Girolamo Frescobaldi |
Girolamo Frescobaldi
ʻO G. Frescobaldi kekahi o nā haku koʻikoʻi o ka wā Baroque, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke kula ʻokena Italia a me ke kula clavier. Ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia ma Ferrara, i kēlā manawa kekahi o nā kikowaena mele nui loa ma ʻEulopa. ʻO nā makahiki mua o kona ola e pili ana i ka lawelawe a Duke Alfonso II d'Este, he mea aloha mele i ʻike ʻia ma Italia (e like me ka poʻe o ka wā, ua hoʻolohe ke Duke i nā mele no 4 mau hola i ka lā!). Ua hana ʻo L. Ludzaski, ʻo ia ke kumu mua o Frescobaldi, ma ia ʻaha hoʻokahi. Me ka make ʻana o ke Duke, haʻalele ʻo Frescobaldi i kona kūlanakauhale hānau a neʻe i Roma.
Ma Roma, ua hana ʻo ia ma nā hale pule like ʻole ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani pila a ma nā pā hale o nā aliʻi kūloko ma ke ʻano he harpsichordist. Ua hoʻokō ʻia ke koho ʻana o ka mea haku mele e ke kākoʻo o Archbishop Guido Bentnvolio. Me ia i ka makahiki 1607-08. Ua hele ʻo Frescobaldi i Flanders, a laila ke kikowaena o nā mele clavier. He mea koʻikoʻi ka huakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke ʻano o ka haku mele.
ʻO ka huli ʻana o ko Frescobaldi ola ʻo 1608. ʻO ia ka manawa i ʻike ʻia ai nā paʻi mua o kāna mau hana: 3 instrumental canzones, ka Buke Mua o Fantasy (Milan) a me ka Buke Mua o Madrigals (Antwerp). I ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua noho ʻo Frescobaldi i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe a hanohano loa o ka mea hoʻokani ʻoka o St. Ua ulu mālie ka kaulana a me ka mana o Frescobaldi ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokalakupua a me ka harpsichordist, kahi mea hoʻokani koʻikoʻi a me kahi mea hoʻomohala hana. E like me kāna hana ma ka Hale Pule Nui o St. I ka makahiki 1613, ua mare ʻo Frescobaldi iā Oreola del Pino, nāna i hānau iā ia i ʻelima mau keiki i nā makahiki 6 e hiki mai ana.
I ka makahiki 1628-34. Ua hana ʻo Frescobaldi ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokalakupua ma ke aloaliʻi o ke Duke o Tuscany Ferdinando II Medici ma Florence, a laila hoʻomau i kāna lawelawe ma ka Hale Pule Nui o St. Ua lilo kona kaulana i ka honua maoli. No 3 mau makahiki, ua aʻo ʻo ia me kahi haku mele Kelemania nui a me ka mea hoʻokani ʻo I. Froberger, a me nā mea haku mele kaulana a me nā mea hoʻokani.
ʻO Paradoxically, ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike e pili ana i nā makahiki hope loa o ke ola o Frescobaldi, a me kāna mau mele mele hope loa.
Ua kākau ʻo P. Della Balle, kekahi o ka mea haku mele i ka makahiki 1640, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka "chivalry" ma ke ʻano "modern style" a Frescobaldi. Aia mau nā hana mele hope ma ke ʻano o nā manuscripts. Ua make ʻo Frescobaldi i ke kiʻekiʻe o kona kaulana. E like me kā ka poʻe ʻike maka i kākau ai, "nā mea mele kaulana loa o Roma" i komo i ka nui o ka hoʻolewa.
ʻO ka wahi nui i loko o ka hoʻoilina hoʻoilina o ka haku mele e noho ʻia e nā haku mele no ka harpsichord a me ka ʻōkana ma nā ʻano ʻano a pau i ʻike ʻia: canzones, fantasies, richercaras, toccatas, capriccios, partitas, fugues (ma ke ʻano o ka huaʻōlelo, ʻo ia hoʻi nā canons). Ma kekahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka palapala polyphonic (no ka laʻana, ma ke ʻano "aʻo" ʻo richercara), ma nā mea ʻē aʻe (no ka laʻana, ma ka canzone), ua hui pū ʻia nā ʻenehana polyphonic me nā mea homophonic ("leo" a me nā mea kani).
ʻO kekahi o nā hōʻiliʻili kaulana loa o nā hana mele a Frescobaldi ʻo "Musical Flowers" (i paʻi ʻia ma Venice i ka makahiki 1635). Loaʻa iā ia nā hana kino o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole. Ma ʻaneʻi ua hōʻike piha ʻia ke ʻano o ka mea haku mele like ʻole a Frescobaldi, kahi i hōʻike ʻia e ke ʻano o ke ʻano "excited style" me nā hana hou harmonic, nā ʻano kikokikona like ʻole, ke kūʻokoʻa improvisational, a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi. ʻAʻole maʻamau ka wehewehe ʻana i ka manawa a me ke kani. Ma ka ʻōlelo mua i kekahi o nā puke o kāna toccata a me nā haku mele ʻē aʻe no ka harpsichord a me ka okana, kāhea ʻo Frescobaldi e pāʻani ... "ʻaʻole e nānā i ke akamai ... e like me nā manaʻo a i ʻole ke ʻano o nā huaʻōlelo, e like me ka hana ʻana i nā madrigals." Ma ke ʻano he haku mele a me ka mea hoʻokani ma ka ʻōkana a me ka clavier, ua nui ka hopena o Frescobaldi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻōlelo Italia a, ʻoi aku ka laulā, nā mele ʻEulopa Komohana. Ua kaulana loa kona kaulana ma Kelemānia. Ua aʻo ʻo D. Buxtehude, JS Bach a me nā mea haku mele he nui i nā hana a Frescobaldi.
S. Lebedev
