi o nā mele. nā ʻatikala i hana ʻia ma muli o ke kālailai ʻana o nā haku mele. nā ʻano, akā ua hui pū ʻia me ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻāpana āpau o ka holoʻokoʻa i kā lākou pilina a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana.

Elucidation o ka mōʻaukala a me ka stylistic. a me ka genre prerequisites pono i na ano a pau o ka atomism, akā, he mea nui loa i loko o ka paʻakikī (holistic) kālailai, ka pahu hopu kiʻekiʻe o ia ke aʻo 'ana i ke mele. prod. ma ke ʻano he hanana ideological kaiapili i kona istorich holoʻokoʻa. pili. Aia kēia ʻano loiloi ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka theoretical kūpono. a me ka moolelo mele. Pueo. musicologists generalize the data of A. m. ma ke kumu o ke ʻano o ka Marxist-Leninist aesthetics.

A. m. hiki ke lilo i decomp. pahu hopu. Ka nānā 'ana i nā māhele o kēlā me kēia mele. hoʻohana ʻia nā hana (nā ʻāpana o ka ʻōlelo mele) i ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka hoʻonaʻauao. nā papa, nā puke, nā mea kōkua aʻo a me ka tooretich. noiʻi. Ma nā haʻawina ʻepekema e like me kā lākou ʻano a me ka kikoʻī kikoʻī e kau ʻia i ka loiloi piha otd. e hōʻike. nā mea, nā ʻano o nā haku mele. nā ʻano hana mele. I nā hihia he nui i ka hōʻike ʻana i ka theoretical maʻamau. nā pilikia e like me ka hōʻoia o ke kūlana i manaʻo ʻia e nānā ʻia kēlā me kēia. nā laʻana - nā ʻāpana mai ke mele. nā hana a i ʻole nā ​​hana holoʻokoʻa. ʻO kēia ke ʻano deductive. Ma nā hihia ʻē aʻe o kēia ʻano, hāʻawi ʻia nā laʻana analytical e alakaʻi i ka mea heluhelu i nā hopena o ke ʻano laulā. ʻO kēia ke ʻano inductive. He kūpono like nā ʻano ʻelua a hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia.

ʻIkepili piha (holistic) otd. hana - he mea nui o ka mōʻaukala a me ka stylistic. noiʻi, hōʻike ʻana i ka hoʻomohala mau ʻana i ka stylistic. nā hiʻohiʻona, nā hiʻohiʻona o kahi nat. moʻomeheu, a me kekahi o nā ʻano hana no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona nui o ka mele. hoʻopiʻi. Ma kahi ʻano pōkole, lilo ia i ʻāpana o ka monographic. noiʻi hoʻolaʻa i hoʻokahi haku mele. Aia kekahi ʻano loiloi paʻakikī (holistic) kūikawā, e hāʻawi ana i kahi aesthetic maʻamau. ʻO ka loiloi o ka hana ʻana me ka ʻole o ka hohonu ʻana i ka loiloi e hōʻike. 'ano, hana hi'ohi'ona, a pela aku. Hiki ke kapa 'ia ia 'ano kālailai 'ana i ka ho'opono-aesthetic. ka nānā 'ana i ka hana. Me keia noonoo ana i ke mele. prod. ʻO ka loiloi kūpono a me ka hoʻohewa ʻana e pili kokoke ana a i kekahi manawa ke komo.

He kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻepekema. nā hana A. m. ma ka papahele 1. Ua pāʻani ke kenekulia 19. mea haku mele AB Marx (1795-1866). ʻO kāna puke ʻo Ludwig Beethoven. ʻO ke ola a me ka hana" (“Ludwig van Beethovens Leben und Schaffen”, 1859-1875) ʻo ia kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona mua o nā monographs, me ka nānā ʻana i nā muses. prod.

