Marian Anderson |
ʻO Marian Anderson
ʻO ka contralto o ka ʻApelika-ʻAmelika ʻo Marian Anderson he mea hoihoi i nā hiʻohiʻona like ʻole. I loko o ia mea, me ka haku leo kupaianaha a me ka mele mele nani, aia kahi hanohano o loko, ke komo ʻana, ka leo maikaʻi loa a me ka waiwai o ka timbre. ʻO kona hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai ka haunaele honua a me ka pau ʻole o ka narcissism e hana i ka manaʻo o kekahi ʻano o ka lokomaikaʻi o ke Akua 'e kahe ana'. ʻO ke kūʻokoʻa o loko a me ke ʻano kūlohelohe o ka unuhi ʻana i ke kani ke ʻike pū ʻia. Inā ʻoe e hoʻolohe i ka hana a Anderson a Bach a me Handel a i ʻole Negro spirituals, kū koke mai kahi kūlana noʻonoʻo kilokilo, ʻaʻohe analogues ...
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Marian Anderson ma kekahi o nā kaiāulu kala o Philadelphia, ua nalowale kona makuakāne i ka makahiki 12, a ua hānai ʻia e kona makuahine. Mai ka wā kamaliʻi mai, hōʻike ʻo ia i ka hiki ke hīmeni. Ua himeni ke kaikamahine ma ka papa himeni o kekahi o na ekalesia Bapetite ma Piladelepia. 'Ōleloʻo Anderson i nā kiko'ī e pili ana i kona ola paʻakikī a me ke mele 'ana i nā 'kulanui' ma kāna puke autobiographical 'Lord, what a morning' (1956, New York), ua paʻi ʻia nā ʻāpana i ka makahiki 1965 ma ko mākou ʻāina (Sat. 'Performing Arts of Foreign Countries. ', M., 1962).
Ma hope o ke aʻo ʻana me ke kumu kaulana ʻo Giuseppe Bogetti (J. Pierce i waena o kāna mau haumāna), a laila ma ke keʻena leo o F. La Forge (ka mea nāna i aʻo iā M. Talley, L. Tibbett a me nā mea mele kaulana ʻē aʻe), ua hoʻomaka ʻo Anderson i kāna hoʻomaka ma ka ke kahua ʻaha mele i ka makahiki 1925, ʻaʻole naʻe i lanakila nui. Ma hope o ka lanakila ʻana i ka hoʻokūkū hīmeni i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka New York Philharmonic, ua hāʻawi ka National Association of Negro Musicians i ka manawa kūpono i ka mea hana kiʻi ʻōpio e hoʻomau i kāna mau haʻawina ma ʻEnelani, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai kāna talena e ke alakaʻi kaulana ʻo Henry Wood. I ka makahiki 1929, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Anderson i kāna hana mua ma Carnegie Hall. Eia naʻe, ua pale ka manaʻo ʻino i ka mea mele mai ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike ākea o ka poʻe elite ʻAmelika. Haʻalele hou ʻo ia no ka Honua Kahiko. I ka makahiki 1930, ua hoʻomaka kāna huakaʻi ʻEulopa lanakila ma Berlin. Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo Marian i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kona mau mākaukau, lawe i nā haʻawina mai ka mea mele kaulana ʻo Mahler ʻo Madame Charles Caille. I ka makahiki 1935, hā'awi 'o Anderson i ka 'aha mele ma ka Salzburg Festival. Ma laila kona akamai i hoʻohihia ai iā Toscanini. I ka makahiki 1934-35. kipa ʻo ia i ka USSR.
