Nā mea kani |

mea kani - nā mea kani i hoʻolālā ʻia e unuhi i nā kani i hoʻonohonoho ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā leo pitch a i ʻole ka hoʻoponopono pololei ʻana, a me ka walaʻau. Nā mea kani a me nā walaʻau ʻole (mallet o nā kiaʻi pō, rattle of hunters, arched bele, whistle), a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻopunipuni e hoʻohālike i ka leo manu a me ka leo o nā holoholona i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hahai holoholona, ​​​​a me nā mea hana i mea hana kūikawā. nā kumu hōʻailona, ​​ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me M. a. He mau M. a me. i hoʻohana ʻia no nā hana hoʻomana (shaman tambourine, Buddhist ghan-dan a me bure, Nivkh partigre); i kekahi manawa hoʻohana ʻia lākou e hele pū me nā moena. nā hula (Est. kraatsspill, Latvian, tridexnis, chagana, eglite). Hoʻopili kēia i nā mea hana, me ke kōkua o ia i ka symphony. (opera) orchestra hana hou i ka hekili, uwo makani, pohā huikau, a pela aku. ʻoihana noʻeau. nā hana, eg. nā bele halepule me ke alelo kaʻa wale. Ia M. a. Hoʻokomo pū ʻia nā litas. Toshalya a i ʻole Latvian. berzstaase, hana ʻia mai ka ʻili birch, Mari efi mai ka lau lilac, Ukrainian. lusk from horn flake, etc.; hoʻohana i nā mea hana like. hoʻokani akamai nā mea hoʻokani i nā mele paʻakikī, me ka hoʻolako nui ʻana iā lākou me nā pauku like ʻole a me nā melismas.

ʻO kēlā me kēia M. a. loaʻa i ka timbre kūʻokoʻa (ʻano, kala) o ke kani, kikoʻī. nā mana hoʻoikaika a me kekahi ʻano o nā leo. ʻO ke kani kani M. a. pili i nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka mea hana, ke ʻano i hāʻawi ʻia iā lākou (ʻo ia hoʻi, nā ʻikepili dimensional āpau o nā ʻāpana, nā hui) a hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka add. nā mea hana (eg mute), decomp. nā ʻenehana unuhi leo (no ka laʻana, pizzicato, harmonic, etc.).

M. i. Ua ʻae ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i ka poʻe a me ka ʻoihana. Hana ʻia nā mea mua i waena o nā kānaka a hoʻohana ʻia i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a me ke kiʻi mele. hoʻokō. Hiki i nā mea kani like ke pili i nā lāhui like ʻole, pili lāhui. ʻohana a lōʻihi paha. pilina moʻolelo a moʻomeheu. No laila, aia wale nō ma Ukraine kahi bandura, a ma Georgia - panduri a me chonguri. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hikina. ʻO nā Slav - Lūkini, Ukrainians, Belarusians - i ka wā ma mua a i kēia manawa ke hoʻohana nei i nā mea maʻamau - gusli, sniffle (sniffle, pipe), zhaleika (horn), bagpipe (dudu), huila lira, ma Azerbaijan a me Armenia - saz, tar, kemancha , zurnu, noho; ma Uzbekistan a me Tajikistan, aneane like nā mea kani a pau. ʻO Prof. ka hapa nui o nā mea kani i hana ʻia ma muli o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka nar. mea paahana. No laila, no ka laʻana, i ka wā kahiko, ʻo Nar wale nō. ʻO ka mea kani ka violin, ʻo ka violin hou i kū mai i ka poʻe maʻalahi loa. ʻohe, mai kahi chalumeau primitive - clarinet, etc. ʻO ka ʻoihana maʻamau ka M. a., ʻo ia kahi ʻāpana o ka symphony. (opera), makani a me estr. nā mea hoʻokani pila, a me nā keleawe a me nā kaula. keyboards (organ, piano, i ka wā kahiko - harpsichord, clavichord). Ma kekahi mau ʻāina (India, Iran, Tureke, Kina, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) ʻaneʻane pāʻani lākou i nā mea kani poʻokela wale nō, a ʻo nā hana hana ma ia mau mea kani he mau laʻana o ka ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe ma kēia mau ʻāina. Eia naʻe, i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o nā mele mele ʻEulopa a me nā moʻomeheu keyboard, ʻaʻole pili pono i ka moʻomeheu poʻe, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he prof. M. a.; kā lākou hoʻolālā, ʻenehana-hana a me ka artistic-express. ua hemolele nā ​​hiʻohiʻona.