ʻO X. Riemann (1849-1919), ma muli o kāna kumumanaʻo o ka lōkahi, mika, ʻano, hoʻonui i ka manaʻo. nā ʻano kālai mele. prod. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao kūlana, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ia i hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻenehana mai ka aesthetics. nā kuhi a me nā kumu mōʻaukala. Na Riemann nā hana analytical e like me ka "Guide to Fugue Composition" ("Handbuch der Fugen-Kompositionen", Bd I-III, 1890-94, vols. I and II are devoted to the "Well-Tempered Clavier", vol. III – “The Art of the Fugue” na JS Bach), “Beethoven's Bow Quartets” (“Beethovens Streichquartette”, 1903), “All solo piano sonatas by L. van Beethoven, aesthetic. a me ka ʻenehana maʻamau. ka nānā ʻana me nā ʻōlelo mōʻaukala” (“L. van Beethovens sämtliche Klavier-Solosonaten, ästhetische und formal-technische Analyze mit historischen Notizen”, 1918-1919), thematic. ka nānā ʻana o ka symphony 6 a me ka symphony "Manfred" na Tchaikovsky.

Ma waena o nā hana i kūkulu i ka theoretical and aesthetic. ke ʻano o ka nānā ʻana i nā hana mele. ma Western Europe musicology, hiki iā mākou ke inoa i ka hana a G. Kretschmar (1848-1924) "Alakaʻi i nā'ahamele" ("Führer durch Konzertsaal", 1887-90); monograph by A. Schweitzer (1875-1965) “IS Bach “(” JS Bach “, 1908), where prod. manaʻo ʻia ka haku mele ma ka lokahi o ʻekolu ʻano o ka nānā ʻana - theoretical, aesthetic. a e hana ana; he ʻekolu puke moʻolelo na P. Becker (1882-1937) "Beethoven" ("Beethoven", 1911), kahi i kālailai ai ka mea kākau i nā symphonies a me ka piano. sonata o ka haku haku mele ma muli o ko lākou "manaʻo poetic"; puke na X. Leuchtentritt (1874-1951) "Ke aʻo e pili ana i ke ʻano mele" ("Musikalische Formenlehre", 1911) a me kāna hana ponoʻī "Analysis of Chopin's Piano Works" ("Analyse der Chopin'schen Klavierwerke", 1921-22), i -Roy kiʻekiʻe ʻepekema-theoretical. ua hui pū ʻia ka pae o ka nānā ʻana me nā hiʻohiʻona figurative hoihoi a me nā aesthetics. helu helu; Loaʻa nā loiloi maʻalahi o nā hana a E. Kurt (1886-1946) "Romantic Harmony and Its Crisis in Wagner's Tristan" ("Romantische Harmonik und ihre Krise in Wagners "Tristan"", 1920) a me "Bruckner" (Bd 1- 2, 1925). Ma ke aʻo ʻana o A. Lorenz (1868-1939) "The Secret of Form in Wagner" ("Das Geheimnis der Form bei Richard Wagner", 1924-33), e pili ana i kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī o nā opera a Wagner, nā ʻano hou o nā ʻano a me ua hoʻokumu 'ia kā lākou mau māhele (synthesizing stage and music regularities of "poetic-musical period", "substitute part").

Noho nā hana a R. Rolland (1866-1944) i kahi kūlana kūikawā i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kiʻi atomika. Aia ma waena o lākou ka hana "Beethoven. Nā wā hoʻomohala nui" ("Beethoven. Les grandes epoques cryatrices", 1928-45). Ke kālailai ʻana i nā symphonies a Beethoven, sonatas a me ka opera i loko, hana ʻo R. Rolland i kahi ʻano analytical. He ala e pili ana i ka poetic, ka hui palapala, ka metaphors a me ka hele ana ma waho o ka papa mele-theoretical koʻikoʻi i ka wehewehe poetic manuahi o nā manaʻo a me ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana. Ua hana nui kēia ʻano hana i ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana o A. m. ma ke Komohana a ma ka USSR.

