Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin |

ʻO Alexander Borodin

ʻO ka mele a Borodin ... hoʻohauʻoli i ka manaʻo o ka ikaika, vivacity, light; he hanu nui kona, ākea, ākea, ākea; Loaʻa iā ia kahi manaʻo olakino maikaʻi o ke ola, hauʻoli mai ka ʻike āu e noho nei. B. Asafiev

ʻO A. Borodin kekahi o nā ʻelele kupaianaha o ka moʻomeheu Lūkini o ka hapalua ʻelua o ke kenekulia XNUMX: he mea haku mele maikaʻi, he chemist koʻikoʻi, he kanaka lehulehu, he kumu, he alakaʻi, he mele mele, ua hōʻike pū ʻo ia i kahi moʻolelo koʻikoʻi. kālena. Eia naʻe, ua komo ʻo Borodin i ka mōʻaukala o ka moʻomeheu honua ma ke ʻano he haku mele. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hana i nā hana he nui, akā ua ʻike ʻia lākou e ka hohonu a me ka waiwai o ka ʻike, nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou e pili ana i ka epic Russian, me ka moʻolelo o nā hana koa o nā kānaka. Loaʻa iā Borodin nā ʻaoʻao o ka puʻuwai, nā mele ʻoiaʻiʻo, nā ʻakaʻaka a me nā ʻakaʻaka haʻahaʻa ʻaʻole ia he malihini iā ​​ia. ʻIke ʻia ke ʻano mele o ka mea haku mele e ka laulā ākea o ka moʻolelo, me ka leo (ua hiki iā Borodin ke haku i ke ʻano mele mele), nā ʻano like ʻole, a me ka manaʻo ikaika. Ke hoʻomau nei i nā kuʻuna a M Glinka, ʻo ia hoʻi kāna opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila", ua hana ʻo Borodin i ka symphony epic Russian, a ua ʻae pū i ke ʻano o ka opera epic Russian.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Borodin mai ka male ʻole ʻana o Prince L. Gedianov a me ka bourgeois Lūkini ʻo A. Antonova. Ua loaʻa iā ia kona inoa a me ka patronymic mai ke kanaka pā hale ʻo Gedianov - Porfiry Ivanovich Borodin, nona kāna keiki i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.

Mahalo i ka noʻonoʻo a me ka ikaika o kona makuahine, ua loaʻa i ke keikikāne kahi hoʻonaʻauao maikaʻi loa ma ka home a i ka wā kamaliʻi ua hōʻike ʻo ia i nā mana ākea. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kāna mele. Ua aʻo ʻo ia e hoʻokani i ka ʻohe, piano, cello, hoʻolohe me ka hoihoi i nā hana symphonic, aʻo kūʻokoʻa i nā palapala mele mele kahiko, ua hoʻokani hou i nā symphonies āpau a L. Beethoven, I. Haydn, F. Mendelssohn me kāna hoa ʻo Misha Shchiglev. Ua hōʻike pū ʻo ia i ke kālena no ka haku mele mua ʻana. ʻO kāna mau hoʻokolohua mua ʻo ia ka polka "Helene" no ka piano, ka Flute Concerto, ka Trio no ʻelua violins a me cello ma nā kumuhana mai ka opera "Robert the Devil" na J. Meyerbeer (4). I nā makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Borodin i ka makemake no ka kemika. Ma ka haʻiʻana iā V. Stasov e pili ana i kona pilina me Sasha Borodin, ua hoʻomanaʻoʻo M. Shchiglev "ʻaʻole wale i kona lumi pono'ī, akā, kokoke i ka piha piha o ke keʻena holoʻokoʻa i nā ipu, nā pane a me nāʻano lāʻau kemika. Ma nā wahi a pau ma nā puka makani e kū ana nā ipu me nā ʻano hoʻonā crystalline. Ua'ike nā'ohana mai ka wā kamali'i, ua hana mau'o Sasha i kekahi mea.

