Alfred Cortot |

ʻO Alfred Cortot

Ua ola ʻo Alfred Cortot i kahi ola lōʻihi a hua ʻole. Ua iho ʻo ia i ka mōʻaukala ʻo ia kekahi o nā titans o ka pianism honua, ʻo ia ka pianist nui loa o Farani i ko mākou kenekulia. Akā inā poina iā mākou no kekahi manawa e pili ana i ke kaulana a me ka pono o kēia haku piano ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, a laila ʻoi aku ka nui o kāna mea i hana ai no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kona inoa ma ka mōʻaukala o nā mele Farani.

ʻO ka mea nui, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Cortot i kāna ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he pianist me ka pīhoihoi - aia wale nō ma ka paepae o kāna lā hānau 30th. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma mua o ia manawa ua hoʻolaʻa nui ʻo ia i ka piano. ʻOiai he haumāna ia ma ka Paris Conservatory - mua ma ka papa Decombe, a ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka mea hope ma ka papa o L. Diemer, ua hana ʻo ia i kāna hana mua ma 1896, e hoʻokani ana i ka Concerto a Beethoven ma G minor. ʻO kekahi o nā manaʻo ikaika loa o kona wā ʻōpio ʻo ia kahi hālāwai - ʻoiai ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka conservatory - me Anton Rubinstein. ʻO ka mea pena kiʻi Lūkini nui, ma hope o ka hoʻolohe ʻana i kāna pāʻani, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia i ke keiki me kēia mau ʻōlelo: "E ka pēpē, mai poina i kaʻu e haʻi aku ai iā ʻoe! ʻAʻole hoʻokani ʻia ʻo Beethoven, akā haku hou ʻia. Ua lilo kēia mau ʻōlelo i ʻōlelo maʻamau o ke ola o Corto.

• Piano mele ma ka hale kūʻai pūnaewele Ozon →

Akā naʻe, i kāna mau makahiki haumāna, ua ʻoi aku ka hoihoi o Cortot i nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka hana mele. Aloha ʻo ia iā Wagner, aʻo i nā helu symphonic. Ma hope o kona puka ʻana mai ka conservatory i ka makahiki 1896, ua hoʻolaha maikaʻi ʻo ia iā ia iho he pianist ma kekahi mau ʻāina ʻEulopa, akā ua hele koke ʻo ia i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Wagner o Bayreuth, kahi āna i hana ai no ʻelua makahiki ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani pila, kōkua alakaʻi, a hope, he alakaʻi. ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a nā Mohicans o ke alakaʻi ʻana i ke kiʻi - X. Richter a me F Motlya. I ka hoʻi ʻana i Paris, hana ʻo Cortot ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻolaha mau i ka hana a Wagner; Ma lalo o kāna alakaʻi, ʻo ka mua o The Death of the Gods (1902) i hana ʻia ma ke kapikala o Farani, ke hoʻokani ʻia nei nā keaka ʻē aʻe. "Ke alakaʻi nei ʻo Cortot, ʻaʻohe oʻu ʻōlelo," ʻo ia ke ʻano o Cosima Wagner i loiloi ai i kona ʻike ʻana i kēia mele. I ka makahiki 1902, ua hoʻokumu ka mea pena i ka Cortot Association of Concerts ma ke kapikala, nāna i alakaʻi i ʻelua mau kau, a laila lilo ʻo ia i alakaʻi o ka Paris National Society and Popular Concerts ma Lille. I ka makahiki mua o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua hōʻike ʻo Cortot i ka lehulehu Farani i ka nui o nā hana hou - mai The Ring of the Nibelungen a i nā hana o kēia wā, me ka Lūkini, nā mea kākau. A ma hope mai, hoʻokani mau ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi me nā orkestra maikaʻi loa a hoʻokumu i ʻelua mau pūʻulu hou aʻe - ka Philharmonic a me ka Symphony.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i pau kēia mau makahiki ʻo Cortot i ka hoʻokani piano. ʻAʻole naʻe ma ka manawa wale nō mākou i noʻonoʻo nui ai i nā mea ʻē aʻe o kāna hana. ʻOiai ma hope o ka makahiki 1908 i hoʻomaka mālie ai ka hana piano i kāna mau hana, ʻo ia nō ka maʻalahi o ka mea pena i hoʻoholo nui i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa o kona helehelena piano.

Ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i kāna manaʻo unuhi penei: "ʻO ka manaʻo i kahi hana hiki ke ʻelua: ʻo ka immobility a i ʻole ka ʻimi. ʻO ka ʻimi ʻana i ka manaʻo o ka mea kākau, kūʻē i nā kuʻuna ossified. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ia ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka manaʻo noʻonoʻo, e hana hou i kahi haku mele. ʻO kēia ka wehewehe. A ma kekahi hihia ʻē aʻe, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i kēia manaʻo: "ʻO ka hopena kiʻekiʻe loa o ka mea pena kiʻi e hoʻōla i nā manaʻo kanaka huna ʻia i ke mele."

ʻAe, ʻo ka mea mua, ua noho ʻo Cortot i mea hoʻokani pila ma ka piano. ʻAʻole i ʻoluʻolu ʻo Virtuosity iā ia a ʻaʻole ia he ʻaoʻao ikaika a ʻike ʻia o kāna ʻoihana. Akā naʻe, ʻo ka mea hoʻokani piano koʻikoʻi e like me G. Schonberg i ʻae aku aia kahi koi kūikawā mai kēia mea hoʻokani piano: "Ma hea ʻo ia i loaʻa ai ka manawa e mālama pono ai i kāna ʻenehana? He maʻalahi ka pane: ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hana. Ua hana hewa mau ʻo Cortot, ua hala kona hoʻomanaʻo. No nā mea pena kiʻi ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke kala ʻia. ʻAʻohe mea nui iā Cortot. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia ma ke ʻano o nā aka i nā kiʻi pena a nā haku kahiko. No ka mea, ʻoiai nā hewa a pau, ʻaʻohe kīnā o kāna ʻenehana nani a hiki ke hana i nā "fireworks" inā pono ke mele. ʻO ka ʻōlelo a ka mea hoʻohewa Farani kaulana ʻo Bernard Gavoti he mea nui hoʻi: "ʻO ka mea nani loa e pili ana iā Cortot ʻo ia ma lalo o kona mau manamana lima ua pau ka piano i ka piano."

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka wehewehe ʻana a Cortot i hoʻomalu ʻia e ke mele, i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka ʻuhane o ka hana, ka naʻauao hohonu loa, nā mele wiwo ʻole, ka loina o ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo - ʻo nā mea a pau i hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai nā hoa piano he nui. A ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka waiwai kupaianaha o nā kala kani, i ʻike ʻia ma mua o ka hiki o kahi piano maʻamau. ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha ua haku ʻo Cortot iā ia iho i ka huaʻōlelo "piano orchestration", a ma kona waha ʻaʻole ia he huaʻōlelo nani wale nō. ʻO ka hope, ke kūʻokoʻa kupaianaha o ka hana, nāna i hāʻawi i kāna mau wehewehe a me ke kaʻina hana o ka pāʻani ʻana i ke ʻano o ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo a i ʻole nā ​​​​moʻolelo hauʻoli i hoʻohauʻoli i ka poʻe hoʻolohe.

ʻO kēia mau ʻano a pau i lilo ai ʻo Cortot i mea unuhi maikaʻi loa o nā mele aloha o ke kenekulia i hala, ʻo Chopin a me Schumann, a me nā mea kākau Farani. Ma keʻano laulā, nui loa ka papa mele a ka mea pena. Me nā hana a kēia poʻe haku mele, hana maikaʻi ʻo ia i nā sonata, rhapsodies a me nā transcriptions o Liszt, nā hana nui a me nā mea liʻiliʻi na Mendelssohn, Beethoven, a me Brahms. ʻO nā hana i loaʻa mai iā ia, nā hiʻohiʻona kūikawā, wehe ʻia i kahi ala hou, i kekahi manawa e hoʻopaʻapaʻa i waena o nā connoisseurs, akā hauʻoli mau i ka lehulehu.

ʻAʻole ʻoluʻolu ʻo Cortot, he mea hoʻokani pila i ka ʻōpū o kona mau iwi, i nā mele mele wale nō a me nā ʻahamele me kahi orkestra, ua huli mau ʻo ia i nā mele keʻena. Ma 1905, me Jacques Thibault lāua ʻo Pablo Casals, ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i ʻekolu, nona nā ʻahamele no nā makahiki he mau makahiki - a hiki i ka make ʻana o Thibaut - he mau lā hoʻomaha no nā mea aloha mele.

