Solmization |

ʻO ka Solmization (mai ka inoa o nā leo mele paʻakai и E), solfeggio, solvegging

ital. solmisazione, solfeggio, solfeggiare, Palani. solmisation, solfege, solfie, нем. Solmisation, solfeggioren, solmisieren, English. solmi, sol-fa

1) Ma ke ʻano haiki - Middle Ages. ʻO ʻEulopa Komohana ka hana o ka hīmeni ʻana i nā mele me nā syllables ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, i hoʻokomo ʻia e Guido d'Arezzo e kuhikuhi i nā ʻanuʻu o ka hexachord; ma ke ʻano ākea - ke ʻano o ke mele mele me nā inoa syllabic. kapuai k.-l. unahi (relative S.) a i ʻole me ka inoa. nā kani e pili ana i ko lākou leo ​​piha (piʻi piha); ke aʻo ʻana i ka hīmeni ʻana mai ke mele. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana kahiko loa o nā syllables—Pake (pentatonic), India (ʻehiku-ʻanuʻu), Helene (tetrachordic), a me Guidonian (hexachordic)—he pili. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Guido i ka himeni a St.

Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā huaʻōlelo mua o kēlā me kēia "laina" o ka kikokikona ma ke ʻano he inoa. ʻanuʻu o ka hexachord. ʻO ke kumu o kēia ʻano hana ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hui ikaika ma waena o nā inoa a me nā hōʻike auditory o nā ʻanuʻu o ka hexachord. Ma hope mai, hoʻomaka ʻia nā syllables a Guido ma kekahi mau ʻāina, me ka USSR, e kuhikuhi i ke kiʻekiʻe loa o nā leo; i ka ʻōnaehana o Guido ponoʻī, ka inoa syllabic. ʻaʻole pili i hoʻokahi wehewehe. kiekie; no ka laʻana, lilo ka syllable ut i inoa. He mau kapuai au. hexachords: kūlohelohe (c), palupalu (f), paʻakikī (g). Ma ka nānā 'ana i ka 'ole o nā melodies e komo i loko o nā palena o ho'okahi hexachord, me S. ua pono pinepine e ho'ololi i kekahi hexachord (mutation). Ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā inoa syllabic. nā kani (no ka laʻana, he inoa la ka leo a ma ka hexachord maoli, a me ka mi ma ka hexachord palupalu). I ka wā mua, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana he pilikia, no ka mea, ua hōʻike mau nā syllables mi a me fa i ka wahi o ka semitone a hōʻoia i ka leo pololei (no laila ka wehewehe ʻēheu o ka Middle Ages of music theory: "Mi et fa sunt tota musica" - " ʻO Mi a me fa nā mele a pau") . ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka syllable si e kuhikuhi i ka degere ʻehiku o ka pālākiō (X. Valrant, Antwerp, circa 1574) i hoʻololi ʻia i loko o hoʻokahi kī superfluous. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka "gamma through si" ʻehiku ʻanuʻu "e hoʻomaka ana mai ke kani ʻana o kekahi inoa leka" (E. Lullier, Paris, 1696), ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ke ʻano pili. Ua kapa ʻia kēlā solmization. "transposing", e like me ka "mutating" mua.

Ke hoʻonui nei i ke kuleana o instr. Ua alakaʻi ʻia nā mele ma Farani i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā syllables ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si e kuhikuhi i nā leo c, d, e, f, g, a, h, a pēlā i ka puka ʻana mai o kahi mea hou. ala loa o C., ua loaa ia to- ry ka inoa. solfegging kūlohelohe (“solfier au naturel”), no ka mea, ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo ʻia nā pōʻino i loko o ia mea (Monteclair, Paris, 1709). Ma ka S. maoli, hiki i ka hui ʻana o nā syllables mi – fa ke manaʻo ʻaʻole he kekona liʻiliʻi wale nō, akā he mea nui a hoʻonui paha (ef, e-fis, es-f, es-fis), no laila ua pono ke ʻano o Monteclair i ka ke aʻo ʻana i ka waiwai leo o nā wā, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, i ka hihia o nā pilikia, ua pālahalaha ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o "transposing" S. Natural S. ma hope o ka puka ʻana o ka hana nui "Solfeggia no ke aʻo ʻana ma ka Conservatory of Music ma Paris" , i hui pū ʻia e L. Cherubini, FJ Gossec, EN Megul a me nā mea ʻē aʻe (1802). Maʻaneʻi, hoʻohana wale ʻia ka S. piha me ka obligatory. instr. hoʻokani ʻia, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke ʻano o kahi bass kikohoʻe. ʻO ke akamai o ka hīmeni ʻana mai nā memo i lawelawe ʻia e nā lehulehu. hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻelua ʻano: rhythmic. nā ʻano like ʻole o nā unahi a me nā kaʻina mai nā wā āpau, mua ma C-dur, a laila ma nā kī ʻē aʻe. Ua loaʻa ka leo kūpono ma o ka hīmeni ʻana me ka hoʻokani pila.

