Alexander Tikhonovich Grechaninov |

Alexander Gretchaninov

Grechaninov. "The Special Litany" mai ka "Demesne Liturgy" (Fyodor Chaliapin, 1932)

I loko o nā makahiki, ua hoʻoikaika nui au i ka ʻike i kaʻu ʻoihana maoli, a ma kēia ʻoihana ua ʻike wau i koʻu hana ola ... A. Grechaninov

Aia kekahi mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻopau ʻia ʻo Rūsia ma kona ʻano, ʻo nā mea a pau e hālāwai me A. Grechaninov i ʻike. ʻO ia keʻano o ka Russian naʻauao maoli - hanohano, blond, aahu makaaniani, me kaʻumiʻumi "Chekhov"; akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea a pau - kēlā maʻemaʻe kūikawā o ka ʻuhane, ke koʻikoʻi o nā manaʻo kūpono i hoʻoholo i kona ola a me kona kūlana hana, kūpaʻa i nā kuʻuna o ka moʻomeheu mele Lūkini, ke ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka lawelawe ʻana. Nui ka hoʻoilina hoʻokumu o Grechaninov - approx. 1000 mau hana, me 6 opera, ballet a na keiki, 5 symphonies, 9 hana symphonic nui, mele no 7 mau hana hookanikani, 4 string quartets, he nui na mea kani a me ka leo haku mele. Akā ʻo ka hapa nui o kēia hoʻoilina, ʻo ia ke mele mele, nā mele mele, nā mele a me nā hana piano no nā keiki. Ua kaulana nā mele a Grechaninov, ua makemake ʻo F. Chaliapin, L. Sobinov. A. Nezhdanova, N. Golovanov, L. Stokovsky. Eia naʻe, paʻakikī ka moʻolelo o ka haku mele.

"ʻAʻole wau i pili i kēlā poʻe laki i paʻa i ke ala o ke ola me nā roses. ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu o kaʻu ʻoihana noʻeau ua uku iaʻu i ka hana nui. ʻO kaʻohana o ka mea kālepa Moscowʻo Grechaninov i wānana i ke keikikāne e kālepa. "I ka makahiki 14 wale no au i ike ai i ka piano no ka manawa mua... Mai ia manawa mai, ua lilo ka piano i hoa mau no'u." Ke aʻo ikaika nei, Grechaninov i ka makahiki 1881, ma kahi huna mai kona mau mākua, komo i ka Conservatory Moscow, kahi i aʻo ai me V. Safonov, A. Arensky, S. Taneyev. Ua noʻonoʻo ʻo ia i ka Historical Concerts o A. Rubinstein a me ke kamaʻilio ʻana me ka mele a P. Tchaikovsky i nā hanana nui loa o kona ola conservatory. "I koʻu wā kamaliʻi, hiki iaʻu ke hele i nā hana mua o Eugene Onegin a me ka Mōʻīwahine o Spades. No ke koena o koʻu ola, ua paʻa iaʻu ka manaʻo nui a kēia mau keaka i hana mai iaʻu. I ka makahiki 1890, ma muli o nā kū'ē'ē me Arensky, nāna i hōʻole i ka mana haku mele o Grechaninov, pono ʻo ia e haʻalele i ka Conservatory Moscow a hele i St. Petersburg. Ma ʻaneʻi ua hālāwai ka mea haku mele ʻōpio i ka ʻike piha a me ke kākoʻo lokomaikaʻi o N. Rimsky-Korsakov, me ke kākoʻo waiwai, he mea nui ia no kahi ʻōpio ʻilihune. Ua puka 'o Grechaninov mai ka Conservatory i ka makahiki 1893, e hō'ike ana i ka cantata "Samson" ma ke 'ano he diploma, a he makahiki ma hope mai ua loa'a 'o ia i ka makana ma ka ho'okūkū Belyaevsky no ka First String Quartet. (Ua hāʻawi ʻia nā makana ʻelua a me ke kolu i nā makana like.)

I ka makahiki 1896, ua hoʻi ʻo Grechaninov i Moscou ma ke ʻano he haku mele kaulana, mea kākau o ka First Symphony, nā mele aloha a me nā mele. Ua hoʻomaka ka manawa o ka hana hoʻomohala ʻoi loa, aʻoaʻo, ʻoihana pilikanaka. Ma hope o ka piliʻana me K. Stanislavsky, hanaʻo Grechaninov i nā mele no nā hana o ka Moscow Art Theatre. ʻO ka hoʻokani pila o ka pāʻani a A. Ostrovsky "The Snow Maiden" i lilo i mea lanakila loa. Ua kapa ʻo Stanislavsky i kēia mele maikaʻi loa.