ʻO ka puka ʻana mai o M. a. no ka wa kahiko. ʻO kekahi o lākou, eg. nā pū kani a me nā ʻohe mua i hana ʻia i ka iwi, ʻike nā mea kālaihonua i ka wā o ka ʻeli ʻana o nā noho kanaka o ka wā Paleolithic. i nā monuments Neolithic. Aia nā pahu ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, nā ʻohe makani (e like me ka shawl a chalumeau), nā xylophones kahiko a me nā ʻohe me nā lua pāʻani. Ua ʻike ʻia nā kaula ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe. M. i. – ʻo nā lira maʻalahi loa, ʻano lute a me ke ʻano tanbur, akā ua ʻike ʻia lākou e kekahi poʻe ma mua o BC. e. He mau kuhiakau like ole o ko M. kumu a me. Ua manaʻo ʻia he mau mea hōʻailona kēia i ka wā mua a ua pili pū lākou me nā kaʻina hana o ke kanaka primitive. Eia naʻe, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea archaeological, i ka wā mua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kaiāulu kanaka, aia nā mea hana i hana maʻemaʻe mele a me ka nani. hana: nā ʻohe me nā lua pāʻani, e ʻae iā ʻoe e unuhi i nā leo o nā kiʻekiʻe like ʻole o kahi unahi paʻa pololei (e hōʻike ana i ka puka ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana mele koʻikoʻi), nā kaula. nā mea kani kūpono wale no ka hoʻokani mele, dec. nā ʻano castanets e hele pū ana me ka hula hoʻokahi a me ka hui, a me ke kōkua o ka puhi ʻana no ke mele. Hiki i nā hana ke hoʻohana i nā paipu hōʻailona a me nā pū.

Ua hele pololei ka hoʻomohala ʻana o M. a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā mea hana. pili me ka ulu nui o ke kanaka, kona moʻomeheu, mele, hana. nā koi a me nā ʻenehana hana. I ka manawa like, ua iho mai kekahi mau M. a., ma muli o nā ʻano o kā lākou hoʻolālā, i ko lākou ʻano kumu (e like me ka Uzbek stone castanets - kayrak), ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia kekahi, ʻo M. a me kekahi. a me nā pono nani, hāʻule i ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia a pani ʻia e nā mea hou. Helu a me ke ano o M. a. mahuahua a mahuahua. Muses. ʻO ka hana noʻeau, ʻoiai e hoʻomohala ana, koi ʻia nā ala kūpono o ka hōʻike ʻana, a ʻo nā mea kani ʻoi aku ka holomua, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua kōkua i ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana i ke mele. noʻonoʻo a me ka hana. hoʻopiʻi. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i nā manawa a pau ka degere o ka ʻokoʻa a me ka ʻenehana. M. na mokuaina a. hiki ke hana ma ke ʻano he ana o ka pae mele. moʻomeheu. ʻO kekahi poʻe, makemake lākou i ka wok. mele, hana M. a. i nā mea liʻiliʻi a hoʻohana iā lākou Ch. arr. ma ke ano he papa himeni. himeni ana. ʻO ia, no ka laʻana, ka ukana. ʻO chonguri a me panduri, a ʻo nā mea wale nō, ma ke ʻano maoli, nā kurai ma waena o nā Bashkirs a me nā khomys ma waena o nā Yakuts. I ka manawa like, ua hiki ke akamai i ka hoʻokani ʻana i nā kurai a me nā khomys, a me nā mele i hoʻokani ʻia ma luna o ia mau mea, ua hiki i ka maikaʻi loa o kēia mau lāhui.