Ua kōkua ʻo "Solfeggia" i ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana o nā kī; ua pili lākou i ka hale waihona waiwai nui-ʻuʻuku o ka noʻonoʻo modal i hoʻokumu ʻia i kēlā manawa. Ua hoʻohewa mua ʻo JJ Rousseau i ka ʻōnaehana o ke kani kūlohelohe no ka mea ua haʻalele ʻo ia i nā inoa o nā ʻanuʻu modal, ʻaʻole i kōkua i ka ʻike i ke ʻano o ka leo o nā wā āpau, a me ka ulu ʻana o ka lohe. ʻAʻole i hoʻopau ʻo "Solfeggia" i kēia mau hemahema. Eia kekahi, ua manaʻo ʻia lākou no nā ʻoihana e hiki mai ana a hoʻolako ʻia no nā kau hoʻomaʻamaʻa manawa lōʻihi. No nā haʻawina hīmeni kula a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā mele mele i komo i ka papa mele. mugs, pono ke ala maʻalahi. Ua hoʻokō ʻia kēia mau koi e ke ʻano Galen-Paris-Cheve, i hana ʻia ma muli o nā manaʻo o Rousseau. Ua hoʻohana ke kumu kula o ka makemakika a me ka hīmeni ʻana iā P. Galen i ka pae mua o ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana i ka notation digital Rousseau i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia, kahi i koho ʻia ai nā unahi nui e nā helu 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, nā unahi liʻiliʻi. e nā helu 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, hoʻonui a hoʻemi ʻia nā ʻanuʻu - me nā helu i kāʻe ʻia (e laʻa. и ), tonality - me kahi hōʻailona kūpono i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana (no ka laʻana, "Ton Fa" ʻo ia ka tonality o F-dur). Pono e mele ʻia nā memo i hōʻike ʻia e nā helu me nā syllables ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si. Ua hoʻokomo ʻo Galen i nā syllables i hoʻololi ʻia e hōʻike i nā mea hoʻololi. ʻanuʻu (e pau ana i ka vowel a me ka hoʻonui a me ka vowel eu ma ke ʻano o ka emi ʻana). Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka palapala kikohoʻe wale nō ma ke ʻano he mākaukau no ke aʻo ʻana i ka notation ʻelima laina i ʻae ʻia. Na kāna haumāna ʻo E. Pari i hoʻonui i ka ʻōnaehana rhythmic. nā syllables ("la langue des durées" - "ka ʻōlelo o ka lōʻihi"). ʻO E. Sheve, ka mea kākau o kekahi mau mea hana. manuals and textbooks, no 20 makahiki ua alakai ka papa himeni i na poai. mele, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻōnaehana a hoʻokō i kona ʻike. I ka makahiki 1883, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka ʻōnaehana Galen-Paris-Cheve no ka hoʻomaka. kula, i ka makahiki 1905 a no cf. nā kula ma Farani. I ke kenekulia 20 ma nā conservatories o Farani, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo S. kūlohelohe; ma ka hoʻonaʻauao ākea. Hoʻohana nā kula i nā memo maʻamau, akā aʻo pinepine ʻia lākou e hīmeni ma ka pepeiao. Ma kahi o ka makahiki 1540, ua hoʻololi ʻo G. Doni i ka syllable ut me ka syllable do no ka manawa mua no ka maʻalahi o ka hīmeni ʻana. Ma Enelani i ka hapa mua. ʻO ke kenekulia 1 ʻo S. Glover lāua ʻo J. Curwen i hana i ka mea i kapa ʻia. "Tonic Sol-fa ala" o ke aʻo mele. Hoʻohana ka poʻe kākoʻo o kēia ʻano hana i ka pili S. me nā syllables do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti (doh, ray, me, fah, sol, lah, te) a me ka helu pī'āpā me nā hua mua o kēia mau syllables: d , r, m, f, s, 19, t. Hōʻike ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o nā ʻanuʻu me ka vowel i; ka emi ʻana me ke kōkua ʻana o ka vowel o ma ka pau ʻana o nā syllables; nā inoa i hoʻololi ʻia ma ka notation. kakau piha. No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka tonality, mālama ʻia nā kuʻuna. nā koho leka (no ka laʻana, ʻo ka māka "Key G" e kuhikuhi i ka hana ma G-dur a i ʻole e-moll). ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā ʻano intonations ma ke ʻano e pili ana i nā hana modal o nā ʻanuʻu: 1st stage - nā ʻanuʻu I, V, III; 1 - nā ʻanuʻu II a me VII; 2 - nā ʻanuʻu IV a me VI nui; ma hope o kēlā, hāʻawi ʻia ke ʻano nui ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, nā wā, nā modulations maʻalahi, nā ʻano mea liʻiliʻi, nā hoʻololi. Ch. ʻO ka hana a Curwen "ʻO ka papa maʻamau o nā haʻawina a me nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa ma ke ʻano Tonic Sol-fa o ke aʻo ʻana i ke mele" (3) he ʻōnaehana. kula himeni. himeni ana. Ma Kelemānia, ua hoʻololi ʻo A. Hundegger i ke ʻano Tonic Sol-fa i nā hiʻohiʻona o ia mea. ʻōlelo, hāʻawi i ka inoa. "Tonic Do" (1858; nā ʻanuʻu kūlohelohe: hana, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, hoʻokiʻekiʻe - pau i ka i, hoʻohaʻahaʻa - i loko a). Ua laha nui ke ala ma hope o ke Kaua Honua I (1897–1) (F. Jode ma Kelemānia a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). ʻO ka hoʻomohala hou aʻe ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II (1914–18) ua hana ʻia ma GDR e A. Stir a ma Switzerland e R. Schoch. Ma Kelemānia, hana ka "Union of Tonic Do".

