ʻO Ivan Vasilyevich Ershov |

ʻO Ivan Ershov

"Inā ʻo Sobinov ka mea maikaʻi loa o nā tenor lyric Lūkini, a laila ma waena o nā mea hoʻokani o nā pāʻina heroic-dramatic tenor, ʻo ia kahi o Ershov," wahi a DN Lebedev. - ʻO ka ʻelele nui loa o ke kula leo ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo Ershov i hōʻoia i kāna mau kumu.

ʻO ka hana a Ershov he wela, he hauʻoli, he hoihoi. E like me kona ola ʻana, pēlā nō ʻo ia i ka hana. ʻO ka mana o ka hoʻohuli ʻana, ʻo ka maʻalahi ka mea nui o kāna ʻano kiʻi.

ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha i kapa ʻia ʻo ia e kekahi o kona mau hoa ʻo Chaliapin ma waena o nā tenors.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Ivan Vasilyevich Ershov ma Nowemapa 20, 1867. "Ua paʻakikī koʻu wā kamaliʻi," i hoʻomanaʻo ai ʻo Ershov. - Aia wau i loko o ka ʻohana "waha keu". Ua hana koʻu makuahine ma ke ʻano he kauā ma ka ʻohana o ka poʻe ʻilihune ʻāina. E lilo ana au i ʻenekinia alahao. Ua hala mua ʻo ia i nā hoʻokolohua no ke poʻo inoa o ka mea hoʻokele kōkua a ua hele pinepine i ka laina, e hoʻokele ana i kahi locomotive mahu. Akā, ua hoʻohuli mai ka mea nui ʻo Anton Rubinstein iaʻu, he kanaka ʻōpio. Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia koʻu ola i ke kiʻi, mele.

ʻAe, e like me ka hopena, ua kōkua kekahi hihia iā ia. Ua aʻo ʻo Ershov ma ke kula kaʻaahi ma Yelets, hana pinepine ʻia i nā ʻaha mele. ʻAʻole hiki ke hōʻole ʻia kona mana kupaianaha. Maʻaneʻi ua loheʻiaʻo ia e ke kauka o ka St. Petersburg Conservatory NB Pansh. Ua haʻi ʻo ia iā AG Rubinstein e pili ana i kahi kanaka ʻōpio akamai. Ma ka ʻōlelo a ka mea piano nui, ua lilo ka mīkini o nehinei i haumāna no ka papa leo, alakaʻi ʻia e Stanislav Ivanovich Gabel. ʻAʻole maʻalahi nā makahiki o ke aʻo ʻana: ʻo ka loaʻa kālā āpau he 15 rubles i ka mahina, nā haʻawina a me kahi ʻaina awakea.

I ka makahiki 1893 ua puka 'o Ershov mai ka Conservatory o St. Petersburg. I ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hana ʻo ia i kāna hana mua ma ke ʻano he Faust.

"ʻAʻole i hana ka mea mele ʻōpio i kahi manaʻo maikaʻi," i kākau ai ʻo AA Gozenpud. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ia e hele i Italia no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana. Ma hope o ʻehā mahina o nā papa me ke kumu Rossi, ua hana ʻo ia i kāna hoʻomaka me ka lanakila nui ma ka Regio Opera House. Ua loaʻa iā ia kahi lanakila hou i ka hana o José ma Carmen. ʻO ka lono e pili ana i nā hana haole a Yershov i hōʻea iā Napravnik a me Vsevolozhsky, a ua hāʻawi ʻia ka mea pena i kahi hoʻomaka hou. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ua loaʻa kēia ma hope o kona loaʻa ʻana i ka kaulana ma waho. ʻAʻole paha he 4 mau mahina o nā papa me Rossi hiki ke hoʻonui nui i kāna moʻomeheu leo. I ka hoʻi ʻana i Rusia, hana ʻo Ershov ma Kharkov i ka makahiki 1894/95. ʻO ka hoʻomaka mua ma ka Mariinsky Theatre i mālama ʻia ma ʻApelila 1895 ma ke ʻano he Faust.