I ka makahiki 1850, ua holo pono ʻo Borodin i ka hoʻokolokolo no ka Medico-Surgical (mai ka makahiki 1881 Military Medical) Academy ma St. ʻO ke kamaʻilio ʻana me ka mea ʻepekema Lūkini koʻikoʻi ʻo N. Zinin, nāna i aʻo maikaʻi i kahi papa ma ke kemika ma ke kula, alakaʻi i nā papa hana pilikino i loko o ke keʻena hana a ʻike i kāna mea pani i ke kanaka ʻōpio akamai, he mana nui i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke ʻano o Borodin. Ua makemake nui ʻo Sasha i ka palapala, makemake nui ʻo ia i nā hana a A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, N. Gogol, nā hana a V. Belinsky, heluhelu i nā ʻatikala philosophical ma nā nūpepa. Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia ka manawa kūʻokoʻa mai ke kula kula i ke mele. Ua hele pinepine ʻo Borodin i nā hālāwai mele, kahi i hoʻokani ʻia ai nā mele aloha na A. Gurilev, A. Varlamov, K. Vilboa, nā mele mele Lūkini, arias mai ia manawa i hoʻokani ʻia nā keaka ʻItalia; ua kipa mau ʻo ia i nā ahiahi quartet me ka mea hoʻokani pila ʻo I. Gavrushkevich, e komo pinepine ana ma ke ʻano he cellist i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā mele instrumental chamber. I nā makahiki hoʻokahi, ua kamaʻāina ʻo ia i nā hana a Glinka. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻopio ʻia ke kanaka ʻōpio, a mai ia manawa ua lilo ʻo ia i mea mahalo a hahai i ka haku mele nui. Hoʻoikaika kēia mau mea iā ia e noʻonoʻo. Hana nui ʻo Borodin iā ia iho e haku i ke ʻano o ka haku mele, kākau i nā haku mele i ka ʻuhane o ke aloha o ke kūlanakauhale i kēlā me kēia lā ("He aha ʻoe i ke kakahiaka nui, kakahiaka"; "E hoʻolohe, e nā hoaaloha, i kaʻu mele"; "Ua hāʻule ke kaikamahine nani aloha"), a me kekahi mau trios no elua violins a me cello (me ka ma luna o ke kumuhana o ka Russian poe mele "Pehea wau i hoʻonāukiuki 'oe"), string Quintet, etc. ʻO nā mele o ʻEulopa Komohana, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Mendelssohn, ʻike mau ʻia. I ka makahiki 1856, ua hala ʻo Borodin i kāna mau hoʻokolohua hope loa me nā waihoʻoluʻu lele, a no ka holo ʻana i ka hana lapaʻau koi ʻia ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he intern i ka Halemaʻi ʻĀina Koa ʻElua; i ka makahiki 1858, ua pale maikaʻi ʻo ia i kāna ʻatikala no ke kēkelē kauka o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, a hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo ia e ke kula no ka holomua ʻepekema.

Noho ʻo Borodin ma Heidelberg, kahi i ʻākoakoa ai nā ʻepekema ʻōpio Lūkini he nui o nā ʻano loea like ʻole, ma waena o lākou ʻo D. Mendeleev, I. Sechenov, E. Junge, A. Maikov, S. Eshevsky a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i lilo i mau hoaaloha no Borodin i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo " Heidelberg Circle. ʻO ka hui ʻana, ʻaʻole lākou i kūkākūkā i nā pilikia ʻepekema wale nō, akā i nā pilikia o ke ola socio-political, nā nūhou o ka palapala a me nā kiʻi; Ua heluheluʻiaʻo Kolokol a me Sovremennik maʻaneʻi, ua loheʻia nā manaʻo o A. Herzen, N. Chernyshevsky, V. Belinsky, N. Dobrolyubov.

