Hanns Eisler |

Hanns Eisler

I ka pau ʻana o nā makahiki 20, hoʻomaka ka laha ʻana o nā mele militant a Hans Eisler, kahi haku mele komunista i hoʻokani i ka hana koʻikoʻi i ka mōʻaukala o nā mele kipi o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua hoʻomaka e laha i nā apana papa hana o Berlin, a laila ma nā pōʻai ākea o ka proletariat Kelemania. Ma ka hui pū ʻana me nā haku mele ʻo Bertolt Brecht, ʻo Erich Weinert, ka mea mele ʻo Ernst Busch, hoʻolauna ʻo Eisler i kahi ʻano mele hou i loko o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā - he mele slogan, he mele hoʻolaha e kāhea ana i ka hakakā ʻana i ka honua o ka kapitalisme. ʻO kēia ke ala e ala mai ai kahi ʻano mele, i loaʻa ka inoa "Kampflieder" - "nā mele o ka hakakā." Ua hele mai ʻo Eisler i kēia ʻano ma kahi ala paʻakikī.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Hans Eisler ma Leipzig, akā ʻaʻole i noho lōʻihi ma ʻaneʻi, ʻehā makahiki wale nō. Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i kona wā kamaliʻi a me kona ʻōpio ma Vienna. Hoʻomaka nā haʻawina mele i ka wā ʻōpiopio, i ka makahiki 12 e hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e haku. Me ke kōkua ʻole o nā kumu, e aʻo wale ana mai nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mele i ʻike ʻia e ia, ua kākau ʻo Eisler i kāna mau haku mele mua, i hōʻailona ʻia e ka stamp of dilettantism. I kona wā ʻōpio, ua komo ʻo Eisler i kahi hui ʻōpio kipi, a i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua komo ikaika ʻo ia i ka hana ʻana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā palapala hoʻolaha i kuhikuhi ʻia i ke kaua.

He 18 kona mau makahiki i kona hele ʻana i mua ma ke ʻano he koa. Maʻaneʻi, no ka manawa mua, ua hele nā ​​mele a me nā manaʻo kipi i kona noʻonoʻo, a ua ala mai nā mele mua - nā pane i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana iā ia.

Ma hope o ke kaua, e hoʻi ana i Vienna, ua komo ʻo Eisler i ka conservatory a lilo i haumāna no Arnold Schoenberg, ka mea nāna i hana i ka ʻōnaehana dodecaphonic, i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻopau i nā kumukānāwai kahiko o ka logic musical a me ka materialistic musical aesthetics. Ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa aʻoaʻo o ia mau makahiki, huli wale ʻo Schoenberg i nā mele kahiko, e alakaʻi ana i kāna mau haumāna e haku e like me nā kānāwai canonical koʻikoʻi i loaʻa nā kuʻuna hohonu.

ʻO nā makahiki i hala ma ka papa ʻo Schoenberg (1918-1923) hāʻawi iā Eisler i ka manawa e aʻo ai i nā kumu o ka ʻenehana haku mele. Ma kāna mau sonata piano, ʻo Quintet no nā mea kani makani, nā mele ma nā pauku a Heine, nā mea liʻiliʻi nani no ka leo, ohe, clarinet, viola a me cello, ʻike ʻia ke ʻano kākau hilinaʻi a me nā ʻāpana o nā ʻano like ʻole, ʻo ka mea mua, maoli, ka mana. o ke kumu, Schoenberg.

Hoʻopili pili ʻo Eisler me nā alakaʻi o ka hana mele mele amateur, kahi i hoʻomohala nui ʻia ma Austria, a lilo koke i hoʻokahi o nā poʻokela o nā ʻano nui o ka hoʻonaʻauao mele ma ka ʻoihana hana. ʻO ka thesis "Music and Revolution" lilo i mea hoʻoholo a hiki ʻole ke hoʻopau ʻia no ke koena o kona ola. ʻO ia ke kumu i manaʻo ai ʻo ia he pono i loko e hoʻoponopono hou i nā kūlana nani i hoʻokumu ʻia e Schoenberg a me kāna hui. I ka pau ʻana o ka makahiki 1924, neʻe ʻo Eisler i Berlin, kahi e paʻi nui ai ka puʻuwai o ke ola o ka poʻe limahana Kelemania, kahi e ulu ai ka mana o ka Communist Party i kēlā me kēia lā, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai nā ʻōlelo a Ernst Thalmann i ka poʻe hana. He aha ka pilikia i piha i ka hana ʻoi aku ka ikaika, e hele ana i ka fascism.