Ua kaulana hoʻi kēia hana no ka mea ʻo kekahi mea hoʻomaka mua, ʻo ka bass ʻōpio ʻo Fyodor Chaliapin, i hana ʻo Mephistopheles. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, e like me kāu e ʻike ai, ua hīmeni ʻo Chaliapin ma kahi o nā pae nui a pau o ka honua, a ʻo ke ola hoʻomohala holoʻokoʻa o Ershov i kaupalena ʻia i ka Mariinsky (ma hope o Kirov) Theatre.

I ka wā mua, hīmeni ʻo Ershov i nā ʻāpana tenor like ʻole ma ʻaneʻi, akā ma hope o ka manawa ua ʻike ʻia ʻo kāna ʻoihana maoli he mau hana koa. Ma kēia ala i hōʻike ʻia ai kona mau mana koʻikoʻi ʻaʻole wale ma ke ʻano he mele, akā ma ke ʻano he mele mele. I ka wehewehe ʻana i kāna ʻike noʻeau, kākau ʻo Ershov:

“ʻO ka leo o ka mea mele ka leo o ka naʻau. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo, nā hiʻohiʻona helehelena, ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kiʻi kanaka i ka lole o ke au, i ka ʻaʻahu o ka lāhui a me kona pili papa; ʻO kona mau makahiki, kona ʻano, kona ʻano i ke kaiapuni, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. etc. Realism, truth in art!..

ʻEhia ka nui o nā hoʻololi ʻana i ka timbres, nā kala, nā ʻano leo leo like ʻole e hiki ke loaʻa i ka leo, akā ʻaʻohe ʻoiaʻiʻo, nā manaʻo o ka puʻuwai a me ka ʻuhane!

ʻAʻole i kūlike ʻo Faust lāua ʻo Romeo i ke ʻano o ka mea pena. Ua lawe mai ʻo Tannhäuser lāua ʻo Orestes i ka lanakila maoli iā Ershov. Mahalo iā lākou, ua hōʻike ʻia ke kālena o ke kahua o ka mea mele ʻōpio a ua hōʻike ʻia ka ikaika a me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka leo.

ʻO ka mea hoʻohewa ʻo Kondratiev me ka ʻoluʻolu i ka hana a Ershov ma Oresteia: "Ua hana ʻo Ershov i kahi manaʻo maikaʻi ... ua kākau ʻia ka ʻāpana me ka ikaika a me ke kiʻekiʻe, a ua puka ʻo ia mai kēia hoʻāʻo me ka hanohano." Ma hope o ka hana ʻelua: "Ua hana ʻo Ershov i kahi manaʻo i ke ʻano huhū."

ʻO kekahi lanakila hoʻomohala no Ershov, ʻo ia kāna hana ʻana i ka opera Samesona lāua ʻo Delila. No ia, ua kākau ʻo Kondratiev: "Ua hana maikaʻi ʻo Ershov iā Samesona." Ua lanakila ʻo ia i ka lanakila hou ma ka ʻāpana o Sobinin, e hīmeni ana i ka aria maʻamau i nalo ʻia me ka hui "Brothers, in a snowstorm." Loaʻa i nā manawa he nui ka "C" a me "D-flat", hiki ke loaʻa i nā tenor liʻiliʻi. ʻAneʻane hiki mai nā ʻelele a pau o ke mele ʻo St. Petersburg i kēia hana, a ua hahai ʻo Figner i ka clavier e ʻike inā e ʻae ka mea mele i nā ʻokoʻa mai ke kumu.

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Kondratiev ma kāna puke moʻolelo: "Ua kākau ʻia ka aria i kahi papa inoa kiʻekiʻe ʻē aʻe e weliweli ai ke heluhelu ʻana. Ua makaʻu wau iā Yershov, akā ua puka mai ʻo ia mai kēia hoʻāʻo me ka hanohano. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o kāna hana ʻana i ka hapa waena o ka cantabile, kāhea ʻia ke anaina me ke kuli a koi hou ʻia, ua hoʻokō ʻo ia i ke koi o ka lehulehu a hīmeni ʻo ia me ka mālie a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka lua o ka manawa.

