Johannes Brahms |
ʻO Johannes Brahms
ʻOiai aia nā poʻe i hiki ke pane i nā mele me ko lākou puʻuwai a pau, a ʻoiai ʻo ia ka pane pololei a nā mele a Brahms e hoʻopuka ai i loko o lākou, e ola mau kēia mele. G. Ahi
I ke komo ʻana i ke ola mele ma ke ʻano he hope o R. Schumann i ka romanticism, ua hahai ʻo J. Brahms i ke ala o ka hoʻokō ākea a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kuʻuna o nā wā like ʻole o nā mele Kelemania-Austrian a me ka moʻomeheu Kelemania i ka laulā. I ka wā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano hou o ka papahana a me nā mele keaka (na F. Liszt, R. Wagner), ʻo Brahms, ka mea i huli nui i nā ʻano mea kani kahiko a me nā ʻano, me he mea lā e hōʻoia i ko lākou viability a me ka hiʻohiʻona, hoʻonui iā lākou me ke akamai a manaʻo o ka mea pena kiʻi hou. ʻAʻole i emi iki nā haku mele (solo, ensemble, choral), kahi i manaʻo nui ʻia ai ke ʻano o ka uhi ʻana o nā kuʻuna - mai ka ʻike o nā haku Renaissance a i nā mele o kēlā me kēia lā a me nā mele aloha.
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Brahms i loko o kahi ʻohana mele. ʻO kona makuakāne, ka mea i hele ma ke ala paʻakikī mai kahi mea hoʻokani pila hele a hiki i kahi bassist pālua me Hamburg Philharmonic Orchestra, hāʻawi i kāna keiki i nā mākaukau mua i ka hoʻokani ʻana i nā mea kani a me nā mea kani, akā ʻoi aku ka hoihoi ʻana o Johannes i ka piano. ʻO ka lanakila i nā haʻawina me F. Kossel (ma hope - me ke kumu kaulana ʻo E. Marksen) ua ʻae iā ia e komo i kahi hui keʻena i ka makahiki 10, a ma 15 - e hāʻawi i kahi ʻaha mele. Mai ka wā kamaliʻi mai, ua kōkua ʻo Brahms i kona makuakāne e kākoʻo i kona ʻohana ma ka hoʻokani piano ma nā hale inu awa, e hoʻonohonoho ana i ka mea hoʻopuka Kranz, e hana ana ma ke ʻano he pianist ma ka hale opera, etc. Ma mua o ka haʻalele ʻana iā Hamburg (ʻApelila 1853) ma kahi huakaʻi Hungarian violinist E. Remenyi (mai nā mele mele i hana ʻia ma nā ʻaha mele, ua hānau ʻia ka "Hungarian Hungarian" kaulana no ka piano ma 4 a me 2 mau lima), ʻo ia ke kumu o nā hana he nui ma nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, ka hapa nui i luku ʻia.
ʻO nā haku mele mua loa i paʻi ʻia (3 sonatas a me kahi scherzo no ka pianoforte, nā mele) i hōʻike i ka ulu mua ʻana o ka mea haku mele iwakālua makahiki. Ua hoʻāla lākou i ka mahalo o Schumann, kahi hālāwai me ia i ka hāʻule o 1853 ma Düsseldorf i hoʻoholo i ke ola holoʻokoʻa o Brahms. ʻO ka mele a Schumann (ua pololei loa kona mana i ka Sonata ʻekolu - 1853, i ka Variations on a Theme of Schumann - 1854 a i ka hope o nā ballads ʻehā - 1854), ka lewa holoʻokoʻa o kona home, ka kokoke o nā mea hoihoi. i kona wā ʻōpiopio, ʻo Brahms, e like me Schumann, ua makemake nui i nā palapala pili aloha - ʻo Jean-Paul, TA Hoffmann, a me Eichendorff, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) he hopena nui i ka haku mele ʻōpio. I ka manawa like, ʻo ke kuleana no ka hopena o nā mele Kelemania, me he mea lā i hāʻawi ʻia e Schumann iā Brahms (ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia iā ia i nā mea hoʻopuka Leipzig, kākau i kahi ʻatikala hoihoi e pili ana iā ia "New Ways"), a ma hope koke o kahi pōʻino (he pepehi kanaka. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i hana ʻia e Schumann i ka makahiki 1854, ʻo kona noho ʻana i ka haukapila no ka poʻe maʻi noʻonoʻo, kahi i kipa aku ai ʻo Brahms iā ia, ʻo ka hope loa, ʻo ka make ʻana o Schumann i 1856), he manaʻo aloha o ke aloha nui no Clara Schumann, ka mea a Brahms i kōkua nui ai i kēia mau lā paʻakikī - ʻo kēia mau mea āpau. ua hoʻonui i ka ikaika nui o nā mele a Brahms, kona ʻano ʻino (Concert mua no ka piano a me ka orchestra - 1854-59; sketches of the First Symphony, the Third Piano Quartet, hoʻopau nui ma hope).
E like me ke ʻano o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, ʻo Brahms i ka manawa like i loko o ka makemake no ka objectivity, no ka hoʻonohonoho logical koʻikoʻi, ʻano o ke ʻano o ka poʻe kahiko. Ua hoʻoikaika nui ʻia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona me ka neʻe ʻana o Brahms iā Detmold (1857), kahi i lawe ai ʻo ia i ke kūlana o ka mea hoʻokani pila ma ke alo aliʻi, alakaʻi i ka papa mele, aʻo i nā helu o nā haku kahiko, GF Handel, JS Bach, J. Haydn a me WA Mozart, i hana i na hana ma na ano ano o ke mele o ke kenekulia 2. (1857 orchestral serenades - 59-1860, haku mele). Ua hoʻoikaika pū ʻia ka hoihoi i nā mele mele e nā papa me kahi hui mele wahine ma Hamburg, kahi i hoʻi ai ʻo Brahms i 50 (ua pili loa ʻo ia i kona mau mākua a me kona kūlanakauhale hānau, akā ʻaʻole loaʻa iā ia kahi hana paʻa ma laila e hoʻokō i kāna mau makemake). ʻO ka hopena o ka noʻonoʻo i nā 60s - 2s mua. ʻO nā hui o ke keʻena me ke komo ʻana o ka piano i lilo i mau hana nui, me he mea lā e hoʻololi ana iā Brahms me nā symphonies (1862 quartets - 1864, Quintet - 1861), a me nā pōʻai hoʻololi (Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Handel - 2, 1862 notebooks. o Variations on a Theme of Paganini - 63-XNUMX ) he mau hiʻohiʻona kupaianaha o kāna ʻano piano.
