Benjamin Britten |

ʻO Beniamina i hānai ʻia

ʻO ka hana a B. Britten ka mea i hōʻailona i ka hoʻāla hou ʻana o ka opera ma ʻEnelani, kahi mea hou (ma hope o ʻekolu mau kenekulia o ka noho mālie) ke komo ʻana o nā mele Pelekane ma ke kahua honua. Ma muli o ka moʻomeheu aupuni a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka laulā ākea o nā ʻano hōʻike hou, ua hana ʻo Britten i nā hana he nui ma nā ʻano āpau.

Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Britten e haku i ka ʻewalu o kona mau makahiki. I ka makahiki 12, ua kākau ʻo ia iā "Simple Symphony" no ka string orchestra (2nd edition - 1934). I ka makahiki 1929, komo ʻo Britten i ke Kula Nui o nā Mele (Conservatory), kahi o kona mau alakaʻi ʻo J. Ireland (composition) a me A. Benjamin (piano). I ka makahiki 1933, ua hoʻokani ʻia ʻo Sinfonietta a ka mea haku mele he ʻumikūmāiwa mau makahiki, kahi i hoʻokipa ai ka lehulehu. Ua ukali ʻia e kekahi mau hana keʻena i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā papahana o nā ʻaha mele honua a hoʻokumu i ke kumu no ka kaulana ʻEulopa o kā lākou mea kākau. ʻO kēia mau haku mele mua o Britten i hōʻike ʻia e ke kani o ke keʻena, ka māmā a me ka pōkole o ke ʻano, kahi i hoʻokokoke ai ka haku mele Pelekane i nā ʻelele o ka neoclassical kuhikuhi (I. Stravinsky, P. Hindemith). I ka makahiki 30. Ua kākau ʻo Britten i nā mele he nui no ka hale keaka a me ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Me kēia, hāʻawi ʻia ka manaʻo kūikawā i nā ʻano leo leo keʻena, kahi e ulu mālie ai ke ʻano o nā opera e hiki mai ana. He ʻokoʻa loa nā kumumanaʻo, waihoʻoluʻu, a me ke koho ʻana o nā kikokikona: Our Ancestors Are Hunters (1936) is a satire e hoʻohenehene ana i nā aliʻi; pōʻai "Illumination" ma nā pauku o A. Rimbaud (1939) a me "Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo" (1940). Hoʻopaʻa koʻikoʻi ʻo Britten i nā mele folk, kaʻina ʻana i nā mele Pelekane, Scottish, Palani.

I ka makahiki 1939, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaua, ua haʻalele ʻo Britten i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, kahi i komo ai ʻo ia i ka pōʻai o ka holomua o ka naʻauao akamai. Ma ke ʻano he pane i nā hanana pōʻino i hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻEulopa, ua kū mai ka cantata Ballad of Heroes (1939), i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ka poʻe hakakā kūʻē i ka fascism ma Sepania. Late 30s - mua 40s. Ua lanakila nā mele mea kani i ka hana a Britten: i kēia manawa, hoʻokumu ʻia nā concerto piano a me violin, Symphony Requiem, "Canadian Carnival" no ka hoʻokani pila, "Scottish Ballad" no ʻelua mau piano a me ka orkestra, 2 quartets, etc. E like me I. Stravinsky, hoʻohana manuahi ʻo Britten i ka hoʻoilina o ka wā i hala: ʻo ia ke ala e ala ai nā suites mai ka mele a G. Rossini ("Māhi Mele" a me "Musical Mornings").

