Dmitry Stepanovich Bortnyansky (Dmitry Bortnyansky) |
ʻO Dmitry Bortnyansky
… Ua kakau oe i na himeni kamahao A, i ka noonoo ana i ke ao o ka pomaikai, Ua kakau mai oia ia makou ma na leo… Agafangel. I ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana iā Bortnyansky
ʻO D. Bortnyansky kekahi o nā ʻelele akamai loa o ka moʻomeheu mele Lūkini o ka wā ma mua o Glinka, ka mea i lanakila i ke aloha ʻoiaʻiʻo o kona mau hoa ʻāina ma ke ʻano he haku mele, a ʻo kāna mau hana, ʻoi aku ka choral, ua hauʻoli i ka kaulana kaulana, a me ke ʻano he kūlana koʻikoʻi. , kanaka kālele nui me ka hoʻohiwahiwa kanaka. Ua kapa ʻia ka haku mele ʻo "Orpheus of the Neva River". Nui a ʻano like ʻole kāna hoʻoilina hoʻokumu. Loaʻa iā ia ma kahi o 200 mau poʻo inoa - 6 mau keaka, ʻoi aku ma mua o 100 mau mele mele, nā keʻena he nui a me nā mele mele, nā mele. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke mele a Bortnyansky e ka ʻono noʻonoʻo maikaʻi ʻole, kaohi, ka hanohano, ka moʻokalaleo maʻamau, a me ka ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe i hoʻomohala ʻia e ke aʻo ʻana i nā mele ʻEulopa hou. Ua kākau ʻo A. Serov ka mea kākau mele a me ka haku mele ʻo Rūsia "ua aʻo ʻo Bortnyansky i nā hiʻohiʻona like me Mozart, a ua hoʻohālike nui iā Mozart iā ia iho." Eia nō naʻe, i ka manawa like, ʻo ka ʻōlelo mele o Bortnyansky he lāhui, maopopo loa he kumu mele-romance, intonations o Ukrainian urban melos. A ʻaʻole kēia he mea kupanaha. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻo Bortnyansky ka Ukrainian ma ke kumu.
ʻO ka'ōpio o Bortnyansky i hui pū me ka manawa o ka piʻiʻana o ka lehulehu i ka manawa o 60-70s. Ua hoʻāla ʻo XNUMXth kenekulia i nā mana hoʻomohala aupuni. ʻO ia ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai kahi kula haku mele ʻoihana ma Rusia.
Ma ka nānā 'ana i kona 'ike mele 'ano 'ē, ua ho'ouna 'ia 'o Bortnyansky i ka 'eono o kona mau makahiki i ke Kula Himeni, a ma hope o 2 makahiki, ua ho'ouna 'ia 'o ia i St. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi mai ka wā kamaliʻi i makemake i kahi keikikāne maikaʻi maikaʻi. Ua lilo ʻo ia i mea punahele na ka Empress, a me nā mea mele ʻē aʻe i komo i nā ʻaha leʻaleʻa, nā hana hoʻokolokolo, nā hale pule, aʻo i nā ʻōlelo haole, hana. Ua aʻo ka luna o ka papa mele M. Poltoratsky i ke mele me ia, a ʻo ka haku mele Italia ʻo B. Galuppi - haku mele. Ma kāna ʻōlelo paipai, i ka makahiki 1768, ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo Bortnyansky i Italia, kahi āna i noho ai no 10 mau makahiki. Ma ʻaneʻi ʻo ia i aʻo ai i ka mele a A. Scarlatti, GF Handel, N. Iommelli, nā hana a nā polyphonists o ke kula Venetian, a ua hana ʻo ia i kahi hoʻomaka kūleʻa ma ke ʻano he haku mele. Ma Italia, ua hanaʻia ka "German Mass", he mea hoihoi ia i ka hoʻokomoʻana o Bortnyansky i nā mele kahiko Orthodox i kekahi mau mele, e hoʻomohala ana iā lākou ma keʻano o ka Europa; a me 3 opera seria: Creon (1776), Alcides, Quintus Fabius (ʻelua - 1778).
I ka makahiki 1779 ua hoʻi ʻo Bortnyansky i St. Petersburg. ʻO kāna mau haku mele, i hāʻawi ʻia iā Catherine II, he kūleʻa maikaʻi loa ia, ʻoiai ma ke ʻano kūpono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua hoʻohanohano ʻia ka empress e ka anti-musicality liʻiliʻi a hoʻomaikaʻi wale ʻia ma ka paipai ʻana. Akā naʻe, ua aloha ʻia ʻo Bortnyansky, ua loaʻa iā ia ka uku a me ke kūlana o ka bandmaster o ka Aha Hoʻokolokolo Singing Chapel i ka makahiki 1783, ma ka haʻalele ʻana o J. Paisiello mai Rusia, ua lilo ʻo ia i alakaʻi o ka "ʻaha liʻiliʻi" ma Pavlovsk ma lalo o ka hoʻoilina ʻo Pavel a me kāna. wahine.