I ka makahiki 1862, hele akula ʻo Brahms i Vienna, kahi āna i noho mālie ai no kahi noho mau. ʻO kahi hoʻohanohano i ka moʻomeheu Viennese (me Schubert) o nā mele o kēlā me kēia lā he waltzes no ka piano ma 4 a me 2 lima (1867), a me "Songs of Love" (1869) a me "New Songs of Love" (1874) - waltzes no piano ma 4 lima a me ka leo quartet, kahi Brahms i kekahi manawa e komo i loko o ka pilina me ke kaila o ka "moi o waltzes" - I. Strauss (keiki), nona ke mele i mahalo nui ia. Ke kaulana nei ʻo Brahms ma ke ʻano he pianist (ua hoʻokani ʻo ia mai ka makahiki 1854, ʻoi aku ka makemake e hoʻokani i ka ʻāpana piano i loko o kāna mau keʻena ponoʻī, hoʻokani ʻo Bach, Beethoven, Schumann, kāna mau hana ponoʻī, hele pū me nā mele, hele i Kelemania Switzerland, Denmark, Holland, Hungary. , i nā kūlanakauhale Kelemānia like ʻole), a ma hope o ka hana ʻana i ka makahiki 1868 ma Bremen o ka "German Requiem" - kāna hana nui loa (no ka hui mele, soloists a me ka orchestra ma nā kikokikona mai ka Baibala) - a ma ke ʻano he haku mele. ʻO ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka mana o Brahms ma Vienna ua hāʻawi i kāna hana ma ke ʻano he poʻo o ka papa mele o ka Singing Academy (1863-64), a laila ʻo ka hui mele a me ka orchestra o ka Society of Music Lovers (1872-75). Ua ikaika nā hana a Brahms i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā hana piano na WF Bach, F. Couperin, F. Chopin, R. Schumann no ka hale paʻi puke ʻo Breitkopf a me Hertel. Ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i ka paʻi ʻana i nā hana a A. Dvorak, a laila he haku mele liʻiliʻi, nāna i ʻaiʻē iā Brahms i kāna kākoʻo mahana a me ke komo ʻana i kona hopena.
Ua hōʻailona ʻia ka piha ʻana o ka haku mele e ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o Brahms i ka symphony (Mua - 1876, ʻElua - 1877, ʻekolu - 1883, ʻEhā - 1884-85). Ma ke ala e hoʻokō ai i kēia hana nui o kona ola, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻo Brahms i kāna mau mākau i ʻekolu string quartets (First, Second - 1873, Third - 1875), ma nā orchestral Variations on a Theme of Haydn (1873). Hoʻokomo ʻia nā kiʻi kokoke i nā symphonies ma ka "Song of Fate" (ma hope o F. Hölderlin, 1868-71) a ma ka "Song of the Parks" (ma hope o IV Goethe, 1882). ʻO ka ʻoluʻolu māmā a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ka Violin Concerto (1878) a me ka Second Piano Concerto (1881) i hōʻike i nā manaʻo o nā huakaʻi i Italia. Me kona ʻano, a me ke ʻano o Austria, Switzerland, Kelemānia (ka haku ʻia ʻo Brahms i nā mahina kauwela), pili nā manaʻo o nā hana he nui a Brahms. ʻO ko lākou laha ʻana ma Kelemānia a ma waho aku ua hoʻoikaika ʻia e nā hana a nā mea hoʻokani koʻikoʻi: G. Bülow, alakaʻi o kekahi o nā mea maikaʻi loa ma Kelemānia, ka Meiningen Orchestra; violinist I. Joachim (Brahms's close friend), alakaʻi o ka quartet a me ka soloist; mele J. Stockhausen a me kekahi poe e ae. Nā hui hui o nā mele like ʻole (3 sonata no ka violin a me ka piano - 1878-79, 1886, 1886-88; ʻElua sonata no cello a me piano - 1886; 2 trios no ka violin, cello a me ka piano - 1880-82 , 1886; 2 string quintets - 1882, 1890), Concerto for violin and cello and orchestra (1887), nā hana no ka choir a cappella he mau hoa kūpono no nā symphonies. ʻO kēia mai ka hopena o nā makahiki 80. hoʻomākaukau i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka manawa hope o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, i hōʻailona ʻia e ka mana o nā ʻano keʻena.
Ke koi nui nei ʻo Brahms iā ia iho, me ka makaʻu i ka luhi o kāna noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo, noʻonoʻo e hoʻōki i kāna hana haku mele. Eia naʻe, he hālāwai i ka pūnāwai o 1891 me ka clarinetist o ka Meiningen Orchestra R. Mülfeld i koi iā ia e hana i kahi Trio, a Quintet (1891), a laila ʻelua sonatas (1894) me ka clarinet. Ma ka like, kākau ʻo Brahms i 20 mau ʻāpana piano (op. 116-119), a me nā hui clarinet, ua lilo i hopena o ka ʻimi hoʻomohala a ka mea haku mele. Heʻoiaʻiʻo loa kēia no ka Quintet a me ka piano intermezzo - "nā puʻuwai o nā memo kaumaha", e hui pū ana i ka paʻakikī a me ka hilinaʻi o ka huaʻōlelo lyrical, ka maʻalahi a me ka maʻalahi o ke kākau ʻana, ka melodiousness o nā leo kani. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili 1894 German Folk Songs (no ka leo a me ka piano) i paʻi ʻia ma 49 he hōʻike ia o ka nānā mau ʻana o Brahms i ka mele mele - kona ʻano kūpono a nani. Ua komo ʻo Brahms i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā mele poʻe Kelemania (me ka hui mele a cappella) i kona ola ʻana, ua hoihoi pū ʻo ia i nā mele Slavic (Czech, Slovak, Serbian), e hana hou ana i ko lākou ʻano i kāna mau mele e pili ana i nā moʻolelo. ʻO "Four Strict Melodies" no ka leo a me ka piano (he ʻano mele mele mele ma nā kikokikona mai ka Baibala, 1895) a me 11 choral organ preludes (1896) i hoʻohui i ka "spiritual testament" a ka mea haku mele me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā ʻano a me nā mea noʻeau o ka Bach au, e like me ka pili kokoke i ke ʻano o kāna mele, a me nā ʻano mele.
