Имре Калман (Imre Kálmán) |

ʻO Imre Kálmán

Ua ʻike au e ʻoi aku ka hapa o ka hapa o ka helu o Liszt ma mua o kaʻu mau operetta a pau, nā mea i kākau mua ʻia a me nā mea e hiki mai ana… E loaʻa mau i ka poʻe haku mele maikaʻi ko lākou mau mea mahalo a me nā mea hoihoi. Akā pū me lākou, pono nā haku mele keaka i haʻalele ʻole i ke mele mele māmā, ʻoliʻoli, ʻoluʻolu, ʻaʻahu akamai, a ʻo Johann Strauss kahi mea maʻamau. I. Kalman

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia ma kahi kūlanakauhale hoʻomaha ma kahakai o Lake Balaton. ʻO nā mele mele mua loa a hiki ʻole ke hoʻopau ʻia o Imre liʻiliʻi, ʻo ia nā haʻawina piano a kona kaikuahine ʻo Wilma, ʻo ka violin e hoʻokani ana e Polofesa Lilde, e hoʻomaha ana ma Siofok, a me ka operetta "Die Fledermaus" na I. Strauss. He hale haʻuki a me ke kula mele ma Budapest, X. Kesler ka papa haku ma ka F. Liszt Academy, a ma ka manawa like e aʻo ana i ke kānāwai ma ke kumu kānāwai o ke kulanui - ʻo ia nā pae nui o ka hoʻonaʻauao o ka haku mele e hiki mai ana. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e haku mele i kona mau makahiki haumāna. ʻO kēia nā hana symphonic, nā mele, nā ʻāpana piano, nā hui no ka cabaret. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Kalman iā ia iho ma ke kahua o ka hoʻohewa mele, e hana ana no 4 mau makahiki (1904-08) ma ka nūpepa Peshti Naplo. ʻO ka hana keaka mua a ka mea haku mele ʻo ia ka operetta Peresleni's Inheritance (1906). Ua loaʻa iā ia kahi hopena pōʻino: i ka ʻike ʻana i ke kipi kālai'āina i nā manawa he nui, ua hoʻāʻo nā luna aupuni e hōʻoia e wehe koke ʻia ka hana mai ke kahua. Ua hiki mai ka ʻike iā Kalman ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka operetta Autumn Maneuvers. Hoʻokumu mua ʻia ma Budapest (1908), a laila ma Vienna, a laila hele a puni nā pae he nui ma ʻEulopa, ʻApelika Hema a me ʻAmelika.

Ua kaulana ka mea haku mele ma kēia mau mele mele: "Soldier on Vacation" (1910), "Gypsy Premier" (1912), "Queen of Czardas" (1915, i kapa ʻia ʻo "Silva"). Ua lilo ʻo Kalman i kekahi o nā mea kākau kaulana loa o kēia ʻano. Ua hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe hoʻohewa i kāna mele e kū nei ma luna o kahi kahua paʻa o nā mele mele a hōʻike maopopo i nā manaʻo hohonu o ke kanaka, maʻalahi kāna mau mele, akā i ka manawa like maoli a me ka poetic, a ʻo ka hope o nā operettas he mau kiʻi symphonic maoli i nā ʻōlelo o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, mua- ʻenehana papa a me nā mea kani akamai.

Ua hōʻea ka manaʻo o Kalman i kona kiʻekiʻe i ka makahiki 20. I kēlā manawa i noho ai ʻo ia ma Vienna, kahi i mālama ʻia ai ka premieres o kāna "La Bayadere" (1921), "Countess Maritza" (1924), "Princess of the Circus" (1926), "Violets of Montmartre" (1930). ʻO ka lokomaikaʻi o ka mele o kēia mau hana i hana i kahi manaʻo hoʻopunipuni i waena o ka poʻe hoʻolohe i ka mālama ʻole a me ka māmā o ka peni a ka mea haku mele a Kalman. A ʻoiai he mea hoʻopunipuni wale nō ia, ʻo Kalman, ka mea i loaʻa i ke ʻano hoʻohaʻahaʻa maikaʻi loa, i loko o kahi leka i kona kaikuahine ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e hōʻeha ʻole i ka poʻe hoihoi i kāna hana a kamaʻilio e pili ana i kāna hana e like me kēia: "E hui koʻu kaikunāne a me kāna poʻe librettists i kēlā me kēia lā. . Inu lākou i kekahi mau lita o ka kofe ʻeleʻele, puhi i nā paka a me nā paka he nui ʻole, haʻi ʻakaʻaka… hoʻopaʻapaʻa, ʻakaʻaka, hoʻopaʻapaʻa, hoʻōho… Hoʻomau kēia no nā mahina he nui. A hiki koke mai, i kekahi lā maikaʻi, ua mākaukau ka operetta.