I ka makahiki 1942, ua hoʻi ka haku mele i kona ʻāina hānau a noho i ke kaona ʻo Aldborough, ma ke kahakai hikina hikina o ʻEnelani. ʻOiai ʻo ia ma ʻAmelika, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi kauoha no ka keaka ʻo Peter Grimes, a ua hoʻopau ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1945. He mea koʻikoʻi ka hana ʻana o ka opera mua a Britten: ʻo ia ka mea i hōʻailona ai i ke ola hou ʻana o ka hale keaka mele aupuni, ʻaʻole i hana i nā haku mele kahiko mai ka manawa o Purcell. ʻO ka moʻolelo pōʻino o ka lawaiʻa ʻo Peter Grimes, i hahai ʻia e ka hopena (ka manaʻo o J. Crabbe), ua hoʻoikaika i ka haku mele e hana i kahi keaka mele me kahi leo hōʻike hou. ʻO ka laulā o nā kuʻuna i ukali ʻia e Britten e hoʻokaʻawale i ke mele o kāna keaka a me ka mākaukau ma ke ʻano o ke ʻano. Ke hana nei i nā kiʻi o ka mehameha hope ʻole, ka manaʻolana, hilinaʻi ka mea haku mele i ke ʻano o G. Mahler, A. Berg, D. Shostakovich. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi, ka hoʻolauna maoli ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona nui o ke ʻano e hoʻomanaʻo ai kekahi iā G. Verdi. ʻO ke kiʻi kiʻi hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka orchestra i nā kahakai e hoʻi i ka impressionism o C. Debussy. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻohui ʻia kēia mau mea a pau e ka leo o ka mea kākau kumu, kahi manaʻo o ke kala kikoʻī o nā mokupuni Pelekane.

Ua ukali ʻia ʻo Peter Grimes e nā keʻena keʻena keʻena: The Desecration of Lucretia (1946), the satire Albert Herring (1947) ma ke kahua o H. Maupassant. Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo Opera i ka huki ʻana iā Britten i ka hopena o kona mau lā. I ka 50-60s. Billy Budd (1951), Gloriana (1953), The Turn of the Screw (1954), Noah's Ark (1958), A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960, based on a comedy by W. Shakespeare), chamber opera appear The Carlew River ( 1964), ka opera The Prodigal Son (1968), hoʻolaʻa iā Shostakovich, a me Make ma Venice (1970, ma hope o T. Mann).

ʻIke nui ʻia ʻo Britten ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani hoʻomālamalama. E like me S. Prokofiev a me K. Orff, hana ʻo ia i nā mele he nui no nā keiki a me nā ʻōpio. Ma kāna pāʻani mele Let's Make an Opera (1948), pili pono ka poʻe i ke kaʻina hana. Ua kākau ʻia ʻo "Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Purcell" ma ke ʻano he "alakaʻi i ka orchestra no ka poʻe ʻōpio", e hoʻolauna ana i nā mea hoʻolohe i nā timbres o nā mea kani. I ka hana a Purcell, a me nā mele Pelekane kahiko ma ka laulā, huli pinepine ʻo Britten. Ua hoʻoponopono ʻo ia i kāna opera "Dido and Aeneas" a me nā hana ʻē aʻe, a me kahi mana hou o "The Beggar's Opera" na J. Gay lāua ʻo J. Pepusch.

ʻO kekahi o nā kumuhana nui o ka hana a Britten - he kūʻē kūʻē i ka hana ʻino, kaua, ka ʻōlelo ʻana i ka waiwai o kahi honua kanaka palupalu a pale ʻole - ua loaʻa i kāna ʻōlelo kiʻekiʻe loa ma "War Requiem" (1961), kahi, me ka ʻatikala kahiko o ka oihana Katolika, ua hoohanaia na mele ku e i ke kaua a W. Auden.

Ma waho aʻe o ka haku mele, ua hana ʻo Britten ma ke ʻano he pianist a me ke alakaʻi, kaʻapuni ma nā ʻāina like ʻole. Ua kipa pinepine ʻo ia i ka USSR (1963, 1964, 1971). ʻO ka hopena o kekahi o kāna huakaʻi i Rūsia he pōʻaiapuni o nā mele i nā huaʻōlelo a A. Pushkin (1965) a me ka Third Cello Suite (1971), e hoʻohana ana i nā mele mele Lūkini. Me ka hoʻāla hou ʻana o ka opera Pelekane, ua lilo ʻo Britten i mea hoʻomohala nui loa o ke ʻano i ka makahiki XNUMX. “ʻO kaʻu moeʻuhane nui ʻo ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻano keaka e like me nā hana keaka a Chekhov… Manaʻo wau he ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke keʻena keena no ka hōʻike ʻana i nā manaʻo o loko. Hāʻawi ia i kahi manawa e nānā ai i ka psychology kanaka. Akā ʻo kēia ka mea i lilo i kumu koʻikoʻi o nā hana kiʻi kiʻekiʻe o kēia wā.

K. Zenkin