I loko o kāna mele, hana ʻo Brahms i kahi kiʻi ʻoiaʻiʻo a paʻakikī o ke ola o ka ʻuhane kanaka - ʻino i nā manaʻo hikiwawe, kūpaʻa a wiwo ʻole i ka lanakila ʻana i nā pilikia i loko, ʻoliʻoli a hauʻoli, elegiacly palupalu a i kekahi manawa luhi, naʻauao a koʻikoʻi, palupalu a pane ʻuhane. . ʻO ka makemake no ka hoʻoholo maikaʻi ʻana i nā hakakā, no ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai paʻa a mau loa o ke ola kanaka, ka mea a Brahms i ʻike ai i ke ʻano, nā mele mele, i ke ʻano o nā haku nui o ka wā i hala, i ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu o kona ʻāina hānau. , i ka leʻaleʻa kanaka maʻalahi, ua hui mau ʻia i kāna mele me ka manaʻo o ka lokahi unattainability, e ulu ana i nā contradictions tragic. Hōʻike nā symphonies 4 o Brahms i nā ʻano like ʻole o kona ʻano. Ma ka Mua, he mea pani pololei i ka symphonism a Beethoven, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka ʻoi o nā hoʻokūkū hoʻokani ʻālohilohi koke i ka hopena mele hauʻoli. ʻO ka lua o ka symphony, ʻo Viennese maoli (ma kona kumu - Haydn a me Schubert), hiki ke kapa ʻia he "symphony of joy." ʻO ke kolu - ʻo ka mea aloha loa o ka pōʻai holoʻokoʻa - hele mai kahi ʻona hoihoi i ke ola a hiki i ka hopohopo a me ka hana keaka, e emi koke ana ma mua o ka "nani mau loa" o ke ʻano, kahi kakahiaka mālamalama. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka Symphony ʻEhā, ka hoʻokō poʻokela o ka symphonism Brahms, e like me ka wehewehe ʻana a I. Sollertinsky, "mai ka elegy a i ka pōʻino." ʻO ka mea nui i kūkulu ʻia e Brahms - ka mea symphonist nui loa o ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia XIX. - ʻaʻole hoʻokaʻawale nā hale i ka mele hohonu hohonu o ka leo i loaʻa i nā symphonies āpau a ʻo ia ke "kī nui" o kāna mele.
E. Tsareva
ʻO ka hohonu i loko o ka ʻike, kūpono i ka mākaukau, ʻo ka hana a Brahms ka mea i loaʻa i nā hana kiʻi kupaianaha o ka moʻomeheu Kelemania i ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia XNUMX. I ka wā paʻakikī o kona hoʻomohala ʻana, i nā makahiki o ka huikau ideological a me ka noʻonoʻo, ua hana ʻo Brahms ma ke ʻano he mea pani a hoʻomau. kāhiko kuʻuna. Ua hoʻowaiwai ʻo ia iā lākou me nā hana o ka Kelemania pilialoha. Ua puka mai nā pilikia nui ma ke ala. Ua ʻimi ʻo Brahms e lanakila ma luna o lākou, e huli ana i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ʻuhane ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā mele o ka poʻe, nā mea hiki ke hōʻike maikaʻi loa i nā mele mele o ka wā i hala.
"ʻO ka mele mele kaʻu mea maikaʻi," wahi a Brahms. ʻOiai i kona wā ʻōpiopio, ua hana pū ʻo ia me ka papa hīmeni kuaʻāina; Ma hope mai, ua lōʻihi ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi hīmeni a, e pili ana i ka mele poʻe Kelemania, e hoʻolaha ana, ua hoʻoponopono ʻia. ʻO ia ke kumu i loaʻa ai i kāna mele nā hiʻohiʻona ʻāina ʻokoʻa.
Me ka noʻonoʻo nui a me ka hoihoi, mālama ʻo Brahms i nā mele mele o nā lāhui ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻohana ka mea haku mele i kahi hapa nui o kona ola ma Vienna. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ua alakaʻi kēia i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa o ka moʻomeheu Austrian i ka mele Brahms. Ua hoʻoholo pū ʻo Vienna i ke koʻikoʻi nui o nā mele Hungarian a me Slavic i ka hana a Brahms. ʻIke maopopo ʻia nā "Slavicisms" i kāna mau hana: i ka hoʻololi pinepine ʻana a me nā mele o ka Czech polka, i kekahi mau ʻano o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka intonation, modulation. ʻO nā leo a me nā mele o nā mele ʻōiwi Hungarian, ma ke ʻano he verbunkos, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ka ʻuhane o ka moʻolelo o ke kūlanakauhale, ua hoʻopili maopopo ʻia i kekahi mau mele a Brahms. Ua ʻike ʻo V. Stasov ʻo ka "Hungarian Hungarian" kaulana a Brahms "kūpono i ko lākou hanohano nui."
Loaʻa ka komo ʻana i loko o ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo o kekahi lāhui ʻē aʻe i nā mea pena kiʻi i hoʻopili maoli ʻia me kā lākou moʻomeheu lāhui. ʻO ia ʻo Glinka ma ka Spanish Overtures a i ʻole Bizet ma Carmen. ʻO ia ʻo Brahms, ka mea pena kiʻi aupuni koʻikoʻi o ka poʻe Kelemania, nāna i huli i nā ʻano ʻano Slavic a me Hungarian.