Hana ikaika ʻo Borodin i ka ʻepekema. I loko o 3 mau makahiki o kona noho ʻana ma ka ʻāina ʻē, ua hana ʻo ia i 8 mau hana kemika maoli, kahi i kaulana nui ai. Hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā manawa āpau e huakaʻi a puni ʻEulopa. Ua ʻike ka ʻepekema ʻōpio i ke ola a me ka moʻomeheu o nā kānaka o Kelemania, Italia, Farani a me Switzerland. Akā, ua hele mau ke mele me ia. Ua hoʻokani mau ʻo ia i nā mele ma nā pōʻai home a ʻaʻole i haʻalele i ka manawa e hele ai i nā ʻaha mele symphony, nā hale opera, no laila ua kamaʻāina ʻo ia me nā hana he nui e nā haku haku mele o Western European - KM Weber, R. Wagner, F. Liszt, G. Berlioz. Ma 1861, ma Heidelberg, hui ʻo Borodin i kāna wahine i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻo E. Protopopova, he mea hoʻokani piano akamai a me ka connoisseur o nā mele mele Lūkini, nāna i hoʻolaha nui i nā mele a F. Chopin lāua ʻo R. Schumann. Hoʻoulu nā manaʻo mele hou i ka hana ʻana o Borodin, kōkua iā ia e hoʻomaopopo iā ia iho he haku mele Lūkini. Ke ʻimi mau nei ʻo ia i kāna mau ala ponoʻī, kāna mau kiʻi a me nā mea hoʻokani mele i ke mele, haku mele ʻana i nā ensembles chamber-instrumental. ʻO ka mea maikaʻi loa o lākou - ʻo ka piano Quintet ma C minor (1862) - hiki i kekahi ke manaʻo i ka mana epic a me ka melodiousness, a me ka ʻoniʻoni aupuni. ʻO kēia hana, me he mea lā, e hōʻuluʻulu i ka hoʻomohala kiʻi mua o Borodin.

I ka hāʻule o ka makahiki 1862, ua hoʻi ʻo ia i Rusia, ua koho ʻia ʻo ia i polopeka ma ka Medico-Surgical Academy, kahi āna i aʻo ai a alakaʻi i nā papa hana me nā haumāna a hiki i ka hopena o kona ola; mai ka makahiki 1863, ua aʻo ʻo ia no kekahi manawa ma ka Forest Academy. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i ka noiʻi kemika hou.

Ma hope koke iho o kona hoʻi ʻana i kona ʻāina hānau, ma ka hale o ke kumu kula ʻo S. Botkin, ua hui ʻo Borodin iā M. Balakirev, ʻo ia, me kona ʻike hiʻohiʻona, mahalo koke ʻo ia i ke kālena haku mele a Borodin a haʻi aku i ka ʻepekema ʻōpio ʻo ke mele kāna ʻoihana maoli. ʻO Borodin kekahi lālā o ka pōʻai, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma waho aʻe o Balakirev, ua komo pū ʻo C. Cui, M. Mussorgsky, N. Rimsky-Korsakov a me ka mea kākau kiʻi V. Stasov. No laila, ua hoʻopauʻia ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o ka hui kaiaulu o nā haku mele Lūkini, iʻikeʻia ma ka moʻolelo mele ma lalo o ka inoa "The Mighty Handful". Ma lalo o ke alakaʻi a Balakirev, hoʻomaka ʻo Borodin e hana i ka Symphony Mua. Hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 1867, ua hana maikaʻi ʻia ma Ianuali 4, 1869 ma ka ʻaha mele RMS ma St. Petersburg i alakaʻi ʻia e Balakirev. Ma kēia hana, ua hoʻoholo hope ʻia ke kiʻi hoʻomohala o Borodin - kahi ʻano heroic, ikehu, kūlike o ke ʻano o ke ʻano, ka mālamalama, ka hou o nā mele, ka momona o nā kala, ke ʻano o nā kiʻi. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o kēia symphony i hōʻailona i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ka haku mele a me ka hānau ʻana o kahi ʻano hou i nā mele symphonic Russian.

Ma ka hapa lua o ka 60s. Hoʻokumu ʻo Borodin i kekahi mau romances ʻokoʻa loa i ke kumuhana a me ke ʻano o ke ʻano mele - "The Sleeping Princess", "Song of the Dark Forest", "The Sea Princess", "False Note", "My Songs Are Full of Poison", "Ke kai". Ua kākau ʻia ka hapa nui o lākou i kā lākou kikokikona ponoʻī.