ʻO ka mea maopopo loa o ka pilina a M. me ka noʻonoʻo a me ka hana, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kā lākou koho a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana ma ke kahua o prof. mele (i loko o nā mele folk, ʻoi aku ka mālie o kēia mau kaʻina hana, a ʻaʻole i loli a liʻiliʻi paha nā mea kani no nā kenekulia). No laila, i nā kenekulia 15-16. Ua pani ʻia nā fidels (viels) me ko lākou kani ʻinoʻino e nā viols kani mālie, matte timbre, "aristocratic". I nā kenekulia 17-18. e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka homophonic harmonic. ʻano a me ka puka ʻana mai o nā mele e koi ana i ka hana ʻano like ʻole, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka viola e ka violin a me kona ʻohana, nona ka leo ʻālohilohi a me nā manawa kūpono no ka pāʻani virtuoso. I ka manawa like me nā violas, ʻo ka palupalu, akā "ola ʻole" i ke kani, ua hāʻule ka ʻohe longitudinal i ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia, e hāʻawi ana i kahi ʻohe sonorous a me ka ʻenehana mobile transverse flute. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole hoʻohana hou ʻia nā mele ʻEulopa i ka ensemble a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa orchestral. ka lute a me kona mau ʻano - theorbo and chitarron (arch-lute), a ma ka hana mele home ua hoʻololi ʻia ka lute e ka vihuela, a laila ka guitar. E con. ʻO ke kenekulia 18 ua pani ʻia ka harpsichord e ka M. a hou. – piano.

ʻO Prof. ʻO nā mele mele, ma ka nānā ʻana i ka paʻakikī o kā lākou hoʻolālā ʻana, hilinaʻi nui ʻia i nā mele ʻōiwi i kona hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kūlana o nā ʻepekema pololei a me nā ʻenehana hana - ke alo o nā muses. nā hale hana a me nā mea kanu me kā lākou mau hale hana hoʻokolohua a me nā mea hana akamai. ʻO nā mea hoʻokani violin wale nō. ʻohana e koi ana i ka hana hoʻokahi. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nā violins, cellos, pālua basses ma ke kumu o nā laʻana kanaka e nā haku kaulana ʻo Brescia a me Cremonese o nā kenekulia 16-18. (G. da Salo, G. Magini, N. Amati, A. Stradivari, Guarneri del Gesù, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) e noho maikaʻi ʻole i ko lākou pono. ʻO ka ulu ikaika loa o prof. M. i. ua hana ʻia i nā kenekulia 18 a me 19. ʻO ka hana ʻana e T. Böhm o kahi hoʻolālā hou o kahi ʻohe me kahi ʻōnaehana valve (ua ʻike ʻia ke kumu hoʻohālike mua i ka makahiki 1832) i hoʻonui i ka hiki ke hana o nā haku mele a kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kiʻi hoʻokani mele mele. Ua lawe ʻia kahi kipi maoli e ka ʻike ʻana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 19. mechanics valve ma na mea kani keleawe. Mahalo i kēia, huli lākou mai ka mea i kapa ʻia. maoli M. a. (me ka helu palena o nā leo a no laila ua kaupalena ʻia nā mea hiki) i chromatic, hiki, e like me ka woodwinds, ke hana hou i kekahi mele. ʻO ke aʻa stylist. ua hoʻololi ʻia ke mele o nā ʻano a pau no nā mea kani kīwī me ka hiki ʻana mai o ka hammer-piano, kahi i pani ai i ka harpsichord a me ka clavichord. Me ka hana ʻana o ka uila a me ka lekiō, ua hiki ke kūkulu ʻia nā mea kani uila.

Ma kahi liʻiliʻi (ma muli o ke kāhiko kanaka) hilinaʻi lākou i ka pae o ka ʻenehana. M. i. Eia nō naʻe, ma ʻaneʻi, me ka ʻole o ka hana lima a me ka hana hale hana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana nui i nā harmonicas, hoʻomaikaʻi "Andreev" balalaikas a me domras (Russia), nā mea kani tamburash (Czechoslovakia a me Yugoslavia), tarogata (Hungary a me Romania), etc. . Ka ulu ana o kanaka. M. i. pili pono i ka nohona pili kanaka. Ma ka USSR, mahalo i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nat. art-va, a me ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka moʻomeheu o nā moena ākea. Ua hoʻomaka ka lehulehu ma nā repubalika a me nā ʻāina kūʻokoʻa e hana i nā lehulehu. instr. hui, hoʻomaka ka hana ma ke ola hou ʻana, ke kūkulu hou ʻana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā bunks. M. a., e hoʻolālā ana i ko lākou mau ʻohana no ka hoʻokani pila a me ka hoʻokani pila, ʻaʻole ʻike mua ʻo to-rogo. kanaka. Paʻa paʻa ʻaʻole wale ma prof. a me ka poe hana ia oe iho. hoʻokani hoʻokahi a hui pū kekahi, akā ma ka poʻe. ola mele e like me M. a. ʻōnaehana hoʻomaikaʻi, e like me ka bandura ma Ukraine, nā kimebala ma Belarus, nā kankles a me ka birbin ma Lithuania, nā ʻano kannels like ʻole ma Estonia, dutar, Kashgar rubab a me chang ma Uzbekistan, dombra ma Kazakhstan, etc.

E pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka repertoire o nā amateurs. a me prof. ensembles and orchestras instruments, the including of music in it. nā mele kahiko a me nā mea hana haku mele hou (me nā ʻano nui), a ma muli o ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka moʻomeheu mele o nā lāhui o ka USSR, nā mea hoʻokani, ensembles a me nā orchestras o nā kānaka. ua hoʻomaka nā mea hana e hoʻohana i ka nuipa a me ka prof. M. i. – ke kikā, ke kīkoʻo pila, ka ʻakordion, violin, clarinet, a me nā otd. nā hihia - ʻohe, pū a me ka trombone.

ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole o M. i ka honua a. nui loa. Systematizing M. a., ua hui ia lakou i mau hui e like me c.-l. hiʻona hiʻona. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho kahiko loa he India a me Kina; ka papa mua M. a. e like me ke ʻano o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ke kani, ʻo ka lua - e like me ke ʻano o ka mea i hana ʻia ai ka mea kani. 'Apono 'ia e puunaue M. a. i loko o 3 pūʻulu: makani, kaula a me ka percussion. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pūʻulu i nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi: makani - i ka lāʻau a me ke keleawe, a me ke kaula - i ʻohi ʻia a kūlou. ʻO ke kumu leo ​​o nā mea kani makani he kolamu o ka ea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ke kahawai barela, nā mea kani - he kaula ʻōniʻoniʻo; Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hui percussion me nā mea kani e hoʻopuka ʻia ai ke kani e ka pā. Na prof. ʻuhane. ʻO nā mea kani lāʻau he ohe, oboe, clarinet, bassoon a me kā lākou mau ʻano like (piccolo flute, English horn, bassclarinet, contrabassoon), a me kahi ʻohana saxophones a me nā sarisophones. ʻOiai ʻo ka hana ʻana o kekahi mau mea kani (ka ohe hou a me ka ʻohe piccolo, saxophones, sarusophones) i hana ʻia me ka metala, aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe (clarinet, oboe) i kekahi manawa i hana ʻia me ka plastic, ua pili pono lākou i nā woodwinds ma ke ʻano o ka unuhi leo a me nā ʻano mele maʻamau. Ma waena o nā mea kani o kēia pūʻulu ʻo Uzbek-Taj. Nai, Karelian Lira a me Luddu, Latvian. ganurags, Buryat. bishkur. ʻO ka pūʻulu o nā mea kani keleawe (ua kapa ʻia lākou he embouchure a i ʻole waha waha) e komo pū me nā pū, pū, trombone, tuba, a me nā mea ʻuhane. hookani pila (byugelhorns and flugelhorns), mai nar. – Uzbek-Taj. Karnay, Ukrainian (Hutsul) trembita, Mold. buchum, e like me ka sarv, rus. ʻO Vladimir kiwi. ʻOiai ʻaneʻane he lāʻau lākou a pau, ma ke ʻano o ka unuhi ʻia ʻana o ke kani a me kona ʻano, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa loa lākou mai nā keleawe. ʻO kahi pūʻulu liʻiliʻi o nā kaula i ʻoki ʻia ʻo ia ka harp, guitar, mandolin, Kazakh. dombra, Turkm. dutar, rus. gusli a me ke ʻano like o Kannel, Latvian. kokle, lit. kankles, Karelian kantele. ʻO nā mea kūlou ka violin a me kona ʻohana (viola, cello, double bass), Azeri. kemancha, kirg. kyyak, Tuvan byzanchi, Mari kovyzh. ʻO ka hui percussion he mau M. a me nā ʻano like ʻole. me ka membrane ʻili (timpani, pahu, pahu kani) a i ʻole i hana ʻia me nā mea hiki ke kani iā ​​ia iho (kimebala, gong, triangle, xylophone, castanets, etc.). ʻO nā inoa papa ʻo harpsichord, pianoforte (piano nui, piano pololei), ʻoka, harmonium, etc.