I kona mau makahiki e emi ana, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo Brahms i kahi huaʻōlelo koʻikoʻi: "ʻO nā hanana nui ʻelua o koʻu ola ʻo ka hui ʻana o Kelemania a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka paʻi ʻana o nā hana a Bach." Eia ma ka lālani hoʻokahi, me he mea lā, he mau mea like ʻole. Akā ʻo Brahms, ka mea maʻamau i ka ʻōlelo, hoʻokomo i kahi manaʻo hohonu i kēia ʻōlelo. ʻO ke aloha aloha ʻāina, ka hoihoi nui i ka hopena o ka ʻāina makuahine, ka manaʻoʻiʻo ikaika i ka ikaika o ka poʻe i hui maoli ʻia me ka manaʻo o ka mahalo a me ka mahalo i nā hoʻokō aupuni o nā mele Kelemania a me Austrian. ʻO nā hana a Bach a me Handel, ʻo Mozart a me Beethoven, ʻo Schubert lāua ʻo Schumann i lilo i mau kukui alakaʻi. Ua aʻo nui ʻo ia i nā mele polyphonic kahiko. Ke hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i nā ʻano o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke mele, ua nānā nui ʻo Brahms i nā pilikia o ka mākaukau noʻeau. Ua hoʻokomo ʻo ia i nā ʻōlelo akamai a Goethe i loko o kāna puke puke: “Form (in art.— MD) ua hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kaukani makahiki o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o nā haku kupaianaha loa, a ʻo ka mea e hahai ana iā lākou, ʻaʻole hiki ke haku iā ia me ka wikiwiki.
ʻAʻole naʻe i haʻalele ʻo Brahms i ka mele hou: hōʻole i nā hōʻike o ka decadence i ke kiʻi, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia me ke ʻano o ke aloha maoli e pili ana i nā hana he nui o kona mau hoa. Ua mahalo nui ʻo Brahms i nā "Meistersingers" a me ka nui o ka "Valkyrie", ʻoiai he manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole ʻo ia iā "Tristan"; mahalo i ka makana melodic a me ka mea kani akaka a Johann Strauss; olelo pumehana no Grieg; ua kapa ʻia ka opera "Carmen" Bizet i kāna "punahele"; ma Dvorak ua loaʻa iā ia "he kālena maoli, waiwai, nani." Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻono kiʻi o Brahms iā ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani mele pololei, malihini i ka noho kaʻawale kula.
Penei kona ʻike ʻana i kāna hana. Ua piha i nā mea hoihoi o ke ola. I nā kūlana paʻakikī o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo Kelemania o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua hakakā ʻo Brahms no nā kuleana a me ke kūʻokoʻa o kēlā me kēia kanaka, mele i ka wiwo ʻole a me ke kūpaʻa pono. Ua piha kāna mele i ka hopohopo no ka hopena o ke kanaka, lawe i nā huaʻōlelo o ke aloha a me ka hōʻoluʻolu. He leo hoʻomaha kona.
ʻO ke aloha a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā mele a Brahms, kokoke iā Schubert, ua hōʻike piha ʻia i loko o nā huaʻōlelo leo, kahi e noho nei i kahi koʻikoʻi i kāna hoʻoilina hoʻoilina. I loko o nā hana a Brahms he nui nā ʻaoʻao o nā mele philosophical, ʻo ia ke ʻano o Bach. I ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kiʻi lyrical, hilinaʻi pinepine ʻo Brahms i nā ʻano a me nā leo o kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka moʻolelo o Austrian. Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā ʻano generalization, hoʻohana i nā mea hula o ka landler, waltz, a me chardash.
Aia pū kēia mau kiʻi i nā hana mea kani a Brahms. Maʻaneʻi,ʻoi aku ka'ōleloʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona o ka pāʻani, ke aloha kipi, ka impetuosity, kahi e hoʻokokoke ai iā Schumann. Ma ke mele o Brahms, aia kekahi mau kiʻi i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka vivacity a me ka wiwo ʻole, ka ikaika wiwo ʻole a me ka mana epic. Ma kēia wahi, ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he hoʻomau o ka moʻomeheu Beethoven i nā mele Kelemania.
Loaʻa ka ʻike kūʻē kūʻē i ka nui o ke keʻena-instrumental a me nā hana symphonic a Brahms. Hana hou lākou i nā pāʻani manaʻo hoihoi, pinepine i ke ʻano pōʻino. Hōʻike ʻia kēia mau hana e ka hauʻoli o ka moʻolelo, aia kekahi mea rhapsodic i kā lākou hōʻike. Akā ua hui pū ʻia ke kūʻokoʻa o ka haʻi ʻana i nā hana koʻikoʻi o Brahms me ka loiloi hao o ka hoʻomohala ʻana: ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e ʻaʻahu i ka pele paila o nā manaʻo aloha i nā ʻano kuʻuna koʻikoʻi. Ua piha ka haku mele i nā manaʻo he nui; ʻO kāna mele i piha i ka waiwai kiʻi, kahi hoʻololi like ʻole o nā naʻau, nā ʻano aka like ʻole. Pono kā lākou hui ʻana i kahi hana o ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi a pololei, kahi ʻenehana contrapuntal kiʻekiʻe e hōʻoia i ka pilina o nā kiʻi heterogeneous.
ʻAʻole naʻe i nā manawa a pau a ʻaʻole hoʻi i kāna mau hana a pau, ua hoʻokō ʻo Brahms i ke kaulike ʻana i ka hauʻoli o ka naʻau me ke kumu koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻomohala mele. ka poe kokoke iaia aloha paʻi nā kiʻi i kekahi manawa Kuʻuna ʻano hōʻike. ʻO ka hoʻohaunaele ʻana i kekahi manawa i alakaʻi ʻia ai i ka pohihihi, ka paʻakikī o ka ʻōlelo ʻana, ua hoʻopuka ʻia nā kiʻi paʻa ʻole a paʻa ʻole; ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, i ka wā i ʻoi aku ai ka hana o ka noʻonoʻo ma mua o ka naʻau, ua loaʻa i nā mele Brahms nā hiʻohiʻona noʻonoʻo, passive-contemplative. (ʻIke wale ʻo Tchaikovsky i kēia mau ʻaoʻao, mamao iā ia, i ka hana a Brahms a no laila ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke loiloi pololei iā ia. ʻO ke mele a Brahms, ma kāna mau ʻōlelo, "me he mea lā e hoʻohenehene a hoʻonāukiuki i ka manaʻo mele"; ua ʻike ʻo ia ua maloʻo, anu, noe, pau ole.).