I ka hopena o nā makahiki 60. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Borodin e haku i ka Second Symphony a me ka opera Prince Igor. Hāʻawi ʻo Stasov iā Borodin i kahi kia hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi o nā palapala Lūkini kahiko, The Tale of Igor's Campaign, ma ke ʻano o ka opera. “Aloha nui au i kēia moʻolelo. Aia wale nō i loko o ko mākou mana? .. "E ho'āʻo wau," wahi a Borodin iā Stasov. ʻO ka manaʻo aloha ʻāina o ka Lay a me kona ʻuhane lāhui i pili loa iā Borodin. Ua kūlike ka manaʻo o ka opera i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o kāna talena, kāna makemake no ka laulā ākea, nā kiʻi epic a me kona hoihoi i ka Hikina. Ua hana ʻia ka opera ma luna o nā mea mōʻaukala maoli, a he mea nui loa ia no Borodin e hoʻokō i ka hana ʻana i nā mea ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. Ua aʻo ʻo ia i nā kumu he nui e pili ana i ka "Word" a me kēlā au. He mau moʻolelo kēia, a me nā moʻolelo mōʻaukala, nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka "Word", nā mele epic Russian, nā mele hikina. Ua kākau ʻo Borodin i ka libretto no ka opera ponoʻī.

Eia naʻe, ua holomua ka kākau ʻana. ʻO ke kumu nui ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana ʻepekema, aʻoaʻo a me ka pilikanaka. ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea hoʻomaka a me nā mea hoʻokumu o ka Russian Chemical Society, i hana i ka Society of Russian Doctors, i ka Society for the Protection of Public Health, i komo i loko o ka paʻi ʻana o ka makasina "Knowledge", he lālā o nā alakaʻi. ka RMO, i komo i ka hana o ka St. Medical-Surgical Academy haumāna himeni a me ka orchestra.

I ka makahiki 1872, ua wehe ʻia nā Papa Lapaʻau wahine kiʻekiʻe ma St. Petersburg. ʻO Borodin kekahi o nā mea hoʻonohonoho a me nā kumu o kēia kula hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe mua no nā wahine, hāʻawi ʻo ia iā ia i ka manawa a me ka ikaika. ʻO ka haku mele o ka Symphonyʻelua i hoʻopau waleʻia i ka makahiki 1876. Ua hanaʻia ka symphony e like me ka opera "Prince Igor" a ua kokoke loa iā ia i loko o ka manaʻo ideological, keʻano o nā kiʻi mele. I ke mele o ka symphony, loaʻa ʻo Borodin i nā kala ʻulaʻula, ka ʻoniʻoni o nā kiʻi mele. Wahi a Stasov, makemake ʻo ia e kahakiʻi i kahi hōʻiliʻili o nā koa Lūkini i ka hola 1, ma Andante (3 hola) - ke kiʻi o Bayan, i ka hopena - ke kahua o ka ʻahaʻaina heroic. ʻO ka inoa "Bogatyrskaya", i hāʻawiʻia i ka symphony e Stasov, ua paʻa paʻa i loko. Ua hoʻokani mua ʻia ka symphony ma ka ʻaha mele RMS ma St. Petersburg ma Pepeluali 26, 1877, i alakaʻi ʻia e E. Napravnik.

I ka hopena o 70s - mua o 80s. Hoʻokumu ʻo Borodin i 2 string quartets, e lilo ana me P. Tchaikovsky, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke keʻena koʻikoʻi Lūkini. ʻO ka lua o ka Quartet ka mea kaulana loa, nona nā mele me ka ikaika a me ka makemake nui e hōʻike i ka honua waiwai o nā ʻike naʻau, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻaoʻao lyrical mālamalama o kā Borodin's talent.

Eia naʻe, ʻo ka opera ka mea nui i hopohopo. ʻOiai ua paʻa loa ʻo ia i nā ʻano hana like ʻole a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā manaʻo o nā haku mele ʻē aʻe, aia ʻo Prince Igor i ke kikowaena o nā makemake hana haku mele. I ka makahiki 70. ua hana ʻia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi, ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea i hana ʻia ma nā ʻaha mele o ke Kula Mele Kūʻokoʻa i alakaʻi ʻia e Rimsky-Korsakov a loaʻa kahi pane mehana mai ka lehulehu. ʻO ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā mele o nā hula Polovtsian me kahi mele, nā mele ("Glory", etc.), a me nā helu solo (mele a Vladimir Galitsky, Vladimir Igorevich's cavatina, Konchak's aria, Yaroslavna's Lament) i manaʻo nui. Nui nā mea i hoʻokō ʻia ma ka hopena o nā makahiki 70 a me nā makahiki 80 mua. Ke kakali nei nā hoaaloha i ka pau ʻana o ka hana ma ka opera a ua hana lākou i ka mea maikaʻi loa e hāʻawi i kēia.