ʻO ka nani o Alfred Cortot - ka mea hoʻokani piano, ke alakaʻi, ka mea hoʻokani hui - aia i ka makahiki 30 i laha a puni ka honua; ma nā ʻāina he nui i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ma nā moʻolelo. I kēlā mau lā - i kona wā kiʻekiʻe loa - i kipa mai ai ka mea pena i ko mākou ʻāina. Penei ka wehewehe ʻana o Polofesa K. Adzhemov i ka lewa o kāna mau ʻaha mele: “Ua kakali mākou i ka hōʻea ʻana mai o Cortot. I ka pūnāwai o 1936 hana 'o ia ma Moscow a me Leningrad. Hoʻomanaʻo wau i kona ʻike mua ʻana ma ke kahua o ka Hale Nui o ka Conservatory Moscow. Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi wahi ma ka mea kani, me ke kali ʻole i ka leo, ua "hoʻouka" koke ka mea pena i ke kumuhana o Schumann's Symphonic Etudes. ʻO ka puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi C-sharp, me kona piha piha o ka leo, me he mea lā e ʻoki i ka walaʻau o ka hale hoʻomaha. Ua hāmau koke.

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, me ka ʻoliʻoli, me ke ʻano o ka waha, ua hana hou ʻo Cortot i nā kiʻi aloha. I loko o hoʻokahi pule, hoʻokahi ma hope o kekahi, kani mai kāna mau hana haku mele i mua o mākou: sonata, ballads, preludes by Chopin, he piano concerto, Schumann's Kreisleriana, Children's Scenes, Mendelssohn's Serious Variations, Weber's Invitation to Dance, Sonata in B minor and ʻO Liszt's Second Rhapsody… Ua paʻi ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i loko o ka noʻonoʻo e like me ke kiʻi hoʻomaha, koʻikoʻi a ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka nani o nā kiʻi kani ma muli o ka lokahi o ka noʻonoʻo ikaika o ka mea pena a me ke akamai pianistic maikaʻi i hoʻomohala ʻia i nā makahiki (ʻoi aku ka vibrato kala o nā timbres). Me ka ʻokoʻa o kekahi mau mea hoʻohewa noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo, ua lanakila ka unuhi mua a Cortot i ka mahalo nui o ka poʻe hoʻolohe Soviet. Ua mahalo nui ʻo B. Yavorsky, K. Igumnov, V. Sofronitsky, G. Neuhaus i ke ʻano o Korto.

He mea kūpono hoʻi e ʻōlelo ʻia ma aneʻi i ka manaʻo o KN Igumnov, kahi mea pena kiʻi kokoke i kekahi mau ʻano, akā ma kekahi mau ʻano kūʻē i ke poʻo o nā piano piano Farani: "He mea pena ia, e like me ka malihini i ka manaʻo kūʻokoʻa a me ka nani o waho. He ʻano noʻonoʻo ʻo ia, ʻo kona hoʻomaka ʻana ma lalo o ka noʻonoʻo. He nani kāna hana, paʻakikī i kekahi manawa. ʻAʻole nui loa kāna papale kani, akā nani, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i huki ʻia i nā hopena o ka mea kani piano, makemake ʻo ia i ka cantilena a me nā kala aniani, ʻaʻole ʻo ia e hoʻoikaika i nā leo waiwai a hōʻike i ka ʻaoʻao maikaʻi loa o kāna talena ma ke kula. nā huaʻōlelo. ʻAʻole manuahi kona puʻupuʻu, ʻo kāna rubato ʻano ʻokoʻa i kekahi manawa e haki i ka laina laulā o ke ʻano a paʻakikī ke ʻike i ka pilina pili ma waena o nā huaʻōlelo pākahi. Ua loaʻa iā Alfred Cortot kāna ʻōlelo ponoʻī a ma kēia ʻōlelo ʻo ia e haʻi hou ai i nā hana maʻamau a nā haku nui o ka wā i hala. ʻO nā manaʻo mele o ka hope i kāna unuhi e loaʻa pinepine ai ka hoihoi a me ka manaʻo, akā i kekahi manawa ua lilo lākou i mea hiki ʻole ke unuhi ʻia, a laila kānalua ka mea hoʻolohe i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka mea hoʻokani, akā no ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o loko o ka wehewehe. ʻO kēia kumu, ʻo kēia inquisitiveness, hiʻohiʻona o Cortot, hoʻāla i ka manaʻo hana a ʻaʻole ia e ʻae iā ia e hoʻopaʻa i ka kuʻuna maʻamau. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālike ʻia ʻo Cortot. ʻO ka ʻae ʻana me ke ʻano ʻole, ua maʻalahi ke hāʻule i ka inventiveness.

