Charles Ives |

Charles Ives

Malia paha, inā nā mea hoʻokani pila o ke kenekulia XX. a ma ka pō o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua aʻo lākou aia ka mea haku mele ʻo C. Ives e noho ana i ʻAmelika a lohe i kāna mau hana, inā ua hana lākou iā lākou ma ke ʻano he ʻano hoʻokolohua, he hoihoi, a ʻaʻole paha lākou i ʻike iki: ʻo ia. nona iho a me ka lepo ana i ulu ai. Akā, ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike iā Ives - no ka manawa lōʻihi ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hana iki i mea e hoʻolaha ai i kāna mele. ʻO ka "ʻike" ʻo Ives i loaʻa wale i ka hopena o nā makahiki 30, i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai he nui (a, ʻokoʻa hoʻi, ʻokoʻa loa) nā ʻano hana mele hou loa i hoʻāʻo ʻia e kahi haku mele ʻAmelika i ka wā o A. Scriabin, C. Debussy a me G. Mahler. I ka manawa i kaulana ai ʻo Ives, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i haku mele no nā makahiki he nui, a no ka maʻi nui, ua ʻoki ʻo ia i ka pilina me ka honua o waho. "He pōʻino ʻAmelika" i kapa ʻia ka hopena o Ives kekahi o kona mau hoa. Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Ives i loko o ka ʻohana o kahi alakaʻi koa. ʻO kona makuakāne he mea hoʻokolohua pauʻole - ua lilo kēiaʻano i kāna keiki, (No ka laʻana, ua aʻoʻo ia iʻelua mau mea hoʻokani pila e hele ana kekahi i kekahi e hoʻokani i nā hana likeʻole.)ʻo ka "openness" o kāna hana, ka mea i komo i nā mea a pau e kani ana a puni. I loko o kāna mau haku mele, nā leo o nā mele hoʻomana Puritan, jazz, minstrel theater sound. I kona wā kamaliʻi, ua hānai ʻia ʻo Charles ma ke mele a nā mea haku mele ʻelua - ʻo JS Bach lāua ʻo S. Foster (he hoaaloha o ka makuakāne o Ives, he "bard" ʻAmelika, ka mea kākau o nā mele kaulana a me nā ballads). ʻO koʻikoʻi, malihini i kekahi ʻano lapuwale i ke mele, ke ʻano o nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo, ʻo Ives e like me Bach.

Ua kākau ʻo Ives i kāna mau hana mua no ka hui pūʻali koa (ua hoʻokani ʻo ia i nā mea kani ma laila), i ka makahiki 14 ua lilo ʻo ia i mea hoʻokani mele ma kona kūlanakauhale. Akā hoʻokani ʻo ia i ka piano ma ka hale keaka, hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka ragtime a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe. Ma hope o kona puka ʻana mai ke Kulanui ʻo Yale (1894-1898), kahi āna i aʻo ai me X. Parker (composition) a me D. Buck (organ), hana ʻo Ives ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokalakupua halepule ma New York. A laila no nā makahiki he nui i lawelawe ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kākau ʻōlelo ma kahi hui ʻinikua a hana ʻo ia me ka makemake nui. Ma hope mai, i nā makahiki 20, e neʻe ana mai ke mele, ua lilo ʻo Ives i mea ʻoihana kūleʻa a he loea koʻikoʻi (ka mea kākau o nā hana kaulana) ma ka ʻinikua. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hana a Ives no nā ʻano o ka orchestral a me ke keʻena mele. ʻO ia ka mea kākau o ʻelima symphonies, overtures, papahana hana no ka orchestra (ʻEkolu Villages in New England, Central Park in the Dark), ʻelua string quartets, ʻelima sonata no ka violin, ʻelua no pianoforte, nā ʻāpana no ka okana, nā mele a ʻoi aku ma mua o 100 mele. Ua kākau ʻo Ives i ka hapa nui o kāna mau hana nui no ka manawa lōʻihi, i kekahi mau makahiki. Ma ka Second Piano Sonata (1911-15), ua hoʻomaikaʻi ka haku mele i kona mau mua ʻuhane. Hōʻike kēlā me kēia māhele i ke kiʻi o kekahi o ka poʻe akeakamai ʻAmelika: R. Emerson, N. Hawthorne, G. Topo; ʻO ka sonata holoʻokoʻa ka inoa o kahi i noho ai kēia poʻe akeakamai (Concord, Massachusetts, 1840-1860). ʻO kā lākou mau manaʻo i hoʻokumu i ke kumu o ka ʻike honua ʻo Ives (e like me ka manaʻo o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke ola kanaka me ke ola o ke ʻano). ʻIke ʻia ke kiʻi ʻo Ives e ke ʻano koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole maʻemaʻe kāna mau ʻike, akā he hoʻāʻo koʻikoʻi e hōʻike i nā mea huna i loaʻa i ke ʻano o ke kani.

Ma mua o nā haku mele ʻē aʻe, ua hele ʻo Ives i nā ʻano o ka hōʻike hou ʻana. Mai nā hoʻokolohua a kona makuakāne me nā orkestra like ʻole, aia kahi ala pololei i ka polytonality (ke kani like ʻana o kekahi mau kī), hoʻopuni, "stereoscopic" kani a me nā aleatorics (inā ʻaʻole paʻa paʻa ka kikokikona mele, akā e ala mai ka hui ʻana o nā mea i kēlā me kēia manawa. hou, me he mea la ma ka manawa. ʻO ka papahana nui hope loa a Ives (ʻo ka symphony "World" ʻaʻole i hoʻopau ʻia) pili i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā orkestra a me ka papa mele ma ke ākea, ma nā mauna, ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka lewa. Pono e kani ʻelua ʻāpana o ka symphony (Music of the Earth and Music of the Sky) ... i ka manawa like, akā ʻelua, i hiki i ka poʻe hoʻolohe ke hoʻopaʻa i ko lākou nānā ʻana i kēlā me kēia. Ma kekahi mau hana, ua hoʻokokoke ʻo Ives i ka hui serial o nā mele atonal ma mua o A. Schoenberg.

ʻO ka makemake e komo i loko o ka ʻōpū o nā mea kani i alakaʻi iā Ives i kahi ʻōnaehana hapaha-leo, ʻike ʻole ʻia i nā mele kahiko. Kākau ʻo ia i ʻEkolu Quarter Tone Pieces for Two Pianos (kūpono pono ʻia) a me kahi ʻatikala "Quarter Tone Impressions".

Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻo Ives ma mua o 30 mau makahiki i ka haku mele, a ma 1922 wale nō i hoʻopuka i kekahi mau hana ma kāna uku ponoʻī. No nā makahiki he 20 i hala iho nei o kona ola ʻana, ua haʻalele ʻo Ives mai nā ʻoihana āpau, i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia e ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka makapō, ka maʻi puʻuwai a me ka ʻōnaehana nerve. I ka makahiki 1944, no ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i ka lā hānau 70 o Ives, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kahi ʻaha mele iubili ma Los Angeles. Ua mahalo nui ʻia kāna mele e nā mea hoʻokani pila o ko kākou kenekulia. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo I. Stravinsky: “Ua haʻi mai nā mele a Ives iaʻu ma mua o nā mea kākau moʻolelo e wehewehe ana i ke Komohana o ʻAmelika…

K. Zenkin