Ma waho aʻe o kēia mau ʻōnaehana S. kumu, i nā kenekulia 16-19. ma Netherlands, Belegiuma, Kelemānia, Farani, Italia, ua waiho ʻia kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe. Ma waena o lākou - pili nā ʻano. S. me nā inoa o nā helu: ma Kelemānia – eins, zwei, drei, vier, fünf, sechs, sieb'n (!) (K. Horstig, 1800; B. Natorp, 1813), ma Palani – un, deux, trois , quatr' (!), cinq, eono, sept (G. Boquillon, 1823) me ka noonoo ole i na hoololi. ʻanuʻu. Ma waena o nā ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa, mālama ʻo S. i ka manaʻo o Clavisieren a i ʻole Abecedieren, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke mele me nā inoa leka i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā ʻāina Kelemania. ʻōlelo mai ke kenekulia 16. Ua ʻokoʻa ka ʻōnaehana o K. Eitz ("Tonwortmethode", 1891) e ka melodiousness a me ka loiloi, e hōʻike ana i ka chromaticity, diatonicity, a me ka anharmonism o ʻEulopa. kani kani. Ma ke kumu o kekahi mau kumumanaʻo o Eitz a me ke ʻano Tonic Do, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pili hou S. "YALE" na R. Münnich (1930), i ka makahiki 1959 i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka GDR no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻonaʻauao ākea. nā kula. Ma Hungary, ua hoʻololi ʻo Z. Kodai i ka ʻōnaehana "Tonic Sol-fa" - "Tonic Do" i ka pentatonic. ʻAno Hungarian. nar. mele. ʻO ia a me kāna mau haumāna ʻo E. Adam lāua ʻo D. Kerenyi i ka makahiki 1943-44 i hoʻopuka i ka puke mele Kula, e hīmeni ana i nā puke no ka hoʻonaʻauao ākea. nā kula, me ke ʻano he alakaʻi no nā kumu e hoʻohana ana i ka pili C. (Hungarian syllables: du, rй, mi, fb, szу, lb, ti; ua hōʻike ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o nā ʻanuʻu ma o ka hopena "i", ka emi ʻana - ma ka hopena "a. ”.) Hoʻomau ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana e E Sönyi, Y. Gat, L. Agochi, K. Forrai a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka hoʻonaʻauao ma ke kumu o ka ʻōnaehana Kodaly i ka Hungarian People's Republic ma nā pae āpau o ka Nar. hoʻonaʻauao, hoʻomaka me nā kindergartens a pau me ka Higher Music. kula iā lākou. F. Papa inoa. I kēia manawa, ma nā ʻāina he nui, hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā mele. hoʻonaʻauao ma muli o nā loina o Kodály, ma muli o ka nat. moʻolelo kuʻuna, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā S. Institute pili i kapa ʻia ma hope. Kodai ma USA (Boston, 1969), Iapana (Tokyo, 1970), Kanada (Ottawa, 1976), Australia (1977), Intern. Kodai Society (Budapest, 1975).