ʻO ia ʻano hana like ʻole i hoʻoulu i ka haku mele ma nā ʻano ʻano he nui. Hoʻokumu ʻo Bortnyansky i kahi helu nui o nā ʻaha mele, kākau i nā mele mea kani - clavier sonatas, keʻena hana, haku i nā romances ma nā kikokikona Farani, a mai ka waena o 80s, i ka manawa i makemake ai ka ʻaha Pavlovsk i ka hale keaka, hana ʻo ia i ʻekolu mau mele mele: Seigneur's Feast” (1786) , “Falcon” (1786), “Rival Son” (1787). "ʻO ka nani o kēia mau keaka a Bortnyansky, i kākau ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo Palani, aia i loko o kahi hui maikaʻi ʻole o nā huaʻōlelo Italia hanohano me ka leʻaleʻa o ka aloha Farani a me ka ʻoi o ka frivolity o ka hui" (B. Asafiev).
He kanaka hoʻonaʻauao maʻamau, ua ʻoluʻolu ʻo Bortnyansky i nā ahiahi palapala i mālama ʻia ma Pavlovsk; ma hope, i ka makahiki 1811-16. - hele i nā hālāwai o "Nā kamaʻilio o nā mea aloha i ka huaʻōlelo Lūkini", i alakaʻi ʻia e G. Derzhavin a me A. Shishkov, i hui pū me P. Vyazemsky a me V. Zhukovsky. Ma nā pauku o ka hope, ua kākau ʻo ia i ka mele mele kaulana "A Singer in the Camp of Russian Warriors" (1812). Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ua hauʻoli ʻo Bortnyansky i ka haku mele melemele, melemele, hiki ke loaʻa, me ka hāʻule ʻole i ka banality.
I ka makahiki 1796, ua koho ʻia ʻo Bortnyansky i luna a laila hoʻokele o ka Court Singing Chapel a noho ma kēia pou a hiki i ka hopena o kona mau lā. Ma kona kūlana hou, ua lawe ikaika ʻo ia i ka hoʻokō ʻana i kāna mau manaʻo noʻeau a me ka hoʻonaʻauao. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻo ia i ke kūlana o ka poʻe hīmeni, hoʻolauna i nā ʻahamele lehulehu i ka Pōʻaono ma ka hale pule, a hoʻomākaukau i ka papa hīmeni e komo i nā ʻahamele. Philharmonic Society, e hoʻomaka ana i kēia haʻawina me ka hana ʻana o J. Haydn's oratorio "The Creation of the World" a hoʻopau iā ia i ka makahiki 1824 me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka "Solemn Mass" a L. Beethoven. No kāna mau lawelawe i ka makahiki 1815, ua koho ʻia ʻo Bortnyansky i lālā hanohano o ka Philharmonic Society. Hōʻike ʻia kona kūlana kiʻekiʻe e ke kānāwai i hāpai ʻia i ka makahiki 1816, e like me nā hana a Bortnyansky iā ia iho, a i ʻole nā mele i loaʻa i kāna ʻae ʻia, ua ʻae ʻia e hana ʻia ma ka hale pule.
Ma kāna hana, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka 90s, ua hoʻokau ʻo Bortnyansky i kona nānā ʻana i nā mele kapu, i waena o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻaha mele mele. He cyclic lākou, ka hapa nui o nā haku mele ʻehā. ʻO kekahi o lākou he koʻikoʻi, ʻoliʻoli i ke ʻano, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hiʻohiʻona o Bortnyansky he concerto, ʻike ʻia e ka lyricism, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻuhane kūikawā, a me ka sublimity. Wahi a Academician Asafiev, i loko o nā mele mele a Bortnyansky "he ʻano like ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o Rūsia i kēlā manawa: mai nā ʻano hoʻonaninani o ka baroque a hiki i ka ʻoi aku ka ikaika a me ke kāohi - i ka classicism."
I nā ʻaha mele mele, hele pinepine ʻo Bortnyansky ma mua o nā palena i kuhikuhi ʻia e nā lula pule. I loko o ia mau mea, hiki iā ʻoe ke lohe i ka hele ʻana, nā mele hula, ka mana o nā mele opera, a ma nā ʻāpana lohi, i kekahi manawa ke ʻano like me ke ʻano o ka lyrical "Rusia mele". Ua kaulana nā mele kapu o Bortnyansky i ka wā o ke ola o ka haku mele a ma hope o kona make ʻana. Ua unuhi ʻia ia no ka piano, harp, unuhi ʻia i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana notation mele kikohoʻe no ka poʻe makapō, a paʻi mau ʻia. Eia naʻe, ma waena o nā mea hoʻokani pila o ka XIX century. ʻaʻohe lokahi o kāna loiloi. Aia kekahi manaʻo e pili ana i kona ʻono, a ua poina loa nā mea kani a me nā haku mele a Bortnyansky. I ko mākou manawa wale nō, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻi hou ka mele o kēia haku mele i ka mea hoʻolohe, kani ʻia i loko o nā hale opera, nā hale ʻaha mele, e hōʻike mai ana iā mākou i ke ʻano maoli o ke kālena o ka haku mele kaulana ʻo Rūsia. kenekulia ʻumikūmālua.
O. Averyanova