Ua hana hou ʻo Ershov i ke kiʻi o Finn ma Ruslan a me Lyudmila i kahi ala hou loa. Ua kākau ʻo BV e pili ana i kēia. ʻO Asafiev: "ʻO ka hana he mea ola ola, ʻike ʻia, no ka mea, ʻo ka "huaʻōlelo leo", i ka refraction i loaʻa iā Yershov, hana ma ke ʻano he loulou i ka holo mau (ma kēia kani kani) o ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohua ʻana i kēlā me kēia manawa, kēlā me kēia ʻuhane. ka neʻe ʻana. ʻO ka weliweli a me ka hauʻoli. He mea weliweli ia no ka mea, ma waena o ka nui o ka poʻe i komo i ka opera ma ke ʻano he hana noʻeau, he kakaikahi loa ka poʻe i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomaopopo i ka hohonu a me ka mana o ka hōʻike ʻana i loko. He mea hauʻoli ia no ka mea, i ka hoʻolohe ʻana i ka hana a Yershov, hiki iā ʻoe ke manaʻo i kahi mea i hōʻike ʻole ʻia i loko o nā kuʻikahi a ʻaʻole hiki ke haʻi ʻia e kekahi wehewehe: ʻo ka nani o ka hahau ʻana o ke ola i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka manaʻo o ka manaʻo ma o ke kani mele. manaʻo ma ka ʻōlelo.

Inā'oe e nānā i ka papa inoa o nā'āpana opera i hana'ia e Ershov, a laila,'o ia, e like me kekahi mea pena nui, ua'ike'ia e ka waiwai a me ka like'ole. ʻO ka panorama ākea loa - mai Mozart, Weber, Beethoven a me Bellini iā ​​Rachmaninoff, Richard Strauss a me Prokofiev. Ua loaʻa iā ia nā hoʻokō maikaʻi loa ma nā keaka o Glinka a me Tchaikovsky, Dargomyzhsky a me Rubinstein, Verdi a me Bizet.

Eia naʻe, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi kia hoʻomanaʻo i ka mōʻaukala o ka opera e ka mea mele Lūkini iā ​​​​ia me ʻelua mau piko. ʻO kekahi o lākou ka hana nani o nā ʻāpana i nā hana a Wagner. Ua like like ʻo Ershov ma Lohengrin a me Tannhäuser, Valkyrie a me Rhine Gold, Tristan a me Isolde a me The Death of the Gods. Ma ʻaneʻi ua loaʻa i ka mea mele kekahi mea paʻakikī a maikaʻi hoʻi no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kāna mau kumu hana noʻeau. "ʻO ke kumu holoʻokoʻa o nā hana a Wagner i piha i ka nui o ka hana," i ʻōlelo ai ka mea mele. — He nani loa ke mele o keia haku mele, aka, he mea e pono ai ke kaohi o ke a'alolo akamai i ka manawa. Pono e hoʻokiʻekiʻeʻia nā mea a pau - he nānā, he leo, he hōʻailona. Pono ka mea keaka e pāʻani me ka ʻole o nā huaʻōlelo i kēlā mau hiʻohiʻona ʻaʻohe mele, akā kani mau wale nō. Pono e hoʻohālikelike i ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe ʻana o ke kahua me ke mele o ka orkestra. Me Wagner, hoʻokani ʻia ke mele, ma ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike, i ka mea hoʻokani mele. ʻO ka uhaki ʻana i kēia hoʻopili ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka wāwahi ʻana i ka lokahi o ke kahua a me nā mele mele. Akā, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia inseparability i ka mea keaka a kuhikuhi iā ia i ka hanohano e pono ai, ka monumentality, kahi ākea ākea a me ka neʻe lohi, e pili ana i ka ʻuhane o ka mele a Wagner.