ʻO nā hana mua a Eisler ma ke ʻano he haku mele i kumu ʻino maoli ma Berlin. ʻO ke kumu o ia hana ʻana i ka pōʻaiapuni leo ma nā kikokikona i ʻaiʻē ʻia mai nā hoʻolaha nūpepa. ʻO ka hana a Eisler i hoʻonohonoho ai iā ia iho, ua maopopo: ma o ka prosaism i manaʻo ʻia, e ka hana o kēlā me kēia lā, e hoʻokau i ka "paʻi i mua o ka ʻono o ka lehulehu", ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻono o nā kamaʻāina, Philistines, e like me ka poʻe Lūkini futurists i hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kā lākou mau haʻiʻōlelo a me ka waha. Ua pane kūpono ka poʻe hoʻohewa i ka hana ʻana o "Nūpepa Hoʻolaha", ʻaʻole hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ke koho ʻana i nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki a me nā epithets hōʻino.

Ua mālama ʻo Eisler iā ia iho me ka "Announcements", me ka ʻike ʻana i ka hauʻoli o ka haunaele a me nā hōʻino i loko o kahi puʻu philistine ʻaʻole pono e manaʻo ʻia he hanana koʻikoʻi. I ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka pilina āna i hoʻomaka ai ma Vienna me nā limahana hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ua loaʻa iā Eisler nā manawa ākea nui loa ma Berlin, e hoʻopili ana i kāna mau hana me ke kula limahana Marxist, kekahi o nā kikowaena o ka hana ideological i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ke Kōmike Kūwaena o ka Party Communist Party of Germany. Ma ʻaneʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kāna pilina hana me nā haku mele ʻo Bertolt Brecht lāua ʻo Erich Weinert, me nā haku mele ʻo Karl Rankl, Vladimir Vogl, Ernst Meyer.

Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hopena o nā makahiki 20 ʻo ia ka manawa o ka kūleʻa holoʻokoʻa o ka jazz, kahi mea hou i ʻike ʻia ma Kelemania ma hope o ke kaua o 1914-18. Ua hoihoi ʻia ʻo Eisler i ka jazz o ia mau manawa, ʻaʻole ma ke kaniʻuhū ʻana, ʻaʻole ma ka naʻau o ka foxtrot lohi, ʻaʻole hoʻi i ka puʻupuʻu o ka hulahula shimmy i ka wā kahiko - mahalo nui ʻo ia i ka moʻoʻo o ka puʻupuʻu jerky, ke kāwele hiki ʻole ka mākia hele, kahi e kū maopopo ai ke ʻano mele. ʻO kēia ke ala e ala mai ai nā mele a me nā puʻupuʻu a Eisler, e hoʻokokoke ana i kā lākou mau mele mele i kekahi mau manawa i ke kani ʻana o ka haʻiʻōlelo, ma nā mea ʻē aʻe - i nā mele poʻomanaʻo Kelemania, akā hoʻokumu mau ʻia ma ka waiho piha ʻana o ka mea hoʻokani i ka hehi hao o ke mele (ʻo ka hele pinepine ʻana). , ma luna o ka hoʻomāinoino, oratorical dynamics. Loaʻa ka kaulana kaulana e nā mele e like me "Comintern" ("Factories, e ala!"), "Song of Solidarity" i ka kikokikona a Bertolt Brecht:

E ala mai na kanaka o ka honua, E hui i ko lakou ikaika, E lilo i aina kuokoa E hanai ka honua ia kakou!

A i ʻole nā ​​mele e like me "Songs of the Cotton Pickers", "Swamp Soldiers", "Red Wedding", "The Song of Stale Bread", i kaulana i ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina o ka honua a ʻike i ka hopena o kahi kiʻi kipi maoli: ka ke aloha a me ke aloha i kekahi mau hui kaiaulu a me ka inaina o ko lakou papa.

