Leoš Janáček |

Leoš Janacek

Noho ʻo L. Janacek i ka mōʻaukala o nā mele Czech o ke kenekulia XX. ka wahi hanohano e like me ke kenekulia XNUMX. – kona mau hoa makaainana B. Smetana a me A. Dvorak. ʻO kēia mau mea haku mele nui o ka ʻāina, nā mea nāna i hana i nā mele Czech, nāna i lawe mai i ke ʻano o kēia poʻe mele mele i ke kahua honua. Ua kaha ka mea haku mele Czech ʻo J. Sheda i kēia kiʻi o Janáček, ʻoiai ʻo ia i hoʻomanaʻo ʻia i kona mau hoa ʻāina: “…He wela, wikiwiki, manaʻo kumu, ʻoi, noʻonoʻo ʻole, me ke ʻano o ka naʻau i manaʻo ʻole ʻia. He liʻiliʻi kona kino, puʻupuʻu, me ke poʻo e hōʻike ana, me ka lauoho mānoanoa e waiho ana ma luna o kona poʻo me nā kaula ʻino, me nā kuʻemaka haʻalulu a me nā maka ʻālohilohi. ʻAʻohe hoʻāʻo i ka nani, ʻaʻohe mea i waho. Ua piha ʻo ia i ke ola a me ka paʻakikī. ʻO ia kāna mele: piha koko, pōkole, loli, e like me ke ola ponoʻī, olakino, kino, wela, hopu.

Aia ʻo Janáček i ka hanauna i noho i loko o kahi ʻāina i hoʻokaumaha ʻia (kahi i hilinaʻi lōʻihi ma ke aupuni Austrian) i ka manawa reactionary, ma hope koke iho o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke kipi hoʻokuʻu aupuni o 1848. ʻO ia paha ke kumu o kona aloha hohonu mau ka mea i hooluhiia a me ka ehaeha, kona manao kipi a hiki ole ke hoopauia ? Ua hānau ʻia ka mea haku mele ma ka ʻāina o nā ululāʻau a me nā hale kākela kahiko, ma ke kauhale mauna liʻiliʻi o Hukvaldy. ʻO ia ka ʻeiwa o nā keiki 14 o ke kumu kula kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kona makuakāne, ma waena o nā kumuhana ʻē aʻe, ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka mele, he mea hoʻokani pila, he mea hoʻokani pila o ka hale pule, alakaʻi a alakaʻi i kahi hui hīmeni. Ua loaʻa iā Māmā ka mana mele a me ka ʻike. Ua hoʻokani ʻo ia i ke kīkā, hīmeni maikaʻi, a ma hope o ka make ʻana o kāna kāne, ua hoʻokani ʻo ia i ka ʻāpana o ka Organ ma ka hale pule kūloko. He ʻilihune ka wā kamaliʻi o ka haku mele e hiki mai ana, akā olakino a manuahi. Ua hoʻomau mau ʻo ia i kona pili ʻuhane i ke ʻano, ka mahalo a me ke aloha i ka poʻe mahiʻai Moravian, i hānai ʻia i loko ona mai ka wā ʻōpiopio.