I loko o ka mele mele kahiko o Rūsia o ke kenekulia 19. nā ʻano holomua o nā hui. ua pili pono nā manaʻo i ke kahua o A. m. Hooikaika a Rus. Ua hoʻouna ʻia nā mea noiʻi mele a me nā mea hoʻohewa e ʻae i ka thesis: kēlā me kēia mus. prod. hana ʻia no ka hōʻike ʻana i kekahi manaʻo, ka lawe ʻana i kekahi mau manaʻo a me nā manaʻo. AD Ulybyshev (1794-1858), ka Rus mua. mea kākau mele, mea kākau o nā hana "The New Biography of Mozart" ("Nouvelle biographie de Mozart ...", māhele 1-3, 1843) a me "Beethoven, kāna mau mea hōʻino a me nā unuhi'ōlelo" ("Beethoven, ses critiques et ses glossateurs", 1857), ka mea i waiho i kahi hōʻailona ʻike i ka mōʻaukala koʻikoʻi. nā manaʻo. Loaʻa i nā puke ʻelua nā loiloi he nui, nā helu mele koʻikoʻi a me ka nani. hana. ʻO kēia paha nā hiʻohiʻona mua o nā monographs ma ʻEulopa e hoʻohui i nā mea biographical me ka analytical. ʻO kekahi o nā mea noiʻi Lūkini mua i huli i ka ʻāina makua. music art-woo, VF Odoevsky (1804-69), ʻaʻole ʻo ia he theoretician, hāʻawi i kāna mau hana koʻikoʻi a me ka nūpepa. ʻōlelo pl. hana, ch. arr. ʻO nā opera a Glinka. ʻO nā hana a VF Lenz (1809-83) "Beethoven a me kāna mau ʻano ʻekolu" ("Beethoven et ses trois styles", 1852) a me "Beethoven. ʻAʻole i nalowale ka ʻike o kāna mau kākau ʻana ("Beethoven. Eine Kunst-Studie", 1855-60) a hiki i kēia lā.

AN Serov (1820-71) - ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke ʻano kumuhana. ka nānā 'ana i ka musicology Russian. Ma ka moʻolelo The Role of One Motif in the Entire Opera A Life for the Tsar (1859), me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona mele, ua ʻimi ʻo Serov i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke kumumanaʻo o ka mele mele Glory. Hoʻohui ka mea kākau i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kēia poʻomanaʻo-antheme me ka oʻo ʻana o ka mea nui. manaʻo opera aloha ʻāina. ʻO ka ʻatikala "The Thematism of the Leonora Overture" (he haʻawina e pili ana iā Beethoven, 1861) e ʻimi ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka thematicism o ka overture a Beethoven a me kāna opera. I loko o ka 'atikala "Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, Its Structure and Meaning" (1868), ua hoʻokō ʻia ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke kumuhana hope o ka hauʻoli. Hāʻawi ʻia kahi loiloi mau o nā hana a Glinka a me Dargomyzhsky ma nā ʻatikala "A Life for the Tsar" a me "Ruslan and Lyudmila" (1860), "Ruslan and the Ruslanists" (1867), "Mermaid" na Dargomyzhsky (1856). . ʻO ka lokahi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hana noʻeau. manaʻo a me ke ʻano o kona hoʻohālikelike ʻana - nā mea. ka loina o ke ano o Serov, i lilo i pohaku kihi o na pueo. musicology theoretical.

Ma nā ʻatikala koʻikoʻi a PI Tchaikovsky, hāʻawi ʻia kahi wahi koʻikoʻi i ka nānā ʻana i nā muses. nā hana, i hana ʻia ma nā keʻena ʻaha mele ma Moscow i ka hopena o nā makahiki 70. 19th century Ma waena o nā kukui. ʻO ka hoʻoilina o NA Rimsky-Korsakov ke kū nei no kāna kumuhana. ka nānā 'ana i ka opera The Snow Maiden (ed. 1911, ho'opuka piha 'ia ma ka ed.: NA Rimsky-Korsakov, Collected Works, Literary Works and Correspondence, vol. IV, M., 1960). Ka nānā 'ana i nā mo'olelo pono'ī a me ka loiloi 'ana i ka hana. Aia kekahi mau haku mele ma ka Rimsky-Korsakov's Chronicle of My Musical Life (i paʻi ʻia ma 1909). He helu nui o nā manaʻo manaʻo hoihoi. a loaʻa ke ʻano analytic ma ka palapala a SI Taneev me PI Tchaikovsky. ʻepekema kiʻekiʻe a me ka manaʻo. ʻO ka mea nui nā loiloi kikoʻī a Taneyev o ke tonal a me ke kumuhana. ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kekahi mau sonata Beethoven (ma nā leka i ka mea haku mele ʻo NN Amani a ma kahi hana kūikawā "Analysis of modulations in Beethoven's sonatas").