I ka makahiki 30. hana nui ka mea haku mele ma ke ʻano mele kiʻiʻoniʻoni, kākau ʻo ia i ka operetta mōʻaukala ʻo The Devil's Rider (1932), ʻo kāna premiere ʻo Kalman hope loa ma Vienna. Ke kau nei ka weliweli o ka fascism ma luna o ʻEulopa. I ka makahiki 1938, ma hope o ka hopu ʻia ʻana o Austria e Nazi Kelemānia, ua koi ʻia ʻo Kalman a me kona ʻohana e neʻe. Ua noho ʻo ia i 2 mau makahiki ma Switzerland, i ka makahiki 1940 ua neʻe ʻo ia i USA, a ma hope o ke kaua, i ka makahiki 1948, ua hoʻi hou ʻo ia i ʻEulopa a noho i Paris.

ʻO Kalman, me I. Strauss lāua ʻo F. Lehar, he ʻelele o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Viennese operetta. Ua kākau ʻo ia i 20 mau hana ma kēia ʻano. ʻO ke kaulana nui o kāna mau operettas ma muli o ka pono o ke mele - nani ke mele, nani, hoʻokani nani. Ua ʻae ka mea haku mele ʻo ka mele a P. Tchaikovsky a ʻoi aku hoʻi ka ʻoihana orchestral o ka haku Lūkini i mana nui i kāna hana.

ʻO ka makemake o Kalman, ma kāna mau ʻōlelo, "e hoʻokani mele i kāna mau hana mai ka lalo o kona puʻuwai" i ʻae iā ia e hoʻonui i ka ʻaoʻao lyrical o ke ʻano a puka i waho o ka pōʻai hoʻokalakupua o nā clichés operetta no nā mea haku mele he nui. A ʻoiai ʻaʻole i like ke kumu palapala o kāna mau operetta me ka mele, ʻoi aku ka mana o ka hana a ka haku mele ma mua o kēia hemahema. ʻO nā hana maikaʻi loa a Kalman ke hoʻonani nei i ka repertoire o nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni he nui o ka honua.

I. Vetlitsyna

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Imre Kalman ma ʻOkakopa 24, 1882 ma ke kūlanakauhale Hungarian o Siofok ma kahakai o Lake Balaton. ʻO kāna kālena hoʻokani pila. I kona wā'ōpiopio, ua moeʻuhaneʻo ia i kaʻoihana ma keʻano he pianist virtuoso, akā, e like me ke kiʻi o kona mau makahiki'ōpiopio,ʻo Robert Schumann, ua koiʻiaʻo ia e haʻalele i kēia moeʻuhane ma ka "paʻi" i kona lima. No kekahi mau makahiki, ua noʻonoʻo nui ʻo ia i ka ʻoihana o ka mea hoʻokani mele, ʻo ia ka limahana o kekahi o nā nūpepa Hungarian nui loa, ʻo Pesti Naplo. ʻO kāna mau hana haku mele mua i hāʻawi ʻia i ka lehulehu: i ka makahiki 1904, i ka ʻaha mele o nā haumāna puka o ka Budapest Academy of Music, ua hana ʻia kāna hana diploma, ka symphonic scherzo Saturnalia, a ua loaʻa iā ia ka makana Budapest City no ke keʻena a me nā hana leo. I ka makahiki 1908, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka mua o kāna operetta mua, Autumn Maneuvers, ma Budapest, a ua hele koke a puni nā pae o nā poʻokela ʻEulopa a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka moana (ma New York). Mai ka makahiki 1909, ua pili ka biography haku mele Kalman me Vienna no ka manawa lō'ihi. I ka makahiki 1938 ua koi ʻia ka mea haku mele e neʻe aku. Noho ʻo ia ma Zurich, ma Paris, mai 1940 - ma New York. Ua hoʻi ʻo Kalman i ʻEulopa i ka makahiki 1951. Ua make ʻo ia ma ʻOkakopa 30, 1953 ma Paris.