Akā ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ua hoʻohauʻoli kāna mau kākau ʻana me ka mana kupaianaha a me ka wikiwiki o ka naʻau i ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi, kā lākou hoʻokō pono ʻia. No ka mea, ʻoiai ka like ʻole o nā hoʻoholo noʻeau o kēlā me kēia kanaka, ua paʻa ka hana a Brahms me ka hakakā ʻana no ka ʻike maoli o ka mele, no nā manaʻo kiʻekiʻe o ke kiʻi kanaka.
ʻO ke ola a me ke ala hana
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Johannes Brahms ma ka ʻākau o Kelemānia, ma Hamburg, i ka lā 7 o Mei, 1833. ʻO kona makuakāne, no ka ʻohana mahiʻai mai, he mea hoʻokani pila o ke kūlanakauhale (mea hoʻokani kani, ma hope o ka mea hoʻokani bass pālua). Ua hala ka wā kamaliʻi o ka haku mele i ka hemahema. Mai kona wā ʻōpiopio, he ʻumikumamākolu makahiki, ua hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he pianist ma nā pāʻina hula. I nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, loaʻa iā ia ke kālā me nā haʻawina pilikino, hoʻokani ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he pianist i nā hana keaka, a komo i kekahi manawa i nā ʻaha mele koʻikoʻi. I ka manawa like, i ka pau ʻana o kahi papa haku mele me kahi kumu i hoʻohanohano ʻia ʻo Eduard Marksen, nāna i hoʻokomo iā ia i ke aloha no nā mele kahiko, ua haku nui ʻo ia. Akā ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā hana a nā Brahms ʻōpio, a no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka peni, pono e kākau i nā pāʻani salon a me nā transcriptions, i paʻi ʻia ma lalo o nā pseudonyms like ʻole (ma kahi o 150 opuses i ka huina.) Ua hana wau, "wahi a Brahms, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i nā makahiki o kona wā ʻōpio.
I ka makahiki 1853 ua haʻalele ʻo Brahms i kona kūlanakauhale hānau; me ka mea hoʻokani pila ʻo Eduard (Ede) Remenyi, he pio kālaiʻāina Hungarian, ua hele ʻo ia i kahi huakaʻi ʻahamele lōʻihi. Aia i kēia manawa kona kamaʻāina me Liszt a me Schumann. ʻO ka mea mua o lākou, me kāna lokomaikaʻi maʻamau, mālama ʻo ia i ka mea haku mele ʻike ʻole ʻia, haʻahaʻa a hilahila hoʻi he iwakālua makahiki. Ua kali ʻia kahi hoʻokipa mehana iā ia ma Schumann. He ʻumi mau makahiki i hala ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke komo ʻana i ka New Musical Journal āna i hana ai, akā, kahaha i ke kālena kumu o Brahms, ua haʻi ʻo Schumann i kona noho mālie - ua kākau ʻo ia i kāna ʻatikala hope loa i kapa ʻia ʻo "New Ways". Ua kapa ʻo ia i ka haku mele ʻōpio he haku piha nāna i "hōʻike maikaʻi i ka ʻuhane o ka manawa." ʻO ka hana a Brahms, a i kēia manawa ua lilo ʻo ia i mea kākau o nā hana piano koʻikoʻi (ma waena o lākou ʻekolu sonata), ua hoʻohuli i ka manaʻo o nā mea a pau: makemake nā ʻelele o nā kula ʻo Weimar a me Leipzig e ʻike iā ia ma ko lākou kūlana.
Ua makemake ʻo Brahms e haʻalele i ka inaina o kēia mau kula. Akā, ua hāʻule ʻo ia ma lalo o ka leʻaleʻa hiki ʻole o ke ʻano o Robert Schumann a me kāna wahine, ka mea hoʻokani piano kaulana ʻo Clara Schumann, nona ka Brahms i mālama ai i ke aloha a me ke aloha maoli i nā makahiki he ʻehā e hiki mai ana. ʻO nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo noʻeau (a me nā manaʻo ʻino, ʻo ia hoʻi me Liszt!) o kēia mau kāne kupaianaha ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa iā ia. A no laila, i ka pau ʻana o nā makahiki 50, ma hope o ka make ʻana o Schumann, ua hoʻāla ʻia kahi hakakā ideological no kāna hoʻoilina hoʻoilina, ʻaʻole hiki iā Brahms ke komo i loko. I ka makahiki 1860, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ma ka paʻi (no ka manawa wale nō o kona ola ʻana!) e kūʻē i ka ʻōlelo a ke kula Kelemania hou i kaʻana like ʻia kona mau manaʻo nani. a pau nā haku mele Kelemānia maikaʻi loa. Ma muli o kahi ulia pōpilikia, me ka inoa ʻo Brahms, ma lalo o kēia kūʻē ʻana nā pūlima o ʻekolu mau mea hoʻokani pila ʻōpio (me ka mea hoʻokani pila koʻikoʻi ʻo Josef Joachim, he hoaaloha o Brahms); ʻO ke koena, ua hoʻopau ʻia nā inoa kaulana i ka nūpepa. ʻO kēia hoʻouka ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi, i haku ʻia ma nā ʻōlelo koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻohe kūpono, ua hālāwai me ka huhū e nā mea he nui, ʻo Wagner.
Ma mua koke o kēlā, ua hōʻailona ʻia ka hana a Brahms me kāna Concerto Piano Mua ma Leipzig e kahi hōʻino ʻino. Ua pane aku nā Lunamaka'āinana o ke kula Leipzig iā ia e like me ka "Weimar". No laila, i ka haʻalele koke ʻana mai kekahi kahakai, ʻaʻole hiki iā Brahms ke pili i kekahi. He kanaka koa a hanohano, ʻo ia, ʻoiai nā pilikia o ka noho ʻana a me nā hoʻouka ʻino ʻana o ka poʻe Wagnerians militant, ʻaʻole ia i hana i nā mea hoʻohālikelike. Ua haʻalele ʻo Brahms iā ia iho, paʻa iā ia iho mai ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa, neʻe i waho mai ka hakakā ʻana. Akā, i kāna hana ua hoʻomau ʻo ia: lawe i ka maikaʻi mai nā manaʻo noʻeau o nā kula ʻelua, me kāu mele ua hōʻoia (ʻaʻole naʻe i ka manawa mau) i ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia o nā loina o ka manaʻo, ka lāhui a me ke aupuni democracy ma ke ʻano he kumu o ke ola ʻoiaʻiʻo.
ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 60, i kekahi manawa, he manawa pilikia no Brahms. Ma hope o nā ʻino a me nā hakakā, hele mālie ʻo ia i ka hoʻokō ʻana i kāna mau hana hana. ʻO ia ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai ʻo ia i ka hana lōʻihi ma nā hana nui o kahi hoʻolālā leo-symphonic ("German Requiem", 1861-1868), ma ka First Symphony (1862-1876), hōʻike ikaika iā ia iho i ke kahua o ke keʻena. palapala (piano quartets, quintet, cello sonata). Ke hoʻāʻo nei e lanakila i ka improvisation aloha, ua aʻo ikaika ʻo Brahms i nā mele folk, a me nā mele Viennese (nā mele, nā hui leo, nā mele).
ʻO 1862 kahi hoʻololi i ke ola o Brahms. No ka loaʻa ʻole o kona ikaika ma kona ʻāina hānau, neʻe ʻo ia i Vienna, kahi i noho ai a hiki i kona make ʻana. He mea hoʻokani piano maikaʻi a alakaʻi, ke ʻimi nei ʻo ia i kahi hana mau. Ua hōʻole ʻo kona kūlanakauhale hānau ʻo Hamburg iā ia, me ka hoʻokau ʻana i kahi ʻeha hoʻōla ʻole. Ma Vienna, ua hoʻāʻo ʻelua ʻo ia e loaʻa kahi paʻa i ka lawelawe ma ke ʻano he poʻo o ka Singing Chapel (1863-1864) a me ke alakaʻi o ka Society of Friends of Music (1872-1875), akā haʻalele i kēia mau kūlana: ʻaʻole lākou i lawe mai. ʻoluʻolu nui iā ia a i ʻole palekana waiwai. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi wale ke kūlana o Brahms i ka waena o nā makahiki 70, i ka wā i loaʻa ai iā ia ka ʻike ākea. Hana nui ʻo Brahms me kāna hana symphonic a me ke keʻena, kipa i kekahi mau kūlanakauhale ma Kelemānia, Hungary, Holland, Switzerland, Galicia, Polani. Ua makemake ʻo ia i kēia mau huakaʻi, e ʻike i nā ʻāina hou a, ma ke ʻano he mākaʻikaʻi, ʻewalu manawa ma Italia.
ʻO nā makahiki 70 a me 80 ka manawa o ka ulu ʻana o Brahms. I loko o kēia mau makahiki, ua kākau ʻia nā symphonies, violin a me nā concerto piano lua, nā keʻena he nui (ʻekolu violin sonatas, cello lua, lua a me ke kolu piano trios, ʻekolu string quartets), nā mele, nā mele, nā hui leo i kākau ʻia. E like me ka wā ma mua, ʻo Brahms i kāna hana e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ke kiʻi mele (koe wale nā pāʻani mele wale nō, ʻoiai e kākau ana ʻo ia i kahi opera). Hoʻoikaika ʻo ia e hoʻohui i ka ʻike hohonu me ka ʻike democratic a no laila, me nā pōʻai instrumental paʻakikī, hana ʻo ia i nā mele o kahi hoʻolālā maʻalahi o kēlā me kēia lā, i kekahi manawa no ka hana mele home (nā leo leo "Songs of Love", "Hungarian Dances", waltzes no ka piano. , etc.). Eia kekahi, i ka hana ʻana ma nā ʻano ʻelua, ʻaʻole hoʻololi ka mea haku mele i kāna ʻano hana, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kāna akamai contrapuntal kupaianaha i nā hana kaulana a me ka nalowale ʻole o ka maʻalahi a me ke aloha i nā symphonies.
Hōʻike ʻia ka laulā o ka manaʻo noʻonoʻo a me ka noʻonoʻo a Brahms e kahi ʻano like ʻole i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia noʻonoʻo. No laila, kokoke i ka manawa like, ua kākau ʻo ia i ʻelua serenades orchestral o ka haku mele like ʻole (1858 a me 1860), ʻelua quartets piano (op. 25 a me 26, 1861), ʻelua quartets string (op. 51, 1873); ma hope koke iho o ka pau ʻana o ka Requiem i lawe ʻia no "Songs of Love" (1868-1869); me ka "Festive" hana i ka "Tragic Overture" (1880-1881); ʻO ka mua, "pathetic" symphony e pili ana i ka lua, "pastoral" (1876-1878); ʻO ke kolu, "heroic" - me ka hā, "tragic" (1883-1885) (No ka huki ʻana i ka manaʻo i nā ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka ʻike o nā symphonies Brahms, hōʻike ʻia ko lākou mau inoa kūlana ma aneʻi.). I ke kauwela o ka makahiki 1886, ʻo ia mau hana like ʻole o ke ʻano keʻena e like me ka Second Cello Sonata (op. 99), ka māmā, idyllic in mood Second Violin Sonata (op. 100), the epic Third Piano Trio (op. 101) and passionately excited, pathetic Third Violin Sonata (op. 108).