Ua komo ʻo Gvidonova S. i Rūsia ma o Polani a me Lithuania me ka helu ʻelima laina (puke mele "Songs of praise of Boskikh", i hui ʻia e Jan Zaremba, Brest, 1558; J. Lyauksminas, "Ars et praxis musica", Vilnius, 1667 ). ʻO ka "Grammar of Musician Singing" a Nikolai Diletsky (Smolensk, 1677; Moscow, 1679 a me 1681, ed. 1910, 1970, 1979) aia nā pōʻai o ka hā a me ka hapalima me ka neʻe ʻana o nā mele like. nā kipi ma nā kī nui a me nā kī liʻiliʻi. I ka con. Ua ʻike ʻia ka "solfeggio kūlohelohe" o ke kenekulia 18 ma Rūsia ma muli o ka Italia. leo a me ka haku mele-kumu i hana Ch. arr. ma St. Petersburg (A. Sapienza, J. a me V. Manfredini, etc.), a hoʻomaka e hoʻohana ʻia ma ka Pridv. chanter chapel, ma ka hale pule o Count Sheremetev a me na papa himeni lawelawe e ae, in noble uch. nā keʻena (no ka laʻana, i ka Smolny Institute), i nā mele pilikino. nā kula i kū mai i ka makahiki 1770. Aka, ekalesia. paʻi ʻia nā puke mele i ke kenekulia 19. ma ka "cephout ki" (e nana Key). Mai ka makahiki 1860, ua kanu ʻia ʻo S. ma ke ʻano he kumuhana koi ma St. Petersburg. a me Mosk. conservatories, akā e kuhikuhi ana. S., pili me ka ʻōnaehana kikohoʻe Galen – Paris – Sheve, ma St. Petersburg. Mele manuahi. kula a me nā papa himeni maʻalahi manuahi. mele ʻo Moscow. nā keʻena o ka RMS. Ke kuhikuhi nei ka noi. Ua kākoʻo ʻia ke mele e MA Balakirev, G. Ya. Lomakin, VS Serova, VF Odoevsky, NG Rubinshtein, GA Larosh, KK Albrecht, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ua paʻi ʻia nā manualical manual ma ka ʻelima-linear notation a me C. absolute, a ma ka notation kikohoʻe a me nā pili. C. E hoʻomaka ana mai ka makahiki 1905, hoʻolaha ʻo P. Mironositsky i ke ʻano Tonic Sol-fa, kahi āna i hoʻololi ai i ka Lūkini. ʻōlelo.

I ka USSR, no ka manawa lōʻihi ua hoʻomau lākou i ka hoʻohana kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa S., akā naʻe, ma ka Sov. manawa, ke kumu o na papa o S., ua loli nui ke mele. mea, kumu aʻo. ʻO ka pahuhopu o S. ʻaʻole ʻo ia wale nō ka kamaʻāina me ka hoʻopaʻa inoa mele, akā, ʻo ka mākaukau hoʻi o nā kānāwai o ke mele. nā haʻiʻōlelo ma ka mea o Nar. a me prof. hoʻomakeʻa. Ma ka makahiki 1964 ua hoʻokumu ʻo H. Kalyuste (Est. SSR) i kahi ʻōnaehana mele. hoʻonaʻauao me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea pili. S., ma muli o ka ʻōnaehana Kodai. Ma muli o ka hana ʻana o nā syllables, re, mi, fa, salt, la, si i ka USSR e hōʻike i ke kiʻekiʻe loa o nā leo, ua hāʻawi ʻo Caljuste i kahi moʻo hou o nā inoa syllabic. nā ʻanuʻu o ke ʻano nui: JO, LE, MI, NA, SO, RA, DI me ke kapa ʻana i ka tonic liʻiliʻi ma o ka syllable RA, ka piʻi ʻana o nā ʻanuʻu ma ka pau ʻana o nā syllables i ka vowel i, ka emi ʻana ma o ka pau ana i ka leo i. Ma nā kula a pau i loko o nā haʻawina mele, hoʻohana nā refers. S. (e like me nā puke aʻo a H. Kaljuste lāua ʻo R. Päts). Ma Latv. Ua hana ka SSR i nā hana like (ʻo nā mea kākau o nā puke aʻo a me nā manual ma C ʻo A. Eidins, E. Silins, A. Krumins). Pili nā ʻike o ka noi. S. me nā syllables Yo, LE, VI, NA, 30, RA, TI i mālama ʻia ma RSFSR, Belarus, Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, Lithuania, a me Moldova. ʻO ke kumu o kēia mau hoʻokolohua, ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ala kūpono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā muses. ka hoʻolohe ʻana, ka hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻana o ka moʻomeheu mele mele o kēlā me kēia lāhui, e hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke mele. ka heluhelu heluhelu o na haumana.