Huli pū ʻo Eisler i kahi ʻano lōʻihi, i ka ballad, akā ma ʻaneʻi ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokau i nā pilikia leo leo no ka mea hoʻokani - tessitura, tempo. Hoʻoholo ʻia nā mea a pau e ka makemake, pathos o ka wehewehe ʻana, ʻoiaʻiʻo, i ke alo o nā kumuwaiwai leo kūpono. ʻO kēia ʻano hana ke ʻaiʻē loa iā Ernst Busch, he kanaka e like me Eisler i hoʻolaʻa iā ia iho i ke mele a me ke kipi. He mea hana keaka me ka nui o na kii i hookomo ia e ia: Iago, Mephistopheles, Galileo, mee o na hana keaka na Friedrich Wolf, Bertolt Brecht, Lion Feuchtwanger, Georg Buchner - he leo himeni ko'iko'i kona, he baritone o ka timbre metala ki'eki'e. ʻO kahi manaʻo kupanaha o ka puʻupuʻu, ka wehewehe ʻōlelo maikaʻi, i hui pū ʻia me ke ʻano hana hoʻohālike, ua kōkua iā ia e hana i kahi hale kiʻi holoʻokoʻa o nā kiʻi pilikanaka ma nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole - mai kahi mele maʻalahi i kahi dithyramb, puke liʻiliʻi, haʻiʻōlelo hoʻolaha haʻiʻōlelo. He paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo i kahi hoʻokūkū pololei ma waena o ka manaʻo o ka mea haku mele a me ke ʻano hoʻokani ma mua o ka hui ʻo Eisler-Bush. ʻO kā lākou hui pū ʻana o ka ballad "Secret Campaign Against the Soviet Union" (Ua kapa ʻia kēia ballad ʻo "Anxious March") a me "Ballads of the Disabled War" i manaʻo ʻole.

ʻO nā kipa ʻana o Eisler lāua ʻo Bush i ka Soviet Union i ka makahiki 30, ʻo kā lākou hui ʻana me nā mea haku mele Soviet, nā mea kākau, nā kamaʻilio me AM Gorky i waiho i kahi manaʻo hohonu ʻaʻole wale i nā memoir, akā i ka hana maoli maoli nō hoʻi, no ka mea he nui nā mea hoʻokani i hāpai i nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o Bush. , a me nā haku mele – ke ʻano kākau kikoʻī a Eisler. ʻO nā mele like ʻole e like me "Polyushko-field" na L. Knipper, "Eia nā koa e hele mai ana" na K. Molchanov, "Buchenwald alarm" na V. Muradeli, "Inā nā keikikāne o ka honua holoʻokoʻa" na V. Solovyov-Sedoy , me ko lākou ʻano maoli, ua hoʻoili ʻia nā ʻano mele mele a Eisler.

ʻO ka hiki ʻana mai o ka poʻe Nazi i ka mana i huki i kahi laina o ka wehewehe ʻana i ka moʻolelo o Hans Eisler. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao ʻo ia ʻāpana i pili me Berlin, me nā makahiki he ʻumi o ka pāʻina ikaika a me ka hana haku mele, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao - mau makahiki auwana, ʻumikūmālima mau makahiki o ka neʻe ʻana, ma mua ma ʻEulopa a laila ma USA.

I ka makahiki 1937 i hāpai ai ka poʻe Repubalika Sepania i ka hae o ka hakakā ʻana i nā pūʻulu fascist o Mussolini, ʻo Hitler a me kā lākou kūʻē kipi ponoʻī, ua ʻike ʻo Hans Eisler lāua ʻo Ernst Busch iā lākou iho i ka papa o nā ʻāpana Repubalika i poʻohiwi me nā poʻe manawaleʻa i holo wikiwiki mai nā ʻāina he nui. e kokua i na hoahanau Paniolo. Eia, ma nā ʻauwaha o Guadalajara, Campus, Toledo, lohe ʻia nā mele i haku ʻia e Eisler. Ua mele ʻia kāna "March of the Fifth Regiment" a me "Song of January 7" e nā Repubalika Sepania a pau. Ua like nā mele a Eisler me nā ʻōlelo ʻōlelo a Dolores Ibarruri: “Ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka make kū ʻana ma mua o ka noho ʻana ma kou mau kuli.

A i ka wā i ʻumi ai nā pūʻali koa fascism i ka Repubalika Sepania, i ka wā i lilo ai ka hoʻoweliweli kaua honua, ua neʻe ʻo Eisler i ʻAmelika. Maʻaneʻi hāʻawiʻo ia i kona ikaika i ke aʻoʻana, nā hana'ahamele, ka haku mele mele. Ma kēia ʻano, hoʻomaka ʻo Eisler e hana ikaika loa ma hope o ka neʻe ʻana i ke kikowaena nui o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻAmelika - Los Angeles.