I ka hopena o kona ola ʻana - ua make ʻo Brahms i ka lā 3 ʻApelila 1897 - nāwaliwali kāna hana hana. Ua hāpai ʻo ia i kahi symphony a me kekahi mau mele nui ʻē aʻe, akā ʻo nā ʻāpana keʻena a me nā mele wale nō i lawe ʻia. ʻAʻole wale ka laulā o nā ʻano ʻano i hōʻemi ʻia, ka laulā o nā kiʻi i hōʻemi ʻia. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻole i kēia hōʻike o ka luhi hana o kahi kanaka mehameha, hoka i ka hakakā ʻana o ke ola. ʻO ka maʻi ʻehaʻeha i lawe mai iā ia i ka lua kupapaʻu (ka maʻi maʻi ate) kekahi hopena. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻailona ʻia kēia mau makahiki hope e ka hana ʻana i nā mele ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ke kanaka, e hoʻonani ana i nā moʻomeheu kiʻekiʻe. Ua lawa ka helu ʻana i mau laʻana i ka piano intermezzos (op. 116-119), the clarinet quintet (op. 115), or the Four Strict Melodies (op. 121). A ua hopu ʻo Brahms i kona aloha pau ʻole no ka hana kiʻi kanaka i loko o kahi hōʻiliʻili maikaʻi o nā mele Kelemania he kanahākūmāiwa no ka leo a me ka piano.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano
ʻO Brahms ka ʻelele nui hope loa o nā mele Kelemania o ke kenekulia XNUMX, nāna i hoʻomohala i nā moʻomeheu ideological a me nā hana kiʻi o ka moʻomeheu aupuni holomua. ʻO kāna hana, ʻaʻole naʻe me ke kūʻē ʻole, no ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaopopo i nā mea paʻakikī o ka wā hou, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i komo i ka hakakā socio-political. Akā ʻaʻole ʻo Brahms i kumakaia i nā manaʻo kanaka kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole i kuʻikahi me ka manaʻo bourgeois, hōʻole i nā mea wahaheʻe āpau, transient i ka moʻomeheu a me ka hana.
Ua hana ʻo Brahms i kāna ʻano hana hoʻomohala kumu. Hōʻailona ʻia kāna ʻōlelo mele e nā ʻano pākahi. ʻO ka mea maʻamau iā ia nā leo kani e pili ana i nā mele poʻomanaʻo Kelemania, e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā kumumanaʻo, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mele e like me nā leo triad, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka plagal i nā papa mele kahiko. A he kuleana nui ka plagality i ka lokahi; pinepine, hoʻohana ʻia ka subdominant liʻiliʻi ma ka mea nui, a me ka mea nui ma ka mea ʻuʻuku. Hōʻike ʻia nā hana a Brahms e ke kumu maoli. ʻO ka "flickering" o ka mea nui - ka mea liʻiliʻi he hiʻohiʻona iā ia. No laila, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ke kumu mele nui o Brahms e ka papahana aʻe (ʻo ka papahana mua ke ʻano o ke kumumanaʻo o ka ʻāpana nui o ka First Symphony, ʻo ka lua - he kumuhana like o ka Third Symphony):
ʻO ka lakio i hāʻawi ʻia o ka hapakolu a me ke ono i ke ʻano o ke mele, a me nā ʻenehana o ke kolu a i ʻole ke ono o ka pālua ʻana, he punahele na Brahms. Ma keʻano laulā, ua hōʻike ʻia e ka manaʻo nui i ke kolu o ka degere, ka mea maʻalahi loa i ke kala ʻana o ke ʻano modal. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka modulation i manaʻo ʻole ʻia, ke ʻano o ke ʻano, ke ʻano nui-liʻiliʻi, ka melodic a me ka harmonic major - hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau mea e hōʻike i ka ʻokoʻa, ka waiwai o nā aka o ka ʻike. ʻO nā puʻupuʻu paʻakikī, ka hui pū ʻana o nā mika like a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā triplets, dotted rhythm, syncopation i kahi laina melodic maʻalahi e lawelawe pū i kēia.
ʻAʻole like me nā mele leo pōʻai, wehe pinepine ʻia nā kumuhana mea kani a Brahms, a he mea paʻakikī iā lākou ke hoʻopaʻanaʻau a ʻike. ʻO ia ʻano manaʻo e "wehe" i nā palena kumuhana ma muli o ka makemake e hoʻopiha i nā mele me ka hoʻomohala ʻana e like me ka hiki. (Ua makemake ʻo Taneyev i kēia.). Ua ʻike pololei ʻo BV Asafiev ʻo Brahms i loko o nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi "ma nā wahi āpau e manaʻo ai kekahi. ulu ana".
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana o Brahms i nā loina o ka hoʻohua ʻana i hōʻailona ʻia e kahi kumu kūikawā. Ua ʻike maikaʻi ʻo ia i ka ʻike nui i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka moʻomeheu mele ʻEulopa, a me nā hoʻolālā hoʻolālā hou, ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka wā kahiko, me he mea lā, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia: ʻo ia ke ʻano sonata kahiko, ke ʻano hoʻololi, basso ostinato techniques. ; ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i kahi hōʻike pālua i ka ʻaha mele, hoʻohana i nā loina o ka concerto grosso. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia kēia no ka stylization, ʻaʻole no ka mahalo aesthetic o nā ʻano kahiko: ʻo ka hoʻohana piha ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻohālike i hoʻokumu ʻia he ʻano hohonu loa.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻelele o ka ʻano Liszt-Wagner, makemake ʻo Brahms e hōʻoia i ka hiki ka wa kahiko haku mele e hoʻoili kēia ke kūkulu ʻana i nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo, a ma ke ʻano, me kāna ʻano hana, ua hōʻoia ʻo ia i kēia. Eia kekahi, ua noʻonoʻo ʻo ia i ke ʻano waiwai nui a koʻikoʻi o ka hōʻike ʻana, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke mele kahiko, ma ke ʻano he mea hana e hakakā ai i ka palaho o ke ʻano, arbitrariness artistic. He hoa paio o ka subjectivism ma ke kii, ua pale aku o Brahms i na kauoha o ka hana kahiko. Ua huli mai no hoi oia ia lakou, no ka mea, ua imi oia e kaohi i ka puka kaulike ole o kona noonoo ponoi, ka mea i hoonaukiuki i kona mau manao hoohoihoi, hopohopo, hoomaha ole. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i kūleʻa mau i kēia, i kekahi manawa ua kū mai nā pilikia nui i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hoʻolālā nui. Ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o Brahms i ka unuhi ʻana i nā ʻano kahiko a me nā loina o ka hoʻomohala ʻana. Ua lawe mai ʻo ia i nā mea hou he nui.
ʻO ka waiwai nui kāna mau hana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā loina variational o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, i hui pū ʻia me nā kumu sonata. Ma muli o Beethoven (e ʻike i kāna mau ʻano like ʻole 32 no ka piano a i ʻole ka hopena o ka Ninth Symphony), ua hoʻokō ʻo Brahms i kāna mau kaʻa i kahi ʻokoʻa, akā noʻonoʻo, "ma o" dramaturgy. ʻO nā hōʻike o kēia ʻo nā ʻokoʻa ma kahi kumumanaʻo na Handel, ma kahi kumumanaʻo na Haydn, a i ʻole ka passacaglia nani o ka Fourth Symphony.