I nā makahiki 80 mua. Ua kākau ʻo Borodin i kahi helu symphonic "In Central Asia", he mau helu hou no ka opera a me kekahi mau romances, i waena o ka elegy ma Art. A. Pushkin "No nā kahakai o ka ʻāina mamao." I nā makahiki hope loa o kona ola ʻana, ua hana ʻo ia ma ka Third Symphony (akā, ʻaʻole i pau), kākau ʻo ia i ka Petite Suite a me Scherzo no ka piano, a hoʻomau i ka hana ma ka opera.

Nā hoʻololi i ke kūlana socio-political ma Rūsia i nā makahiki 80. - ʻo ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hopena koʻikoʻi loa, ka hoʻomāinoino ʻana i ka moʻomeheu kiʻekiʻe, ka hoʻomāinoino ʻole o ka bureaucratic arbitrariness, ka pani ʻana o nā papa lapaʻau wahine - he hopena koʻikoʻi i ka mea haku mele. Ua lilo i mea paʻakikī loa ka hakakā ʻana i ka poʻe reactionaries ma ke kula, hoʻonui ka hana, a hoʻomaka ke olakino. ʻO Borodin a me ka make ʻana o nā poʻe kokoke iā ia, ʻo Zinin, Mussorgsky, ua paʻakikī. I ka manawa like, ʻo ke kamaʻilio ʻana me nā poʻe ʻōpio - nā haumāna a me nā hoahana - ua hauʻoli nui iā ia; Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka pōʻai o nā hoaaloha mele: hele ʻo ia me ka makemake i ka "Belyaev Fridays", e ʻike pono iā A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov a me nā mea hoʻokani mele ʻē aʻe. Ua hauʻoli nui ʻo ia i kāna mau hālāwai me F. Liszt (1877, 1881, 1885), nāna i mahalo nui i ka hana a Borodin a hoʻolaha i kāna mau hana.

Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 80. ke ulu nei ka kaulana o Borodin ka haku mele. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kāna mau hana a ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole ma Rūsia wale nō, akā ma nā ʻāina ʻē: ma Kelemānia, Austria, Farani, Norewai a me ʻAmelika. He lanakila lanakila kāna mau hana ma Belgium (1885, 1886). Ua lilo ʻo ia i mea haku mele kaulana a kaulana loa ma ʻEulopa i ka hopena o XNUMXth a me nā kenekulia XNUMXth mau makahiki.

Ma hope koke iho o ka make koke ʻana o Borodin, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Rimsky-Korsakov lāua ʻo Glazunov e hoʻomākaukau i kāna mau hana i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia no ka paʻi ʻana. Ua hoʻopau lākou i ka hana ma ka opera: Ua hana hou ʻo Glazunov i ka overture mai ka hoʻomanaʻo (e like me ka mea i hoʻolālā ʻia e Borodin) a haku i ke mele no Act III e pili ana i nā kiʻi a ka mea kākau, ua hoʻokani ʻo Rimsky-Korsakov i ka hapa nui o nā helu o ka opera. ʻOkakopa 23, 1890 Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Prince Igor ma ka hale keaka Mariinsky. Ua hoʻokipa maikaʻi ʻia ka hana ʻana mai ka lehulehu. "ʻO Opera Igor ma nā ʻano he kaikuahine maoli ʻo Glinka opera nui ʻo Ruslan," i kākau ai ʻo Stasov. - "he mana like ia o ka poetry epic, ka nui like o nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā kiʻi pena, ka pena like ʻole o nā kiʻi a me nā ʻano pilikino, ke ʻano like ʻole o nā hiʻohiʻona holoʻokoʻa a, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ia mau mele mele (Skula a me Eroshka) i ʻoi aku ma mua. ʻo Farlaf hoʻi ka hoʻohenehene” .

He hopena nui ka hana a Borodin i nā hanauna he nui o nā haku mele Lūkini a me nā haole (me Glazunov, Lyadov, S. Prokofiev, Yu. Shaporin, K. Debussy, M. Ravel, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). ʻO ia ka haʻaheo o nā mele kahiko Lūkini.

A. Kuznetsova

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