I ka ʻepekema instrumental palapala hoʻohana ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, akā ʻoi aku ka pololei o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho (nānā. nā kikoʻī hou aku ma Art. Instrumentation), e ʻae ana e hōʻike piha a piha i ke ʻano o kēlā me kēia ʻano M. a. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa ka ʻōnaehana, kahi kumu i waiho ʻia e F. Gevaart (“Nouveau traité d'instrumentation”, P. - Brux., 1885) a laila hoʻomohala ʻia e V. Маийоном ("Descriptive and analytical catalog of the Instrumental Museum of the Royal Conservatory of Music in Brussels", v. 1-5, Ghent 1893-1922). ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona wehewehe o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana ke kumu o ke kani a me ke ʻano o ka unuhi ʻana; hoonui hou aku M. a. hana ʻia e like me kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona hoʻolālā. Manaʻo i nā loina o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o Gevaart a me Mayon, ma ke ʻano. Ua ʻae ʻia nā degere a hoʻomohala ʻia ma hope e E. ʻO Hornbostel lāua ʻo K. Sachs ("Systematik der Musikinstrumente", "Zeitschrift für Ethnologie", 1914, (Jahrg.) 46), hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ma Sov. mea hana (me ka ʻole o ka ʻohi ʻana i nā mea kani i nā ʻano a me nā ʻano ʻano). Wahi a ka ʻōnaehana i lawe ʻia ma USSR, ʻo M. a. ua māhele ʻia e like me ke kumu kani i 4 pūʻulu: makani (aerophones), strings (chordophones), membrane (membranophones) a me ke kani ponoʻī (idiophones a autophones). ʻO ke kumu kani o ka membrane ka ʻili a i ʻole ka ʻōpū o ka holoholona, ​​​​ke kani ponoʻī - nā mea i hoʻokaumaha ʻia i loko kahi i hana ʻia ai ka mea kani a i ʻole kona ʻāpana kani. E like me ke ʻano o ka unuhi ʻana i ke kani, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea kani i ka ʻohe, ka ʻohe, ka waha a me nā kīʻaha ʻohe. Loaʻa i nā ʻōheʻe nā ʻano ohe like ʻole: ʻano ocarina, longitudinal (ua paʻa ka mea kani i kahi kūlana longitudinal) a me ka transverse (ua paʻa ka mea kani i kahi kūlana transverse). Ocarinoid - ʻo kēia nā ʻano o nā ʻōhiʻo vascular a me nā ocarinas; Ua māhele ʻia ka longitudinal i nā mea hāmama, kahi e wehe ai nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ke kumu (bashk. Kuray, Turkmen. tuyduk, Adyghe kamyl, abkh. apkhertsa), kiwi (block-flyer, Belarusian. paipu, sopel Rusia, dag. kshul, Altai shogur), ʻano ʻano kīʻaha pā nui (gr. larchemi or soinari, mold. ka nui, Ukrainian svyril, kuim-chipsan o ka poe Komi); i waena o nā mea kaulana loa o kēia wā transverse. Prof. ohe, Uzbek-Taj. nai, tuvinskaya lembi, buryat. limbo. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea kani i nā mea kani me ke alelo manuahi (Mari lyshtash mai kahi lau cherry manu, Adjarian sapratsuna mai ka lau walnut, Ukrainian. luska mai horn otschen, Latvian. birzstaase ma ke ʻano o ka pā ʻili birch), me kahi alelo kuʻi hoʻokahi (clarinet, saxophone, Rus. ʻeke ʻeke, ʻeke ʻeke a ʻeke paha, est. roopill, lit. birbin), me ke alelo kuʻi pālua (oboe, bassoon, saryusophone, azerb. a me ka lima. Duduk i zurna, Uzb.-taj. pu, kanu. bishkur), me ka ʻohe paheʻe (nā ʻano harmonicas a me harmonium; ʻo kēia mau mea kani ke kani ponoʻī, ʻo ia hoʻi. no ka mea, aia no ia lakou ke alelo, aka, e like me ka moolelo, ua kapaia lakou he mau mea kani). He mau mea kani ka waha o ka oscillations o ke kolamu ea, ʻo ia nā lehelehe o ka mea hoʻokani, i hoʻopili ʻia i ka waha (mouthpiece) o ka barela a, no laila, ʻoi aku ka manawa (prof. nā mea kani keleawe, folk - horns, horns and pipes).