A hiki wale i ka makahiki 11 i noho ai ʻo Leosh ma lalo o kona hale makua. Ua hoʻoholo kāna mau mele mele a me ka sonorous treble i ka nīnau o kahi e wehewehe ai i ke keiki. Ua lawe kona makuakāne iā ia i Brno iā Pavel Krzhizhkovek, he mea haku mele Moravian a ʻohi moʻolelo. Ua ʻae ʻia ʻo Leos i loko o ka hui mele o ka mōneka Starobrnensky Augustinian. Ua noho nā keikikāne mele ma ka monastery ma ka uku o ka moku'āina, hele i kahi kula holoʻokoʻa a lawe i nā aʻo mele ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana o nā kumu aʻoaʻo mōneka koʻikoʻi. Ua mālama ʻo Krzhizhkovsky iā ia iho i ka haku mele me Leos. Hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻomanaʻo o ke ola ma ka Starobrnensky Monastery i nā hana he nui a Janáček (ka cantatas Amarus a me The Eternal Gospel; the sextet Youth; the piano cycles In the Darkness, Along the Overgrown Path, etc.). ʻO ka lewa o ka moʻomeheu Moravian kiʻekiʻe a kahiko, i ʻike ʻia i kēlā mau makahiki, ua hoʻokomo ʻia i kekahi o nā kiʻekiʻe o ka hana a ka mea haku mele - ka Glagolitic Mass (1926). Ma hope mai, ua hoʻopau ʻo Janacek i ke kula o Prague Organ School, i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ma Leipzig a me Vienna Conservatories, akā me nā kumu ʻoihana hohonu a pau, i ka ʻoihana nui o kona ola a me kāna hana, ʻaʻohe ona alakaʻi nui maoli. ʻO nā mea a pau āna i hoʻokō ai, ʻaʻole i lanakila i ke kula a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo akamai loa, akā kūʻokoʻa loa, ma o nā ʻimi paʻakikī, i kekahi manawa ma ka hoʻāʻo a me ka hewa. Mai nā ʻanuʻu mua ma ke kahua kūʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole ʻo Janáček he mea hoʻokani pila wale nō, akā he kumu, folklorist, conductor, music critic, theorist, organizer of philharmonic concerts a me ke Kula Organ ma Brno, he nūpepa mele a me ka pōʻai no ka noiʻi. o ka olelo Rusia. No nā makahiki he nui i hana a hakakā ka mea haku mele ma ka pōuliuli kūloko. ʻAʻole ʻike ka ʻoihana ʻoihana Prague iā ia no ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻo Dvorak wale nō i mahalo a aloha i kāna hoa ʻōpio. I ka manawa like, ʻo nā kiʻi Romantic hope loa, i hoʻomaka i ke aʻa i ke kapikala, he malihini ia i ka haku Moravian, ka mea i hilinaʻi i nā kiʻi kanaka a me nā leo o ka leo kani. Mai ka makahiki 1886, ua hoʻohana ka mea haku mele, a me ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo F. Bartosz, i kēlā me kēia kauwela ma nā huakaʻi moʻolelo. Ua paʻi ʻo ia i nā mele he nui o nā mele Moravian, hana i kā lākou hoʻonohonoho ʻaha mele, mele a me ka solo. ʻO ka hana kiʻekiʻe loa ma ʻaneʻi ʻo ia ka symphonic Lash Dances (1889). I ka manawa like me lākou, ua paʻi ʻia ka hōʻiliʻili kaulana o nā mele kahiko (ma luna o 2000) me kahi ʻōlelo mua e Janáček "Ma ka ʻaoʻao mele o nā mele mele Moravian", i manaʻo ʻia he hana maʻamau i ka moʻolelo.

Ma ke kahua o ka opera, ua lōʻihi a paʻakikī ka hoʻomohala ʻana o Janáček. Ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo hoʻokahi i ka haku ʻana i kahi opera hope-romantic e pili ana i kahi manaʻo mai kahi epic Czech (Sharka, 1887), ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e kākau i ka ballet ethnographic Rakos Rakoci (1890) a me kahi opera (The Beginning of the Novel, 1891), ma na mele a me ka hula. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ballet ma Prague i ka wā o ka Ethnographic Exhibition o 1895. ʻO ke ʻano ethnographic o kēia mau hana he manawa pōkole ia i ka hana a Janáček. Ua hahai ka mea haku mele i ke ala o ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoiaʻiʻo nui. Ua alakaʻi ʻia ʻo ia e ka makemake e kūʻē i nā abstractions - ola, kahiko - i kēia lā, kahi hoʻonohonoho kaʻao moʻokalaleo - ke kūpaʻa o ke ola o ka poʻe, nā hōʻailona meʻe - nā kānaka maʻamau me ke koko wela o ke kanaka. Ua hoʻokō ʻia kēia ma ke kolu o ka opera "Her stepdaughter" ("Enufa" ma muli o ke keaka a G. Preissova, 1894-1903). ʻAʻohe huaʻōlelo pololei ma kēia keaka, ʻoiai ʻo ka mea holoʻokoʻa he pūʻulu o nā hiʻohiʻona stylistic a me nā hōʻailona, ​​​​nā mele a me nā leo o nā mele Moravian, ka ʻōlelo kanaka. Ua hōʻole ʻia ka opera e ka Prague National Theatre, a he 13 mau makahiki o ka hakakā ʻana no ka hana nani, e pāʻani nei i kēia manawa ma nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni a puni ka honua, e komo hope loa i ke kahua o ke kapikala. I ka makahiki 1916, ua lanakila nui ka opera ma Prague, a i ka makahiki 1918 ma Vienna, ka mea i wehe i ke ala i kaulana honua no ka haku Moravian 64 makahiki i ike ole ia. I ka manawa i pau ai kāna kaikamahine hānai, ua komo ʻo Janacek i ka manawa o ke oʻo piha ʻana. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XX. Hōʻike maopopo ʻo Janacek i nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi o ka nohona. Ua hoʻoikaika nui ʻia ʻo ia e nā palapala Lūkini - Gogol, Tolstoy, Ostrovsky. Kākau ʻo ia i ka sonata piano "Mai ke alanui" a hōʻailona iā ia me ka lā ʻOkakopa 1, 1905, i ka wā i hoʻopuehu ai nā koa Austrian i kahi hōʻikeʻike ʻōpio ma Brno, a laila nā hui mele pōʻino ma ke kahua. haku mele Pyotr Bezruch "Kantor Galfar", "Marichka Magdonova", "70000" (1906). ʻO ka mea hoʻokani mele ʻo "Marichka Magdonova" e pili ana i kahi kaikamahine make akā ʻaʻole i hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia, ka mea i hoʻāla mau i kahi ʻano ʻino mai ka lehulehu. I ka wā i haʻi ʻia ai ka haku mele, ma hope o kekahi o nā hana o kēia hana: "ʻAe, he hui maoli kēia o nā socialists!" Pane ʻo ia, "ʻO ia kaʻu makemake."