I ka makahiki 1903, ua ho'omaka ka haku mele i kāna hana mua ma ka Bolshoi Theatre me ka opera Dobrynya Nikitich, me ke komo pū 'ana o F. Chaliapin a me A. Nezhdanova. Ua loaʻa i ka opera ka ʻae ʻia e ka lehulehu a me ka poʻe hoʻohewa. "Ke manaʻo nei au he kōkua maikaʻi ia i nā mele opera Lūkini," i kākau ai ʻo Rimsky-Korsakov i ka mea kākau. I loko o kēia mau makahiki, ua hana nui ʻo Grechaninov i nā ʻano mele kapu, e hoʻonohonoho ana iā ia iho i ka pahuhopu o ka lawe ʻana i kahi kokoke loa i ka "ʻuhane kanaka". A ʻo ke aʻo ʻana ma ke kula o nā kaikuahine ʻo Gnessin (mai ka makahiki 1903) ua lilo ia i mea hoʻoikaika e haku i nā pāʻani keiki. "Mahalo au i nā keiki… Me nā keiki, ua like wau me lākou," wahi a Grechaninov, e wehewehe ana i ka maʻalahi o kāna hana ʻana i nā mele keiki. No nā keiki, ua kākau ʻo ia i nā pōʻai mele he nui, me "Ai, doo-doo!", "Cockerel", "Brook", "Ladushki", etc.; nā hōʻiliʻili piano "Album a nā keiki", "Naʻi", "Fairy Tales", "Spikers", "Ma kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo". Ua hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia ka opera ʻo Elochkin's Dream (1911), Teremok, The Cat, the Rooster and the Fox (1921) no nā hana a nā keiki. He melodic kēia mau haku mele, hoihoi i ka ʻōlelo mele.

I ka makahiki 1903, ua komo ʻo Grechaninov i ka hui ʻana o ka Musical Section o ka Ethnographic Society ma Moscow University, i ka makahiki 1904 ua komo ʻo ia i ka hana ʻana o ka People's Conservatory. Hoʻoulu kēia i ka hana ma ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā mele mele - Russian, Bashkir, Belarusian.

Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Grechaninov i kahi hana ikaika i ka makahiki 1905 kipi. Me ka mea hoʻokani mele Y. Engel,ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka "Declaration of Moscow Musicians", i hōʻiliʻili i nā kālā no nāʻohana o ka poʻe hana make. I ka hoʻolewa o E. Bauman, i hopena i kahi hōʻikeʻike kaulana, ua kākau ʻo ia i ka "Malaki Kupapaʻu". Ua piha nā leka o kēia mau makahiki i nā ʻōlelo hoʻohewa weliweli i ke aupuni tsarist. “Aina hānau pōʻino! He kahua paʻa kā lākou i kūkulu ai no lākou iho mai ka pōʻeleʻele a me ka naʻaupō o ka poʻe… Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hopena o ka lehulehu ma hope o ka lanakila ʻana o ke kipi i ka hana a Grechaninov. ), "Dead Leaves" (1909), ma ka opera "Sister Beatrice" ma hope o M. Maeterlinck (1910), ua ʻike ʻia nā manaʻo pessimistic.

I nā makahiki mua o ka mana Soviet, ua komo ikaika ʻo Grechaninov i ke ola mele: ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo ia i nā ʻaha mele a me nā haʻiʻōlelo no nā limahana, alakaʻi i ka papa mele o kahi kolone o nā keiki, hāʻawi i nā haʻawina mele ma ke kula mele, hana ʻia i nā ʻaha mele, hoʻonohonoho i nā mele mele, a haku i kahi mele. hailona. Eia naʻe, i ka makahiki 1925 ua hele ka mea haku mele i ʻāina ʻē a ʻaʻole hoʻi i hoʻi i kona ʻāina hānau. A hiki i ka makahiki 1939, noho 'o ia ma Palika, kahi āna i hana 'aha mele, hana i ka nui o na hana (Fourth, Fifth symphonies, 2 masses, 3 sonatas no na mea kani, na keiki ballet "Forest Idyll", etc.), kahi i noho ai. ʻoiaʻiʻo i nā kuʻuna kuʻuna Lūkini, e kū'ē ana i kāna hana i ka avant-garde mele Western. Ma 1929, hele ʻo Grechaninov, me ka mea mele ʻo N. Koshyts, i New York me ka lanakila lanakila a ma 1939 ua neʻe i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO nā makahiki āpau o kona noho ʻana ma waho, ua ʻike ʻo Grechaninov i kahi ʻiʻini nui no kona ʻāina hānau, e hoʻoikaika mau ana i nā pilina me ka ʻāina Soviet, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka wā o ke Kaua Patriotic Nui. Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻo ia i ka symphonic poem "To Victory" (1943), nā memo āna i hoʻouna ai i ka Soviet Union, a me ka "Elegiac Poem in Memory of Heroes" (1944) i nā hanana o ke kaua.

Ma ʻOkakopa 24, 1944, ua hoʻolauleʻa ʻia ka lā hānau 80 o Grechaninov ma ka Hale Nui o ka Conservatory Moscow, a ua hoʻokani ʻia kāna mele. Ua hoʻoikaika nui kēia i ka haku mele, ua hoʻoulu hou i nā mana hana.

A hiki i nā lā hope loa, ua moe ʻo Grechaninov e hoʻi i kona ʻāina hānau, akā ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokō ʻia. Aneane kuli a makapō, i ka ʻilihune loa a me ka mehameha, ua make ʻo ia ma ka ʻāina ʻē i ke 92 o kona mau makahiki.

O. Averyanova