I ka makahiki 1935, ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Arthur Rubinstein, kahi hui nui ma waena o Marian Anderson a me ka impresario nui, he kamaʻāina ʻo Rūsia, ʻo Saul Yurok (ʻo ka inoa maoli o kahi kamaʻāina ʻo Bryansk ʻāina ʻo Solomon Gurkov) e mālama ʻia ma Paris. Ua hoʻokō ʻo ia i kahi lua i ka noʻonoʻo o nā ʻAmelika, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Lincoln Memorial no kēia. Ma ʻApelila 9, 1939, ua hoʻolohe ka poʻe 75 ma nā ʻanuʻu marble o ka hoʻomanaʻo i ka hīmeni ʻana o ka mea mele nui, ka mea i lilo i hōʻailona o ka hakakā ʻana no ke kaulike lāhui. Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻohanohano ʻia ʻo US Presidents Roosevelt, Eisenhower, a ma hope aku ʻo Kennedy e hoʻokipa iā Marian Anderson. ʻO ka ʻoihana ʻaha mele nani o ka mea pena, nona ka repertoire i komo i ka leo-instrumental a me ke keʻena hana e Bach, Handel, Beethoven, Schubert, Schumann, Mahler, Sibelius, nā hana a Gershwin a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui, i pau i ka lā 000 ʻApelila, 18 ma Carnegie Hall. Ua make ka mea mele nui ma ʻApelila 1965, 8 ma Portland.
Hoʻokahi wale nō i kāna hana holoʻokoʻa i huli ai kahi Negro diva koʻikoʻi i ke ʻano o ka opera. I ka makahiki 1955, ua lilo ʻo ia i wahine ʻeleʻele mua i hoʻokani ma ka Metropolitan Opera. Ua hana ʻia kēia i nā makahiki o ke alakaʻi ʻana o ka mea kaulana ʻo Rudolf Bing. Penei kāna wehewehe ʻana i kēia mea nui:
'O ke 'ano o Mrs. Anderson – ka mea mele 'ele'ele mua ma ka mo'olelo o ka hale keaka, ka mea ho'okani o na hui nui, ma ke kahua 'Metropolitan' - 'o ia kekahi o ia mau manawa o ka'u hana keaka, a'u e haaheo ai. . Ua makemake au e hana i kēia mai koʻu makahiki mua ma ka Met, akā ʻaʻole i ka makahiki 1954 i loaʻa iā mākou ka ʻāpana kūpono - ʻo Ulrika ma Un ballo i maschera - koi i nā hana liʻiliʻi a no laila he liʻiliʻi nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa, he mea nui ia no kahi mea pena. . , he hana ʻahamele paʻa loa, a no kēia ʻāpana ʻaʻole ia he mea koʻikoʻi i ka pau ʻole o ka leo o ka mea hīmeni i kona poʻokela.
A me kēia mau mea a pau, hiki i kāna kono ke hoʻomaikaʻi wale ʻia i kahi manawa laki: ma kekahi o nā hoʻokipa i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e Saul Yurok no ka ballet 'Sadler's Wells', noho wau ma hope ona. Ua kūkākūkā koke mākou i ka nīnau o kāna hoʻopaʻa ʻana, a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā mea a pau i loko o kekahi mau lā. ʻAʻole ʻo ka Papa Kahu o ka Metropolitan Opera i waena o nā hui he nui i hoʻouna i kā lākou hoʻomaikaʻi i ka wā i haʻi ʻia ai ka lono…'. Ma ka lā 9 o ʻOkakopa, 1954, hoʻolaha ka New York Times i ka poʻe heluhelu i ke kau inoa ʻana i kahi ʻaelike hana keaka me Anderson.
A ma ka lā 7 o Ianuali, 1955, ua hana ʻia ka hoʻomaka mua o ka diva ʻAmelika nui ma ka hale keaka nui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ua komo kekahi mau mele opera koʻikoʻi i ka premiere: Richard Tucker (Richard), Zinka Milanova (Amelia), Leonard Warren (Renato), Roberta Peters (Oscar). Ma hope o ke kū o ke alakaʻi, ʻo Dimitrios Mitropoulos kekahi o nā alakaʻi nui loa o ke kenekulia 20.
E. Tsoodokov