Ma ka manawa hoʻokahi,ʻo nā kiʻi mua o ka symphonic rhapsody "Taras Bulba", i hoʻopau pihaʻia e ka mea haku mele i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke Kaua Honua Mua, i ka wā i hoʻokuke ai ke aupuni o Austria-Hungary i nā koa Czech e kaua aku i nā Lūkini, no ka manawa like. He mea koʻikoʻi ia i loko o kāna palapala kūloko i loaʻa ʻo Janáček i nā mea no ka hoʻohewa ʻana i ka nohona (mai nā papa mele ma ke kahua ʻo P. Bezruch a i ka opera satirical The Adventures of Pan Broucek e pili ana i nā moʻolelo o S. Cech), a me ka makemake i kahi heroic. kiʻi huli ʻo ia iā Gogol.

ʻO ka makahiki hope loa o ke ola a me ka hana o ka haku mele (1918-28) ua kaupalena ʻia e ka mōʻaukala o ka makahiki 1918 (ka hopena o ke kaua, ka pau ʻana o ka ʻauamo Austrian ʻekolu haneli mau makahiki) a i ka manawa like ma kahi huli. i ka hopena pilikino o Janáček, ka hoʻomaka o kona kaulana honua. I loko o kēia manawa o kāna hana, hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻo lyric-philosophical, ʻo ka mele mele nui loa o kāna mau opera, ʻo Katya Kabanova (ma muli o Ostrovsky's Thunderstorm, 1919-21), ua hana ʻia. he moʻolelo mele no nā mākua - "The Adventures of the Cunning Fox" (ma muli o ka moʻolelo pōkole a R. Tesnoglidek, 1921-23), a me ka opera "Makropulos' Remedy" (e pili ana i ka pāʻani o ia mea. inoa na K. Capek, 1925) a me "From the Dead House" (ma muli o " Notes from the Dead House" na F. Dostoevsky, 1927-28). I loko o nā makahiki he ʻumi maikaʻi loa, ʻo ka "Glagolic Mass" nani, 2 mau puʻupuʻu leo ​​kumu mua ("Diary of a Disappeared" a me "Jests"), ka papa mele kupaianaha "Mad Tramp" (na R. Tagore) a me ka Sinfonietta kaulana loa ua puka mai ke kaula keleawe. Eia kekahi, nui nā mele mele a me ke keʻena-instrumental haku mele, me 2 quartets. E like me kā B. Asafiev i ʻōlelo ai e pili ana i kēia mau hana, ua like ʻo Janachek e ulu ʻōpio me kēlā me kēia.

Ua loaʻa iā Janacek ka make me ka manaʻo ʻole: i ka wā hoʻomaha kauwela ma Hukvaldy, loaʻa ʻo ia i ke anu a make ʻo ia i ka pneumonia. Ua kanu lākou iā ia ma Brno. ʻO ka hale pule o ka mōneka Starobrnensky, kahi āna i aʻo ai a hīmeni ai i ka papa mele i kona wā kamaliʻi, ua piha i ka lehulehu o ka poʻe hauʻoli. Me he mea lā ʻaʻohe mana o ka mea nona nā makahiki a me nā maʻi ʻelemakule.

ʻAʻole maopopo ka Contemporaries ʻo Janáček kekahi o nā mea i hoʻokumu i ka noʻonoʻo mele a me ka psychology mele o ke kenekulia XNUMX. ʻO kāna kamaʻilio ʻana me ka leo kūloko koʻikoʻi i manaʻo wiwo ʻole no nā aesthetes, nā mea i hana mua ʻia, nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o kahi mea hana hou maoli i manaʻo ʻia he ʻike. I kona wā e ola ana, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi kaulana ma ke ʻano he hapa hoʻonaʻauao, primitive, folklorist kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka ʻike hou o ke kanaka hou i ka hopena o ke kenekulia i wehe i ko mākou mau maka i ke ʻano o kēia mea pena akamai, a ua hoʻomaka kahi pahū hou o ka hoihoi i kāna hana. I kēia manawa ʻaʻole pono ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka pololei o kāna nānā ʻana i ka honua, ʻo ka ʻoi o ka leo o kāna mau mele ʻaʻole pono i ka polishing. ʻIke ke kanaka o kēia manawa iā Janacek i kāna hoa aloha, he mea hoʻolaha i nā loina o ka holomua, humanism, mālama pono i nā kānāwai o ke ʻano.

L. Polyakova