Ma hope mai, ua loaʻa i kā mākou poʻe hoʻolohe ka manawa e kamaʻāina ai i ka pāʻani ʻana o ka piano piano Farani mai nā leo leo he nui, ʻaʻole i emi ka waiwai o ia mau makahiki. No ka poʻe e hoʻolohe ana iā lākou i kēia lā, he mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo i nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ke kiʻi a ka mea pena, i mālama ʻia i kāna mau leo. "ʻO ka mea i hoʻopā i kāna wehewehe," i kākau ai kekahi o nā mea kākau moʻolelo o Cortot, "pono ​​​​e haʻalele i ka hoʻopunipuni hohonu i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka unuhi ʻana o ke mele me ka mālama ʻana, ma luna o nā mea a pau, ka hilinaʻi i ka kikokikona mele, kāna "leka". E like me ka pili ʻana iā Cortot, ʻo ia kūlana he pōʻino loa no ke ola - ke ola o ke mele. Inā ʻoe e "hoʻomalu" iā ia me nā memo ma kona mau lima, a laila hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa wale ka hopena, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he "philologist" mele. ʻAʻole anei ʻo ia i hana hewa mau a hilahila ʻole i nā hihia āpau - i ka wikiwiki, i ka dynamics, i ka rubato haehae? ʻAʻole anei i ʻoi aku kona manaʻo ponoʻī iā ia ma mua o ka makemake o ka mea haku mele? Ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i kona kūlana penei: "ʻAʻole hoʻokani ʻia ʻo Chopin me nā manamana lima, akā me ka puʻuwai a me ka noʻonoʻo." ʻO ia kāna manaʻo ma ke ʻano he unuhi ʻōlelo ma ka laulā. ʻAʻole makemake nā memo iā ia ma ke ʻano he code static o nā kānāwai, akā, i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ma ke ʻano he hoʻopiʻi i nā manaʻo o ka mea hoʻokani a me ka mea hoʻolohe, he hoʻopiʻi āna e wehewehe ai. He mea hana ʻo Corto ma ke ʻano ākea o ka ʻōlelo. Hiki i ka mea hoʻokani piano o ka hoʻokumu hou ke hoʻokō i kēia? ʻAʻole paha. Akā, ʻaʻole i hoʻoluhi ʻia ʻo Cortot e ka makemake o kēia lā no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻenehana - ua aneane ʻo ia he moʻolelo i kona wā e ola ana, kokoke i ka hiki ʻole o ka hoʻohewa. ʻAʻole lākou i ʻike ma kona alo he pianist wale nō, akā he ʻano, a no laila aia kekahi mau mea i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka memo "pololei" a i ʻole "hewa": ʻo kona mākaukau hoʻoponopono, kona ʻike ʻole ʻia, kona kūlana e like me he kumu. ʻO kēia mau mea a pau i hana i kahi mana hiki ʻole ke hōʻole ʻia, ʻaʻole i nalo a hiki i kēia lā. Hiki iā Cortot ke hoʻokō maoli i kāna mau hewa. I kēia manawa, hiki i kekahi ke ʻakaʻaka me ka ʻakaʻaka, akā, ʻoiai kēia, pono e hoʻolohe kekahi i kāna wehewehe.

Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nani o Cortot - he pianist, conductor, propagandist - ma kāna mau hana ma ke ʻano he kumu a me ka mea kākau. Ma 1907, ua hoʻoili ʻo ia i ka papa o R. Punyo ma ka Paris Conservatory, a ma 1919, me A. Mange, ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i ka Ecole Normale, i lilo koke i kaulana, kahi i alakaʻi ai ʻo ia i kumu aʻo - ua aʻo ʻo ia i nā papa wehewehe ʻōlelo kauwela ma laila. . ʻAʻole lua kona mana ma ke ʻano he kumu, a ʻo nā haumāna mai nā wahi a pau o ke ao holoʻokoʻa i kāna papa. Ma waena o ka poʻe i aʻo pū me Cortot i nā manawa like ʻole ʻo A. Casella, D. Lipatti, K. Haskil, M. Tagliaferro, S. Francois, V. Perlemuter, K. Engel, E. Heidsieck a me nā kakini o nā mea hoʻokani piano ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā puke a Cortot - "French Piano Music" (ma ʻekolu mau puke), "Rational Principles of Piano Technique", "Course of Interpretation", "Aspects of Chopin", kāna mau paʻi a me nā hana hana i hele a puni ka honua.

"… He ʻōpio ʻo ia a he aloha aloha ʻole ʻo ia i ke mele," wahi a Claude Debussy e pili ana iā Cortot i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kā mākou kenekulia. He ʻōpio like ʻo Corto a aloha i ke mele a puni kona ola ʻana, a no laila ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻia i ka poʻe a pau i lohe iā ia e pāʻani a kamaʻilio pū me ia.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.