2) Ma lalo o ka huaʻōlelo "S." i kekahi manawa maopopo ia lakou ka heluhelu ana me ka leo ole, e like me ka huaolelo "solfeggio" - himeni kani me na inoa e pili ana (no ka manawa mua na K. Albrecht ma ka puke "Course of Solfeggio", 1880). ʻAʻole kū like ka wehewehe ʻana me kekahi mōʻaukala. manaʻo, ʻaʻole i kēia manawa intl. ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo "C".

E hoʻomaopopo ': Albrecht KK, alakai i ka himeni mele e like me ke ano kikohoia Sheve, M., 1868; Miropolsky S., Ma ka hoʻonaʻauao mele o ka poʻe ma Rusia a me ʻEulopa Komohana, St. Petersburg, 1881, 1910; ʻO Diletsky Nikolai, ka mea mele Grammar, St. Petersburg, 1910; Livanova TN, Moʻolelo o nā mele ʻEulopa Komohana a hiki i 1789, M.-L., 1940; Apraksina O., Hoʻonaʻauao mele ma ke kula kiʻekiʻe o Rusia, M.-L., 1948; Odoevsky VP, Papa manuahi o ka hīmeni mele maʻalahi o ka RMS ma Moscow, Den, 1864, No 46, like, ma kāna puke. Hoʻoilina mele a moʻokalaleo, M., 1956; kāna iho, mele ABC, (1861), ibid.; kona, Leta ia VS Serova i ka la 11 I 1864, ibid.; Lokshin DL, hīmeni ʻo Choral ma ke kula mua o ke kipi a me Soviet, M., 1957; Weiss R., Absolute and relative solmization, in the book: Nā nīnau o ke ʻano o ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana i ka lohe, L., 1967; Maillart R., Les tons, ou Discours sur les modes de music…, Tournai, 1610; Hoʻopau nā mea hoʻohana i ka Conservatoire de Musique a Pans, par les Citoyens Agus, Catel, Cherubini, Gossec, Langlé, Martini, Méhul et Rey, R., An X (1802); Chevé E., Paris N., Méthode élémentaire de musique vocale, R., 1844; Glover SA, He manual o ka Norwich sol-fa system, 1845; Сurwen J., Ka papa maʻamau o nā haʻawina a me nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa m ke ʻano tonic sol-fa o ke aʻo mele, L., 1858; Hundoegger A., ​​​​Leitfaden der Tonika Do-Lehre, Hannover, 1897; Lange G., Zur Geschichte der Solmisation, "SIMG", Bd 1, B., 1899-1900; Kodaly Z., Iskolai nekgyjtemny, köt 1-2, Bdpst, 1943; nona iho, Visszatekintйs, köt 1-2, Bdpst, 1964; Adam J., Mudszeres nektanitbs, Bdpst, 1944; Szцnyi E., Azenei нrвs-olvasбs mуdszertana, kцt. 1-3, Bdpst, 1954; S'ndor F., Zenei nevel's Magyarorsz'gon, Bdpst, 1964; Stier A., ​​Methodik der Musikerziehung. Nach den Grundsätzen der Tonika Do-Lehre, Lpz., 1958; Handbuch der Musikerziehung, Tl 1-3, Lpz., 1968-69.

PF Weiss