André Grétry |
ʻO Andre Gretry
He mea haku mele ʻopepa Farani o ke kenekulia 60. ʻO A. Gretry - he mea hōʻike i kēia manawa a me ka mea hōʻike no ka hoʻokahuli Palani - ʻo ia ka mea koʻikoʻi ma ka hale opera o Farani i ka wā o ka Enlightenment. ʻO ka paʻakikī o ka lewa kālai'āina, i ka wā e hoʻomākaukau ai ka manaʻo no ka haunaele kipi, i ka wā i hakakā ai nā manaʻo a me nā ʻono i kahi hakakā koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻole i kāpae i ka opera: ʻoiai ma ʻaneʻi nā kaua, nā hui kākoʻo o kekahi a i ʻole kekahi haku mele. ʻano ʻano a i ʻole kuhikuhi. ʻO nā opera a Gretry (c. XNUMX) he ʻokoʻa loa i ke kumuhana a me ke ʻano, akā ʻo ka comic opera, ke ʻano democratic ʻoi loa o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, noho i kahi mea nui loa i kāna hana. ʻAʻole nā akua kahiko a me nā koa kona mau koa (e like me ka lyrical tragedy, outdated by that time), akā nā kānaka maʻamau a me nā ʻelele o ke kolu o ka waiwai.
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Gretry i loko o ka ʻohana mele. Mai ka makahiki 9, aʻo ke keikikāne ma ke kula parochial, hoʻomaka e haku mele. I ka makahiki 17, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea kākau o nā hana ʻuhane (mass, motets). ʻAʻole naʻe e lilo kēia mau ʻano i mea nui i kāna ola hana hou. Hoʻi i Liege, i ka wā o ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana i ka hui Italia, ma ke ʻano he ʻumikumamākolu mau makahiki, ua ʻike mua ʻo ia i nā hana opera buffa. Ma hope mai, i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i Roma no 5 mau makahiki, ua hiki iā ia ke kamaʻāina me nā hana maikaʻi loa o kēia ʻano. Hoʻoulu ʻia e ka mele a G. Pergolesi, N. Piccinni, B. Galuppi, i ka makahiki 1765 ua hana ʻo Gretry i kāna mele mele mua, ʻo The Grape Picker. A laila ua loaʻa iā ia ka hanohano kiʻekiʻe o ke koho ʻana i lālā o ka Bologna Philharmonic Academy. ʻO ka mea nui no ka holomua o ka wā e hiki mai ana ma Paris he hui me Voltaire ma Geneva (1766). Ua kākau ʻia ma ka ʻāpana o Voltaire, ʻo ka opera Huron (1768) - ka hoʻomaka mua o Parisian o ka haku mele - ua kaulana a mahalo ʻia ʻo ia.
E like me ka mea a ka mea kākau moʻolelo mele ʻo G. Abert i ʻike ai, he "manaʻo nui a hoihoi loa ʻo Gretry, a ma waena o nā mea hoʻokani pila o Parisa he pepeiao koʻikoʻi kona i nā koi hou he nui a Rousseau a me nā Encyclopedists i hoʻopuka ai ma mua o ke kahua hoʻokani ..." Ua hana ʻo Gretry i nā mea ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni Farani i ʻokoʻa wale i nā kumuhana: ʻo ka opera Huron i hoʻohālikelike (ma ka ʻuhane o Rousseau) i ke ola o nā ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i hoʻopā ʻole ʻia e ka moʻomeheu; ʻO nā keaka ʻē aʻe, e like me "Lucille", hōʻike i ke kumuhana o ka like ʻole o ka nohona a hoʻokokoke i ka opera-seria. ʻO Gretry kahi kokoke loa i kahi mele hoʻokalakupua, "waimaka", hāʻawi i nā poʻe maʻamau me nā manaʻo hohonu a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. Loaʻa iā ia (ʻoiai he liʻiliʻi) maʻemaʻe comedic, sparkling me ka leʻaleʻa, nā keaka i ka ʻuhane o G. Rossini: "ʻElua Miserly", "Kiʻi Kūkākūkā". Ua makemake nui ʻo Gretry i nā moʻolelo kaao ("Zemira a me Azor"). ʻO ka exoticism, ka waihoʻoluʻu a me ka nani o nā mele i ia mau hana e wehe i ke ala no ka opera romana.