ʻO ke kālena o nā poʻe loea mele holomua a me nā mea hoʻohewa, ka poʻe i hoʻomaka i kā lākou mau hana ma mua o ke kipi, ua wehe ʻia ma hope o ka Great October Revolution. pilikanaka. kipi. ʻO BL Yavorsky (1877-1942), ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke kumumanaʻo o ke mele mele, ua hoʻokomo i nā mea hou he nui i ka nānā ʻana (holistic). Loaʻa iā ia nā loiloi o nā hana a AN Scriabin a me JS Bach a me nā hana ʻē aʻe. Ma kahi seminar e pili ana iā Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, ua nānā ka ʻepekema i ka pilina ma waena o nā preludes a me nā fugues o kēia hōʻiliʻili a me nā cantatas a, ma muli o ka nānā ʻana i ka kikokikona o ka hope, ua hiki mai i nā hopena kumu e pili ana i ka ʻike o nā preludes a me nā fugues.

ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano ʻepekema A. m. hāʻawi ʻia i ka 20s. nā hana aʻoaʻo a me ka ʻepekema o GL Catoire (1861-1926) a me GE Konyus (1862-1933). ʻOiai nā kūlana ʻepekema hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao (no ka laʻana, ke kumumanaʻo o ka metrotectonism Konus, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana formative o ka mika i nā haʻiʻōlelo a Catoire), kā lākou theoretical. ʻO nā hana i loaʻa nā nānā waiwai a kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka noʻonoʻo analytical.

A. m. he kuleana koʻikoʻi ma nā hana a BV Asafiev (1884-1949). Ma waena o kāna noiʻi analytic koʻikoʻi - "Symphonic Etudes" (1922), i loaʻa nā loiloi o kahi helu Lūkini. nā opera a me nā ballets (me ka opera The Queen of Spades), ka puke Eugene Onegin na Tchaikovsky (1944), ke aʻo ʻana ʻo Glinka (1947), kahi i hoʻolaʻa ʻia ai nā ʻāpana. ka nānā 'ana i ka opera "Ruslan a me Lyudmila" a me "Kamarinskaya". ʻO ka mea hou ka manaʻo o Asafiev no ke kani. ke ano o ke mele. Ma kāna mau hana he mea paʻakikī ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā manawa o ka theoretical. a me ka mōʻaukala. ʻO Synthesis o ka mōʻaukala a me ka theoretical ka hoʻomaka ʻana ka waiwai ʻepekema nui loa o Asafiev. ʻO nā hana maikaʻi loa a Asafiev he mana nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano mele. ʻO kāna puke Musical Form as a Process (ʻāpana 1-2, 1930 a me 1947) i hana kūikawā, me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā manaʻo hua i nā ʻano mele ʻelua. ʻano - ma ke ʻano he kaʻina hana a me kāna hopena crystallized; e pili ana i keʻano o nāʻano e like me nā kumu kumu - kaʻokoʻa a me kaʻike; e pili ana i nā hana ʻekolu o ka hoʻomohala - impulse, neʻe a me ka hoʻopau ʻana, e pili ana i kā lākou hoʻololi mau.

ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o A. m. i ka USSR ua hōʻike ʻia i nā mea kūikawā. noiʻi, a ma nā hana e like me nā puke aʻo a me nā mea kōkua. Ma ka puke a LA Mazel "Fantasy f-moll Chopin. Experience of Analysis” (1937) e pili ana i kahi hoʻopalekana kikoʻī o kēia mele. Hoʻonohonoho nā hana i kahi helu stylistic maʻamau. nā kānāwai o ka hana a Chopin, nā pilikia koʻikoʻi o ke ʻano o A. m. waiho ʻia i mua. Ma ka hana a ka mea kākau hoʻokahi "On Melody" (1952), ua kūkulu ʻia kahi mea kūikawā. melodic methodology. kālailai.

ʻO VA Zukkerman ma kāna hana "Kamarinskaya" na Glinka a me kāna mau moʻomeheu i ka mele Lūkini (1957) e hoʻopuka i nā mea hou e pili ana i nā haku mele. nā hiʻohiʻona o ka nar Lūkini. nā mele a me nā loina o ka hoʻomohala ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi. ʻO nā generalizations ka puke o Vl. V. Protopopov "Ivan Susanin" Glinka "(1961). ʻO ia ka mea mua i hoʻokumu i ka manaʻo o "contrasting-composite form" (e nānā i ke ʻano mele). Hoʻopuka ʻia ma ka Pōʻaono. ʻO "Frederic Chopin" (1960) ʻatikala "Nā memo no Chopin's Musical Language" na VA Zukkerman, "Kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o Chopin's Free Form Composition" na LA Mazel a me "The Variation Method of Thematic Development in Chopin's Music" na Vl. Hōʻike ʻo V. Protopopov i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o A. m., i hoʻokō ʻia e nā mea hoʻokani mele Soviet.

A. m. hoʻohana mau ʻia i ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka hoʻonaʻauao. hoʻomaʻamaʻa. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana o kēlā me kēia kumuhana o ka mele-theoretical. pōʻaiapuni (elementary music theory, solfeggio, harmony, polyphony, instrumentation) ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: theory of the subject, practical. nā haʻawina a me ka nānā ʻana i nā mele. prod. a i ʻole nā ​​paukū. I ka papa o ke kumumanaʻo kumu o ka analytic mele. ʻO ka pauku ka nānā ʻana i nā mea maʻalahi o ke mele. hana - tonality, nui, hui pū ʻana i loko o nā pahu, dynamic. a me ke kaumaha. malu, a pela aku; i ka papa solfeggio - ka loiloi auditory o nā wā, ka nui, nā chords, deviations a me nā modulations i loko o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ke mele. hana ʻana; i nā papa o ka lokahi, polyphony, instrumentation – ka nānā ʻana i nā hana noʻeau e pili ana i kekahi mau māhele o ka haʻawina. nā laʻana (ka nānā ʻana o ka mea kani - ʻike i ka Instrumentation). Nui nā puke aʻo a me nā puke e pili ana i kēia mau kumuhana i loaʻa nā ʻāpana o ka ʻikepili analytical; aia kekahi mau manual no ka harmonica. a me ka polyphonic. kālailai.

I ka wā ma mua o ke kipi a me nā makahiki mua ma hope o ke kipi ʻana, aia ke kumuhana "Analysis of muses. forms", i hoʻemi ʻia i ka wehewehe ʻana o nā haku mele. hana ʻia nā ʻano mele ma ka lawe ʻana mai ia mea ma lalo o kekahi o nā papa hana i kaupalena ʻia i loko o ka puke. I ka manawa like, ua uku ʻia ka liʻiliʻi o ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano expressive, nā kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomohala thematic. Ma Rusia, ʻo nā puke haʻawina mua i loaʻa i ka noi ma ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻano mele, ʻo ia nā hana "Theory of Music" na G. Hess de Calve (1818), "Textbook on Composition" na I. Fuchs (1830) a me "Complete Guide to Ka haku mele” na IK Gunke (1859-63). I ka makahiki 1883-84, ua puka mai ka unuhina Lūkini o ka Textbook of Forms of Instrumental Music (Musikalische Formenlehre, 1878) e ka mea haku mele Kelemānia L. Busler, ma 1901 - nā puke a ka mea noiʻi Pelekane ʻo E. Prout, i paʻi ʻia ma ʻelua mau puke ma lalo o nā inoa Musical. Form (Musical form”, 1891, unuhi Lūkini 1900) a me “Applied forms” (“Applied forms”, 1895, Russian translation bg).