Ua kākau ʻo Cosima Wagner, ka wahine kāne make a ka haku mele, i ka mea hīmeni ma ka lā 15 o Kepakemapa, 1901: “He nui nā hoaaloha o kā mākou hana kiʻi a me nā mea pena kiʻi he nui, ʻo Ms. Ke noi aku nei au iā ʻoe inā e lawe kou ala iā ʻoe i kekahi lā ma Bayreuth a inā makemake ʻoe e kū ma laila e kamaʻilio me aʻu e pili ana i ka hana Kelemania o kēia mau hana. ʻAʻole wau i manaʻoʻiʻo e loaʻa iaʻu ka manawa e hele ai i Rusia, ʻo ia ke kumu aʻu e noi aku nei iā ʻoe. Manaʻo wau e ʻae kāu mau haʻawina i kahi hoʻomaha a ʻaʻole mamao loa kēia hoʻomaha. E ʻoluʻolu e ʻae i koʻu mahalo nui.

ʻAe, ua paʻa ka kaulana o kahi mele Wagnerian iā Yershov. ʻAʻole naʻe i maʻalahi ka haki ʻana i kēia repertoire i ke kahua.

"ʻO ke ala holoʻokoʻa o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Mariinsky kahiko he ʻenemi iā Wagner," i hoʻomanaʻo ai ʻo Ershov i ka makahiki 1933. Ua hui nā mele a Wagner me ka huhū makaʻala. Ua ʻae ʻia ʻo Lohengrin lāua ʻo Tannhäuser ma ke kahua, e hoʻohuli ana i kēia mau mele mele aloha-heroic i mau hana stereotyped o ke ʻano Italia. Ua haʻi hou ʻia ka lono o ko Pilisetia ua hoʻopau ʻo Wagner i nā leo o ka poʻe mele, e kuli ana i ka lehulehu me ka hekili o ka mea hoʻokani pila. Me he mea lā ua hoʻoholo lākou i kahi ʻaelike me Yankee noʻonoʻo haiki, ka meʻe o ka moʻolelo a Mark Twain, nāna i hoʻopiʻi i ke kuli o Lohengrin. ʻO Lohengrin!

Aia pū kekahi ʻano hōʻino a hōʻino hoʻi i ka mea mele Lūkini: "Ma hea e hele ai me kou mākaukau ʻole a me kou nele i ka moʻomeheu e lawe iā Wagner! ʻAʻole loaʻa iā ʻoe kekahi mea. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ua hōʻole ke ola i kēia mau wānana hōʻino. Ua loaʻa i ka Mariinsky Stage i waena o kāna mau mea hana nā mea hoʻokani maikaʻi loa o nā ʻāpana o ka repertoire Wagner ... "

ʻO kekahi kiʻekiʻe koʻikoʻi i lanakila ʻia e ka mea mele, ʻo ia ka ʻāpana o Grishka Kuterma ma ka opera a Rimsky-Korsakov ʻO The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevronia. ʻO ka Rimsky-Korsakov Theatre kekahi ʻo Yershov Theatre. ʻO Sadko kekahi o nā haku mele a ka mea mele, i ʻike ʻia e ka haku mele ponoʻī. Ua hana maikaʻi ʻo ia iā Berendey ma The Snow Maiden, ʻo Mikhail Tucha ma The Maid of Pskov. Akā ʻo ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa o ka mea mele ke hana ʻana i ke kiʻi o Grishka Kuterma, ua hoʻokani mua ʻo ia i kēia hana ma 1907.

Ua ʻōlelo ka luna hoʻomalu o kēlā hana poina ʻo VP Shkaber: "Ua manaʻo nui ka mea pena i nā mea o ka ʻeha nui a me ke kaumaha o ke kanaka, ua make i loko o ka ʻona ʻona, kahi i nalowale ai ke ola kanaka no ka mea ʻole. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o kona pupule, nā manawa pākahi me nā Tatars i ka ululāʻau, me Fevronia - ʻo kēia mau ʻike hoʻomohala āpau o ka mea pena kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi nui loa a ʻo ke kiʻi o Grishka i hana ʻia e Yershov ʻaʻole pono e mahalo wale ʻia, akā no ka hohonu loa. mahalo i ke kālena o ka mea pena: piha loa, waihoʻoluʻu, me ke akamai nui, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i nā manaʻo maʻalahi o kāna meʻe ... Ua hoʻopau ʻia ke kuleana o Grishka iā ia a hiki i ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi loa, me ke kiʻi piha - a aia kēia i nā kūlana o piʻi loa.

