Mele kani |

ʻO ke kumu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ke mele. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā leo "non-musical" hiki ke lohe ʻia, he nui nā hiʻohiʻona i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka hāmeʻa o ka mea lohe, ke ʻano kamaʻilio o nā muses. noi noʻeau a me ka nani o nā mea hoʻokani a me nā mea hoʻolohe.

ʻO nā waiwai nui o nā hawewe kani ka pitch, ka leo nui, ka lōʻihi, a me ka timbre. ʻO Z. m. hiki ke loaʻa kahi pitch mai C2 a c5 - d6 (mai 16 a 4000-4500 Hz; ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā leo kiʻekiʻe ma ka Z. m. ma ke ʻano he overtones); ʻoi aku ka nui o kona leo ma mua o ka leo o ka lumi, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻoi aku ma mua o ka paepae ʻeha; ka lōʻihi o ka Z. m. ʻokoʻa loa - ʻo nā leo pōkole loa (ma nā pauku wikiwiki - glissando) ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻoi aku ka pōkole ma mua o 0,015-0,020 kekona (ma mua o kēia palena, nalowale ka manaʻo o ke kiʻekiʻe), ʻo ka lōʻihi loa (no ka laʻana, nā kani pedal o ke kino) minuke ; pili wale i ka timbre he mea paakiki ke kukulu k.-l. nā palena physiological, no ka mea, ʻo ka helu o nā hui pū ʻana o ka pitch, ka leo nui, ke kino a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka manaʻo o ka timbre (elementary mai ka ʻike o ka ʻike) he pau ʻole.

Ma ke kaʻina mele ʻo Z. nā hana o m. ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia i nā muses. Pūnaehana. No laila, i kēlā me kēia octave, he 12 wale nō manawa l ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻia. e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o nā leo i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kahi semitone mai kekahi i kekahi (nānā. System). Hoʻopili ʻia nā aka dynamic i kahi pālākiō o ka nui o ka leo nui (e laʻa, pp, p, mp, mf, f, ff), ʻaʻohe ona waiwai (e ʻike i ka Dynamics). Ma ka laulā maʻamau o nā lōʻihi, aia nā leo pili i ka ratio 1:2 (pili ʻewalu i nā ʻāpana, e like me nā hapaha a me nā hapa, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), ʻaʻole hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā ratio o 1:3 a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea paʻakikī ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā timbres o nā leo kani e kahi ʻano pilikino kūikawā. Kani o ka violin a me ka trombone, piano. a me ka ʻōlelo Pelekania. ʻokoʻa loa nā kiwi i ke kala; koʻikoʻi, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā ʻokoʻa i loaʻa i nā timbres o nā mea kani o ke ʻano like (no ka laʻana, nā kaula kulou). He paʻakikī loa ka ʻōnaehana kani o ka leo kani. ʻO kēlā me kēia Z. m. hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia me ka acoustic. ʻaoʻao, eg. e like me ka harmonic ma kona haku mele. (ke ano nui o Z. m.) a inharmonious. he heluna o na leo, ina he mau formants i loko, he aha ka hapa o ka walaau, a pela aku; hiki ke hōʻike ʻia e ke ʻano o ka mea kani, kahi i unuhi ʻia ai (ka stringed plucked, electromusical, etc.); hiki ke hoʻokomo pū ʻia i loko o kekahi ʻōnaehana ma muli o ka hiki ke hui pū me nā kani ʻē aʻe (e nānā i ka Instrumentation).

ʻOiai i loko o kahi kikokikona mele e hoʻopaʻa mau ʻia kēlā me kēia leo ma ke ʻano he mea maopopo ʻole, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua maʻalahi nā leo, i loko o ke kelepona, a ua ʻike ʻia e ka lehulehu. nā kaʻina hana kuʻekuʻe a kū ʻole. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau kaʻina hana transient he organically inherent i Z. m. a he hopena o ka leo. nā hiʻohiʻona o ke mele. mea kani a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i ke kani - ʻo ia ka attenuation o nā kani o ka fp., harp, decomp. ʻano hoʻouka kaua i ke kani o nā kaula. kūlou a ʻuhane. nā mea hana, nā ʻano aperiodic a me nā manawa. hoʻololi i ka timbre i nā leo o ka pūʻulu beat. mea kani - no ka laʻana, bele, tam-tama. ʻO kekahi ʻāpana o nā kaʻina hana transient i hana ʻia e nā mea hana, Ch. arr. e hoʻokō i ka pilina o nā leo a i ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. kani i ka laina me ka noʻeau. ma ka hoʻolālā. ʻO kēia nā glissando, portamento, vibrato, dynamic. nā leo, Dek. ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka rhythmic a me ka timbre, kahi ʻōnaehana paʻakikī o ka leo (sound-altitude), dynamic. (leo nui), ʻehaʻeha. (tempo and rhythm) a me nā kala kala.

Lawe kaawale ia Z. m. aohe k.-l. e hōʻike. nā waiwai, akā hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o kekahi muses. pūnaewele a hoʻokomoʻia i loko o ke mele. lole, hana express. nā hana. No laila, pinepine ʻo Z. m. ua hāʻawiʻia i kekahi mau waiwai; ʻo lākou, ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana, ua hoʻoili ʻia nā waiwai o ka holoʻokoʻa. Ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mele (ʻoi aku ka hoʻonaʻauao) ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi puke wehewehe ʻōlelo nui, kahi e ʻike ʻia ai ka nani. nā koi no ZM ʻO kēia mau loina, ua hoʻoholo ʻia i ka mōʻaukala a pili pono i ke ʻano mele.

E hoʻomaopopo ': Mutli AF, Kani a me ka lohe, ma: Nā nīnau o ka musicology, vol. 3, M., 1960; Nā leo mele, ka huina. ed. Hoʻoponopono ʻia e NA Garbuzova. Moscow, 1954. Helmholtz H. v., Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen…, Braunschweig, 1863 a pai hou ia; Stumpf, C., Tonpsychologie, Bd 1-2, Lpz., 1883-90; Waetzmann R., Ton, Klang und sekundäre Klangerscheinungen, "Handbuch der normalen und pathologischen Physiologie", Bd XI, B., 1926, S. 563-601; Handschin J., Der Toncharakter, Z., 1948; Eggebrecht HH, Musik als Tonsprache, “AfMw”, Jg. XVIII, 1961.

YH Rags