A, ʻoiai ua mahalo nui ʻia kāna mele e nā mea hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni a loaʻa pū kekahi i nā makana kūhelu, ʻoiai ua hauʻoli ʻo Eisler i ke kākoʻo aloha a Charlie Chaplin, ʻaʻole maikaʻi kona ola ma ʻAmelika. ʻAʻole i hoʻāla ka haku mele komunista i ke aloha o nā luna, ʻoi aku hoʻi i waena o ka poʻe ma ke kuleana, pono e "hahai i ka manaʻo."

Hōʻike ʻia ka makemake no Kelemania i ka nui o nā hana a Eisler. Malia paha ʻo ka mea ikaika loa ma ka mele liʻiliʻi "Kelemānia" i nā pauku o Brecht.

Pau kuu kaumaha Ua hala oe i keia manawa ua uhiia ka lani Nou ka lani. E hiki mai ana ka la hou E hoomanao hou ana oe i ke mele a ka poe pio i mele ai I keia hora awaawa

ʻO ke mele o ka mele e pili kokoke ana i ka moʻolelo Kelemānia a ma ka manawa like i nā mele i ulu ma nā moʻomeheu o Weber, Schubert, Mendelssohn. ʻAʻole kānalua ka ʻike aniani o ka mele mele i ka hohonu o ka ʻuhane i kahe ai kēia kahawai mele.

I ka makahiki 1948, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Hans Eisler i ka papa inoa o "nā haole makemake ʻole," ʻo ia ka hoʻopiʻi. E like me ka ʻōlelo a kekahi mea noiʻi, "Ua kapa ʻia kahi luna McCarthyist iā ia ʻo Karl Marx o ke mele. Ua hoʻopaʻahao ʻia ka haku mele.” A ma hope o ka manawa pōkole, ʻoiai ka hana a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o Charlie Chaplin, Pablo Picasso a me nā mea pena kiʻi nui ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻouna ka "'āina o ke kūʻokoʻa a me ke aupuni democracy" iā Hans Eisler i ʻEulopa.

Ua hoʻāʻo nā luna Pelekane e hoʻomau i kā lākou mau hoa hana ma waho a hōʻole i ka hoʻokipa ʻana iā Eisler. No kekahi manawa noho ʻo Eisler ma Vienna. Ua neʻe ʻo ia i Berlin i ka makahiki 1949. ʻO nā hui me Bertolt Brecht lāua ʻo Ernst Busch he mea hauʻoli, akā ʻo ka mea hoihoi loa, ʻo ia ka hui me nā poʻe i hīmeni i nā mele kahiko a Eisler ma mua o ke kaua a me kāna mau mele hou. Eia ma Berlin, kākau ʻo Eisler i kahi mele i nā mele a Johannes Becher "E ala mākou mai nā wahi ʻino a kūkulu i kahi wā e hiki mai ana", ʻo ia ka National Anthem o ka German Democratic Republic.

Ua hoʻolauleʻa ʻia ka lā hānau o Eisler i ka makahiki 1958 ma 60. Ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i ke kākau ʻana i nā mele he nui no ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni. A eia hou, mele ʻo Ernst Busch, ka mea i pakele mai nā hale paʻahao o nā kahua hoʻopaʻa Nazi, i nā mele a kāna hoaaloha a me kāna hoa hana. ʻO kēia manawa "Left March" i nā paukū o Mayakovsky.

Ma ka lā 7 o Kepakemapa, 1962, make ʻo Hans Eisler. Ua hāʻawi ʻia kona inoa i ke kula kiʻekiʻe o ke mele ma Berlin.

ʻAʻole i kapa ʻia nā hana a pau ma kēia ʻatikala pōkole. Hāʻawi ʻia ka mea nui i ke mele. I ka manawa like, ʻo ke keʻena o Eisler a me nā mele symphonic, kāna hoʻonohonoho mele akamai no nā hana a Bertolt Brecht, a me nā mele no nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni he nui i komo i loko o ka moʻolelo biography o Eisler, akā i ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia mau ʻano. ʻO ka ʻeha o ke kamaʻāina, ka hilinaʻi i nā manaʻo o ke kipi, ka makemake a me ke kālena o ka mea haku mele, ka mea i ʻike i kona poʻe a hīmeni pū me lākou - ua hāʻawi kēia mau mea i ka hiki ʻole i kāna mau mele, ka mea kaua ikaika a ka haku mele.