I ka unuhi ʻana i ke ʻano sonata, hāʻawi pū ʻo Brahms i nā hoʻonā pākahi: ua hoʻohui ʻo ia i ke kūʻokoʻa o ka haʻi ʻōlelo me ka loina kahiko o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ka hauʻoli aloha me kahi ʻano kūpono o ka manaʻo. ʻO ka nui o nā kiʻi i loko o ke ʻano o ka ʻike dramatic kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā mele Brahms. No laila, no ka laʻana, ʻelima mau kumuhana i loko o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka hapa mua o ka quintet piano, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka hopena o ka Third Symphony he ʻekolu mau kumuhana like ʻole, ʻelua mau kumuhana ʻaoʻao ma ka hapa mua o ka Fourth Symphony, etc. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia mau kiʻi, i hoʻohālikelike pinepine ʻia e nā pilina modal (no ka laʻana, ma ka hapa mua o ka First Symphony, hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao ma Es-dur, a ʻo ka hapa hope ma es-moll; ma ka ʻāpana analog ʻO ka Symphony ʻekolu, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻāpana like A-dur – a-moll; i ka hope o ka inoa symphony – C-dur – c -moll, etc.).
Ua nānā nui ʻo Brahms i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kiʻi o ka pāʻina nui. Hoʻopuka pinepine ʻia kāna mau kumuhana i ka neʻe ʻana me ka ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana a ma ke kī like, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ke ʻano rondo sonata. Hōʻike pū ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona ballad o nā mele Brahms i kēia. Kūʻē nui ka pāʻina nui i ka hopena hope (i kekahi manawa e pili ana), i hāʻawi ʻia me kahi puʻupuʻu ikaika, ka hele ʻana, nā huli haʻaheo pinepine i huki ʻia mai ka moʻolelo Hungarian (e ʻike i nā ʻāpana mua o ka First and Fourth Symphonies, the Violin and Second Piano Concertos a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). ʻO nā ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao, e pili ana i nā intonation a me nā ʻano o nā mele Viennese i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻaʻole i hoʻopau ʻia a ʻaʻole lilo i mau kikowaena lyrical o ka neʻe. Akā he kumu kūpono lākou i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a hoʻololi pinepine i ka hoʻomohala ʻana. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka mea hope i ka pōkole a me ka ikaika, ʻoiai ua hoʻokomo mua ʻia nā mea hoʻomohala i loko o ka exposition.
He haku maikaʻi loa ʻo Brahms i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka manaʻo, o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kiʻi o nā ʻano like ʻole i ka hoʻomohala hoʻokahi. Ua kōkua ʻia kēia e nā pilina motivic multilaterally, ka hoʻohana ʻana i kā lākou hoʻololi ʻana, a me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā ʻenehana contrapuntal. No laila, ua kūleʻa loa ʻo ia i ka hoʻi ʻana i ke kumu hoʻomaka o ka moʻolelo - ʻoiai i loko o ke ʻano o kahi ʻano tripartite maʻalahi. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia i ka sonata allegro i ka wā e hoʻokokoke ai i ka reprise. Eia kekahi, i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka pāʻani, makemake ʻo Brahms, e like me Tchaikovsky, e hoʻololi i nā palena o ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka reprise, i kekahi manawa e alakaʻi i ka hōʻole ʻana i ka hana piha o ka hapa nui. ʻO ke kūpono, ʻo ke koʻikoʻi o ke code e like me ka manawa o ka haʻalulu kiʻekiʻe i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻāpana. Loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona kupaianaha o kēia ma nā neʻe mua o nā Symphonies ʻekolu a me ʻEhā.
He haku ʻo Brahms i ka hana keaka mele. Ma loko o nā palena o hoʻokahi ʻāpana, a i loko o ka pōʻaiapuni instrumental holoʻokoʻa, hāʻawi ʻo ia i kahi ʻōlelo kūlike o kahi manaʻo hoʻokahi, akā, e kālele ana i nā manaʻo āpau ma luna. i loko ka manaʻo o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke mele, mālama ʻole ʻia waho hōʻike kalakala o ka manaʻo. ʻO ia ka manaʻo o Brahms i ka pilikia o ka virtuosity; ʻO ia kāna wehewehe ʻana i nā mea hiki i nā mea hoʻokani pila, ka orchestra. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hoʻohana i nā hopena orchestral maʻemaʻe a, i kāna predilection no nā harmonies piha a me ka mānoanoa, pālua i nā ʻāpana, nā leo i hui pū ʻia, ʻaʻole i hoʻoikaika no ko lākou pilikino a kūʻē. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā e pono ai ka ʻike o ka mele, ua ʻike ʻo Brahms i ka ʻono ʻokoʻa e pono ai (e nānā i nā laʻana ma luna). I loko o ia kaohi ʻana, hōʻike ʻia kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona nui o kāna ʻano hana hana, kahi i hōʻike ʻia e kahi kaohi hanohano o ka ʻōlelo.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Brahms: "ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke kākau hou e like me Mozart, e hoʻāʻo mākou e kākau ma kahi liʻiliʻi e like me ia." ʻAʻole ia e pili ana i ka ʻenehana wale nō, akā e pili ana hoʻi i ka ʻike o ke mele a Mozart, kona nani etika. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Brahms i nā mele i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o Mozart, e noʻonoʻo ana i ka paʻakikī a me ka like ʻole o kona manawa, akā ua hahai ʻo ia i kēia ʻōlelo, no ka mea, ʻo ka makemake i nā manaʻo kūpono kiʻekiʻe, kahi manaʻo o ke kuleana hohonu no nā mea a pau āna i hana ai i hōʻailona i ke ola hana o Johannes Brahms.
M. Druskin
- Hoʻokumu leo o Brahms →
- Chamber-instrumental creativity o Brahms →
- Nā hana symphonic a Brahms →
Hana piano a Brahms →
Papa inoa o nā hana a Brahms →