Ua hana ʻo Gretry i kāna mau keaka maikaʻi loa i nā makahiki 80. (ma ka pō o ke kipi ʻana) i ka hui pū ʻana me ka mea hoʻokani manuahi ʻo M. Seden. ʻO kēia ka moʻolelo opera "Richard the Lionheart" (ʻo ka mele mai ia mea i hoʻohana ʻia e P. Tchaikovsky ma "The Queen of Spades"), "Raul the Bluebeard". Loaʻa iā Gretry ka kaulana pan-European. Mai ka makahiki 1787, lilo ʻo ia i mea nānā i ka hale keaka o Comedie Italienne; ʻoi aku iā ia, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kūlana o ka censor aliʻi o nā mele. ʻO nā hanana o 1789 i wehe i kahi ʻaoʻao hou i nā hana a Gretry, ka mea i lilo i mea hoʻokumu i nā mele hou, kipi. Ua kani ʻia kāna mau mele a me kāna mau mele i ka wā o nā ʻahaʻaina nui i mālama ʻia ma nā pā o Paris. Ua koi hou ke kipi i ka repertoire keaka pū kekahi. ʻO ka inaina i ke aupuni mōʻī i hoʻokahuli ʻia i alakaʻi ʻia i ka pāpā ʻia ʻana e ke Kōmike o ka Maluhia o ka lehulehu o kāna mau opera e like me "Richard the Lionheart" a me "Peter the Great". Hoʻokumu ʻo Gretry i nā hana e kū ana i ka ʻuhane o ka wā, e hōʻike ana i ka makemake no ke kūʻokoʻa: "William Tell", "Tyrant Dionysius", "Republican Chosen One, or the Feast of Virtue". Ua kū mai kahi ʻano hou - ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "opera of horrors and salvation" (kahi i hoʻoholo ʻia ai nā kūlana koʻikoʻi e ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa kūleʻa) - ke ʻano o nā leo koʻikoʻi a me ka hopena keaka nani, e like me ka pena kahiko o David. ʻO Gretry kekahi o nā mea mua i hana i nā keaka ma kēia ʻano (Lisabeth, Eliska, a i ʻole ke Aloha Māmā). He hopena koʻikoʻi ka Salvation Opera ma ka opera hoʻokahi a Beethoven, ʻo Fidelio.
I loko o nā makahiki o ka Napoleonic Empire, ua hōʻole ʻo Gretry i ka hana haku mele, akā ua huli ʻo ia i ka hana moʻokalaleo a hoʻopuka i nā Memoirs, a i ʻole Essays on Music, kahi āna i hōʻike ai i kona ʻike i nā pilikia o ke akamai a waiho i nā ʻike hoihoi e pili ana i kona manawa a me kona manawa. e pili ana iā ia iho.
I ka makahiki 1795, ua koho ʻia ʻo Gretry i mea hoʻonaʻauao (lālā o ka Institute of France) a ua koho ʻia kekahi o nā mea nānā o ka Conservatory o Paris. Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā makahiki hope o kona ola ʻana ma Montmorency (kokoke i Paris). ʻO ka mea liʻiliʻi loa i ka hana a Gretry ka mea kani (symphony, concerto for flute, quartets), a me nā operas i ke ʻano o ka lyrical tragedy ma nā kumuhana kahiko (Andromache, Cephalus a me Prokris). Aia ka ikaika o ke kālena a Gretry i ka lohe makamae o ka puʻupuʻu o ka manawa, ka mea i hoʻohauʻoli a hoʻopā i ka poʻe i kekahi mau manawa o ka mōʻaukala.
K. Zenkin