ʻO Andrei Nikolaevich Rimsky-Korsakov, e kamaʻilio ana i ka mea pena no ka ʻohana o ka mea haku mele, ua kākau: "ʻO wau iho, a me nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana o Nikolai Andreevich, nona wau e kamaʻilio nei ma ʻaneʻi, e hoʻomanaʻo i ka mahalo nui o ka mea kākau o Kitezh. ʻO kāu kālena noʻeau a, ʻo ia hoʻi, me ka hauʻoli i nānā ʻo ia i kāna brainchild Grishka Kuterma ma ke ʻano o Ershov.

…He hohonu loa kou wehewehe ʻana i ke kuleana o Kuterma a pono ʻoe e ʻike i ke kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa ma kēia pou noʻeau. Ua hoʻokomo ʻoe i Grishka i kahi ʻāpana nui o kou ola kanaka, no laila ua kuleana wau e ʻōlelo e like me ka ʻole a ʻaʻole hiki ke lilo i lua ʻo Ivan Vasilievich Ershov, no laila ʻaʻole a hiki ʻole ke lilo i lua Grishka.

A ma mua o 1917, a i nā makahiki ma hope o ke kipi, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka tenor Lūkini i nā ʻaelike maikaʻi ma waho. Eia naʻe, i kona ola a pau, ua kūpaʻa ʻo ia i ke kahua kahi i hoʻomaka ai kāna ala hana - ʻo ka Mariinsky Theatre.

Ke hoʻomaikaʻi nei i ka mea mele i ka makahiki 25 o kāna hana hoʻomohala, kākau ʻo AV Amfiteatrov, ka mea kākau moʻolelo a me ka mea kākau moʻolelo, iā Ivan Vasilyevich: "Inā makemake ʻoe e kamaʻilio ma ka huakaʻi, ua lilo ʻoe i billionaire ma mua. Inā ʻoe i iho i kēlā mau hoʻopunipuni hoʻolaha, i maʻa mau i ke ʻano hana noʻeau o kēia manawa, ua hoʻopiha ʻia nā hemisphere ʻelua i ka uē e pili ana iā ʻoe i ka wā ma mua. Akā, ʻo ʻoe, he kahuna ʻoʻoleʻa a naʻauao, ua hala ʻoe i kēia mau mea kani a me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana me ka nānā ʻole ʻana i kona ala. Ke kū ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka haʻahaʻa i ka "post hanohano" āu i koho ai, he kumu hoʻohālike like ʻole ʻoe o ke kūʻokoʻa noʻeau, me ka hōʻole ʻole ʻana i nā ʻano hana kiʻi ʻē aʻe a pau o ka holomua a me ka mana ma waena o kou mau hoa ... i mea e "lanakila kuleana" e egoistically lawe mai i loko o ka luakini o kona akamai i ka pono ole, haʻahaʻa-papa hana.

ʻO kahi aloha ʻāina ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo Ivan Vasilievich Ershov, e haʻalele ana i ke kahua, noʻonoʻo mau i ka wā e hiki mai ana o kā mākou hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, me ka hoihoi i hāpai ʻia i nā ʻōpio artistic ma ka Opera Studio o ka Leningrad Conservatory, nā hana i hana ʻia e Mozart, Rossini, Gounod, Dargomyzhsky, Rimsky-Korsakov , Tchaikovsky, Rubinstein malaila. Me ka haʻaheo a me ka haʻahaʻa, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo ia i kāna ala hana i kēia mau huaʻōlelo: "ʻO ka hana ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea hana keaka a kumu mele paha, ʻike mua wau he kamaʻāina kūʻokoʻa e hana ana i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻoihana socialist. .”

Ua make ʻo Ivan Vasilyevich Ershov ma Nowemapa 21, 1943.