Aia ka pūʻulu kaula i nā mea ʻokiʻoki, kūlou a me nā mea kani. I ka wā mua, lawe ʻia ke kani ma ka ʻohi ʻana i ke kaula me kahi peni, manamana lima, plectrum (spinet, harpsichord, harp, guitar, balalaika, Kazakh dombra, mandolin); ma ke kūlou ʻana – me ke kakaka paha (mea kani o ka ʻohana violin, Armenian kamani, Georgian chuniri, Ossetian kissyn-fandyr, Kirg. kyyak, Kazakh. kobyz), a i ʻole ka huila friction (wheel lyre), a ma ke kuʻi ʻana - ma ke kī ʻana. ke kaula me ka hāmare a i ʻole nā ​​lāʻau (clavichord, fp., Cymbals, Armenian and Georgian santur or santuri).

ʻO ka hui membrane he mau mea kani me ka membrane paʻa paʻa, kahi e paʻi ai me ka lima, ka mallet, a i ʻole ke kani ʻana i ke ʻano frictional (tamburine, timpani, pahu, Ukrainian bugay a me Mold. thump). ʻO ka membrane pū kekahi me nā mirlitons - nā mea kani me ka membrane, e hoʻonui a hoʻonani i ka leo o ka mea mele ma kahi ʻano kala kūikawā (Ukrainian Ocheretyna, Chuvash. Turana sea otters, kahi lei maʻamau i kāwili ʻia i ka pepa kiko no ka hui ʻana i ka lauoho). Nui ka pūʻulu o nā mea kani ponoʻī i māhele ʻia i uhuki (vargan i kāna mau hoʻololi āpau), percussion (xylophone, metallophone, celesta, gong, kimebala, triangle, orc. bele, Lithuanian jingulis, Kabardino-Balkarian a me Adyghe pkhachich), friction. (Est. kraatspill a me ka pingipill, Abkh akunjjapkhyartsa, Dag chang-chugur).

ʻO nā hui kūikawā nā mea hana mechanical a electrophonic. Ma nā mea mechanical, hoʻokaniʻia ka pāʻani me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka makani a iʻole ka uila, ka hoʻololiʻana o ka lāʻau ma ka lima, nā mea electrophonic i hoʻololiʻia (nā mea hana maʻamau i hoʻolakoʻia me kahi mea no ka hoʻonuiʻana i ke kani) a me nā mea uila, ke kumu kani. nā haʻalulu uila (e nānā i nā mea kani uila).