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻekolu mau manawa i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o Kalman. ʻO ka mea mua, e uhi ana i nā makahiki 1908-1915, i hōʻike ʻia e ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ʻano kūʻokoʻa. ʻO nā hana o kēia mau makahiki ("Soldier on Vacation", "The Little King", etc.), "Prime Gypsy" (1912). ʻO ka manaʻo o kēia operetta "Hungarian" (ka hakakā ma waena o "nā makua kāne a me nā keiki", kahi pāʻani aloha i hui pū ʻia me ka hana hoʻokani a ka mea pena), a me kāna hoʻoholo mele e hōʻike ana ʻo ka mea haku mele ʻōpio, e hahai ana i nā wāwae o Lehar, ʻaʻole kope. kāna mau ʻike, akā hoʻomohala me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi mana kumu o ke ʻano. I ka makahiki 1913, ma hope o kona kākau ʻana i ka The Gypsy Premier, ua ʻāpono ʻo ia i kona kūlana penei: “Ma kaʻu operetta hou, ua hoʻāʻo wau e haʻalele iki i kaʻu ʻano hula punahele, makemake wau e pāʻani i ke mele mai lalo o koʻu puʻuwai. Eia hou, ke manaʻo nei au e hāʻawi i kahi kuleana nui i ka papa mele, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei i komo wale ma ke ʻano he mea kōkua a hoʻopiha i ke kahua. Ma keʻano he kumu hoʻohālike, hoʻohana wau i kā mākou operetta classics, kahi i pono ʻole ai ka papa himeni e hīmeni i ka ha-ha-ha a me ka ah i ka hopena, akā ua komo pū kekahi i ka hana. Ma ka "Gypsy Premiere" ka hoʻomohala akamai o ka ʻōlelo Hungarian-Gypsy i hoʻopili pū ʻia. ʻO ka mea haku mele kaulana ʻo Austrian ʻo Richard Specht (ʻaʻole ʻo ia ka mea punahele nui o ka operetta) i hoʻokaʻawale iā Kalman ma kēia ʻano ʻo ia ka mea haku mele "ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi" e "kū ana ma ka lepo nani o nā mele mele."

Ua wehe ʻia ka lua o ka hana a Kalman i ka makahiki 1915 me ka "Queen of Csardas" ("Silva"), a hoʻopau iā ia me "Empress Josephine" (1936), ʻaʻole i hana hou ʻia ma Vienna, akā ma waho o Austria, ma Zurich. I loko o kēia mau makahiki o ka ulu ʻana, ua hana ka mea haku mele i kāna operettas maikaʻi loa: La Bayadère (1921), The Countess Maritza (1924), The Circus Princess (1926), The Duchess of Chicago (1928), The Violet of Montmartre (1930).

Ma luna o kāna mau hana hope loa "Marinka" (1945) a me "Lady of Arizona" (hoʻopau ʻia e ke keiki a ka mea haku mele a hoʻokani ʻia ma hope o kona make ʻana) - hana ʻo Kalman i ke pio ʻana, ma USA. Ma kāna ala hana, hōʻike lākou i kahi ʻano o ka huaʻōlelo a ʻaʻole hoʻokomo i nā loli koʻikoʻi i ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ke kahua waena o ka evolution.