Mai na hana a Rusia. kū i waho nā kiʻi mele: ʻO ka puke aʻoaʻo a AS Arensky "A Guide to the Study of the Forms of Instrumental and Vocal Music" (1893-94), i loaʻa i loko o kahi ʻano wehewehe a maʻalahi o nā ʻano mele nui; aʻo ʻia e GL Catoire "Musical Form" (mau ʻāpana 1-2, 1934-36), i ka makahiki 30. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he puke haʻawina no ka poʻe loea mele.

ʻO nā kūleʻa i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka musicology home ma hope o ka Great October Revolution i kōkua i ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ke aʻo ʻana o ke mele. ʻano. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana o ka papa kuʻuna o A. m. Ua hana ʻia ka papa hou i nā makahiki 30. nā polopeka o ka Moscow Conservatory VA Zukkerman, LA Mazel, I. Ya. Ryzhkin; ma ka Leningrad Conservatory, ua hana ʻia nā hana like e VV Shcherbachev, Yu. N. Tyulin, a me BA Arapov. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia papa i ka ʻike i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka musicology theoretical ma nā wahi āpau a, ʻo ka mea mua, ma ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano mele.

ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ke ʻano o ka papa aʻo mua, a ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ʻo ia i kahi pae ʻepekema kiʻekiʻe. pae - ʻo kāna pahuhopu nui he hōʻuluʻulu piha (holistic).

ʻO nā hana hou i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ka papa o A. m. makemake i nā puke aʻo hou a me nā mea kōkua aʻo, ʻoi aku ka ʻepekema. ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke ʻano loiloi. Aia i ka pueo mua. puke aʻo, i manaʻo ʻia no nā papa maʻamau o A. m., - ka puke o IV Sposobina "Musical Form" (1947), ma kahi ʻōnaehana. manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka ʻōlelo pololei. 'ano a me ka piha piha 'ana o na kumu a pau. palapala. ʻO ka puke aʻo SS Skrebkov "Analysis of musical works" (1958) loaʻa i ka theoretical. nā kūlana e hāʻawi i kēia hana i nā hiʻohiʻona o kahi haʻawina (no ka laʻana, kahi loiloi o ka hoʻomohala intra-thematic a me kahi ʻano hou i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka "sonata" ma ke ʻano he kumu nui). Ma ka mooolelo. ʻO ka puke aʻo LA Mazel "The Structure of Musical Works" (1960) i hoʻomohala i kahi manaʻo hou o ka manawa, e hōʻuluʻulu ana i ka ʻike o ka ʻike hana o kēia ʻano (ua lawe ʻia nā ʻanuʻu mua i kēia kuhikuhi i nā hana a E. Prout a me GL Catoire. ), he kumumanaʻo o nā ʻano huikau, i haku ʻia e E. Prout. I ka makahiki 1965, ma lalo o ka hoʻoponopono nui o Yu. Ua hoʻopuka ʻo N. Tyulin i ka puke haʻawina Leningrad. nā mea kākau o "Musical Form". Wahi a nā huaʻōlelo a me kekahi ʻepekema. nā loina, ʻokoʻa loa ia mai nā puke aʻo Moscow. nā mea kākau (no kēia mau ʻokoʻa, e ʻike i ka ʻatikala Musical form).

ʻO ka puke a LA Mazel a me VA Zuckerman "Analysis of Musical Works" no nā keʻena mele o nā conservatories (Puka 1, 1967) i hōʻuluʻulu i ka waiwai o ka ʻike hana. a me nā hana ʻepekema i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e nā mea kākau.

Hāʻawi nā hana a ka poʻe loea i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka loiloi mele ponoʻī a me ke ʻano o ka nānā ʻana i nā hana mele.

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VP Bobrovsky