E hoʻomaopopo ': ʻO Famintsyn A. S., Gusli - nā mea kani poʻe Lūkini, St. Petersburg, 1890; ʻO kāna pono'ī, Domra a me nā mea kani pili o ka poʻe Lūkini, St. Petersburg, 1891; ʻO Privalov N. ʻO I., nā mea kani ʻano Tanbur o ka poʻe Lūkini, "Proceedings of the St. Petersburg Society of Musical Meetings", 1905, no. 4-6, 1906, no. 2; ona, Na mea kani makani a na kanaka Rusia, vol. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1907-08; Maslov A., Illustrated wehewehe o nā mea kani i mālama ʻia ma ka Dashkovo Ethnographic Museum ma Moscow, i ka Proceedings of the Musical and Ethnographic Commission of the Society of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography Lovers, vol. 2, M., 1911; Rindeizen N., Essays on the history of music in Russia…, vol. 1, ʻaʻole nō. 2, M.-L., 1928; Privalau N., Nā mea hoʻokani pila o Belarus ma ka puke: Institute of Belarusian Culture. Notes of the Department of Humanities, puke. 4. Nā hana o ka 'Oihana o Ethnography, Vol. 1, Mensk, 1928; Uspensky V., Belyaev V., mele Turkmen …, M., 1928; Khotkevich R., Nā mea kani o ka poʻe Ukrainian, Kharkiv, 1930; Zaks K., na mea hookani pila o keia wa, trans. mai Kelemānia., M.-L., 1932; Belyaev V., Nā mea kani o Uzbekistan, M., 1933; kāna, Folk Musical Instruments of Azerbaijan, ma ka hōʻiliʻili: Art of the Azerbaijani people, M.-L., 1938; Novoselsky A., Ka puke e pili ana i ka harmonica, M.-L., 1936; Arakishvili D., wehewehe a ana ʻana i nā mea kani mele, Tb., 1940 (ma ka ukana. lang.); Agazhanov A., nā mea kani poʻe Lūkini, M.-L., 1949; ʻO Rogal-Levitsky D. R., Contemporary Orchestra, vol. 1-4, M., 1953-56; nona iho, Conversations about the orchestra, M., 1961; Lisenko M. V., Nā mea kani mele ma Ukraine, Kipv, 1955; Gizatov B., Kazakh State Orchestra of Folk Instruments. Kurmangazy, A.-A., 1957; ʻO Vinogradov V. S., Kyrgyz folk music, P., 1958; Zhinovich I., Belarusian State Folk Orchestra, Minsk, 1958; ʻO Nikiforv P. N., Mari folk musical instruments, Yoshkar-Ola, 1959; (Рaliulis S.), Lietuviu liaudies instrumentine musica, Vilnius, 1959; ʻO Struve B. A., Ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā viola a me nā violins, M., 1959; Modr A., ​​nā mea kani, trans. mai Czech., M., 1959; Nyurnberg N., Symphony orchestra a me kāna mau mea kani, L.-M., 1959; Blagodatov G., harmonica Lūkini, L., 1960; nona iho, Musical Instruments of the Peoples of Siberia, ma ka puke: Collection of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences, vol. 18, Moscow, 1968; Vyzgo T., Petrosyants A., Uzbek orchestra of folk instruments, Tash., 1962; ʻO Sokolov V. F., W. MA ʻO Andreev a me kāna mea hoʻokani pila, L., 1962; Chulaki M., Symphony Orchestra Instruments, M., 1962; Vertkov K., Blagodatov G., Yazovitskaya E., Atlas of Musical Instruments of the People of the USSR, M., 1963, 1975; Raev A. M., nā mea kani poʻe Altai, Gorno-Altaisk, 1963; Eichhorn A., Nā mea mele a me ka lāhui (trans. me ia. i. MA M. Belyaev), Tash., 1963 (Musical folklore ma Uzbekistan); ʻO Aksenov A. N., nā mele moʻomeheu Tuvan. Materials and researches, M., 1964; ʻO Berov L. S., nā mea kani poʻe Moldavia, Kish., 1964; Smirnov B., Art of Vladimir horn players, M., 1965; ʻo kāna mele ponoʻī, Mongolian folk music, M., 1971; ʻO Tritus M. L., Moʻomeheu mele o ka Kalmyk ASSR, M., 1965; ʻO Gumenyuk A., nā mea kani poʻe Ukrainian, Kipv, 1967; Mirek A., Mai ka moolelo o ka accordion a me ke pihi accordion, M., 1967; Khashba I. M., Abkhaz mea kani mele, Sukhumi, 1967; ʻO Levin S. Ya., Ma nā mea kani o ka poʻe Adyghe, ma: Nā memo ʻepekema o ka Adyghe Research Institute of Language, Literature and History, vol. 7, Maikop, 1968; kāna, Nā mea kani makani i ka moʻolelo o ka moʻomeheu mele, L., 1973; ʻO Richugin P., Nā mele mele o Argentina. M., 1971; Mahillon V. Сh., Descriptive and analytical catalog of the Instrumental Museum of the Royal Conservatory of Music in Brussels, c. 1-5, Gand, 1893-1922; Saсhs C., Reallexikon der Musikinstrumente, В., 1913, paʻi hou, Hildesheim, 1962 (ANGL. ed., N. Y., (1964)); его же, Handbuch der Musikinstrumentenkunde, Lpz., 1920, 1930, pa'i hou, (Lpz., 1966); его же, ʻUhane a lilo i mau mea kani, В., 1928, paʻi hou, Hilvcrsum, 1965; его же, The History of Museal instruments, N. Y., (1940); ʻO Вaines A., nā mea kani Woodwind a me kā lākou moʻolelo, N. Y., (1963); Bachmann W., Ka Hoʻomaka o ka hoʻokani pila ʻana, Lpz., 1964; Buchner A., ​​ʻO nā mea kani o nā lāhui, Prague, 1968; его же, Mai Glockenspiel a Pianola, (Prague, 1959); Studia instrumentorum musicae popularis, Stockh., 1969. See kukui.

K. A. Vertkov, S. Ya. Levin