Hoʻokahi ka manaʻo o ke kahua mele o Kalman. ʻO ia ka mea iʻikeʻia,ʻo ka mea mua, e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pāʻani a me ka hakakā i ka hoʻomohalaʻana i ka laina nui o ka hana, iʻikeʻoleʻia e ka operetta ma mua. Hoʻohui ʻia ka hoʻohihi ʻana i nā kūlana kikoʻī me kahi ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻōlelo ʻana: kahi i hoʻohauʻoli ʻia ai nā mele a Lehar o kahi manaʻo kala kala ʻulaʻula, ʻo Kalman ke aloha maoli. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa intra-genre ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka mea kākau o La Bayadère, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ala melodramatic e ka nani o nā interludes comedic i unuhi maikaʻi ʻia. ʻO Melos, i waiwai a ʻano like ʻole e like me Legar's, ua piha ka manaʻo a hoʻopiha ʻia me ka erotica, hoʻohana nui ʻo ia i nā mele a me nā kani o ka jazz.

Hōʻike maopopo loa nā prototypes operatic a Kalman o ke ʻano - ma ka wehewehe ʻana i nā ʻāpana a me ke ʻano mele; ʻAʻole ia he mea kūpono ke kapa ʻia ʻo "Silva" "he operetta paraphrase o "La Traviata"", a ʻo "The Violet of Montmartre" i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me "La Boheme" a Puccini (me nā kumu ʻē aʻe i lilo ai ka moʻolelo a Murger i kumu kumu. o na hana elua). Hōʻike maopopo ʻia ke ʻano operatic o ka noʻonoʻo o Kalman ma ke kahua o ka haku mele a me ka dramaturgy. ʻO nā hui, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hana hope loa, lilo iā ia i mea koʻikoʻi o ke ʻano a me nā manawa nui o ka hana; He mea nui ka hana o ka papa mele a me ka orchestra i loko o lākou, hoʻomohala lākou i ka leitmotifism, a piha i ka hoʻomohala symphonic. Hoʻonohonoho ka hopena i ka hoʻokumu holoʻokoʻa o ka dramaturgy mele a hāʻawi iā ia i kahi manaʻo kūpono. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i nā operettas Lehar kahi kūpaʻa koʻikoʻi, akā hōʻike lākou i nā ʻano koho like ʻole. Ma Kalman, akā naʻe, ua hana hou ʻia ke ʻano, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Gypsy Premiere a i hoʻokumu ʻia ma The Queen of Czardas, me nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i nā hana a pau. ʻO ka manaʻo e hoʻohui i ka hale, ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻokumu i ka pōʻino o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kekahi ʻano, akā naʻe, i nā hana maikaʻi loa a ka mea haku mele, ua lanakila kēia pōʻino e ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi hoʻolālā hoʻāʻo a hoʻāʻo ʻia, ka mālamalama o ka ʻōlelo mele, a me ka hoʻomaha o nā kiʻi.

N. Degtyareva

• Neo-Viennese operetta →

Ka papa inoa o nā operettas nui:

(Aia nā lā i loko o ka pale)

"Autumn Maneuvers", libretto na C. Bakoni (1908) Soldier on Vacation, libretto na C. Bakoni (1910) Gypsy Premier, libretto na J. Wilhelm and F. Grünbaum (1912) The Queen of Czardas (Silva), libretto by ʻO L. Stein lāua ʻo B. Jenbach (1915) kaikamahine Dutch, libretto na L. Stein lāua ʻo B. Jenbach (1920) La Bayadère, libretto na J. Brammer lāua ʻo A. Grunwald (1921) "Countess Maritza", libretto na J. Brammer a me A. Grunwald (1924) “Princess of the Circus” (“Mr. X”), libretto na J. Brammer a me A. Grunwald (1926) The Duchess from Chicago, libretto na J. Brammer a me A. Grunwald (1928) The Violet of Montmartre, libretto na J. Brammer a me A. Grunwald (1930) "The Devil's Rider", libretto na R. Schanzer a me E. Welish (1932) "Empress Josephine", libretto na P. Kneppler a me G. Hercella ( 1936) Marinka, libretto na K. Farkas lāua ʻo J. Marion (1945) The Arizona Lady, libretto na A. Grunwald lāua ʻo G. Behr (1954, hoʻopau ʻia e Karl Kalman)