Giovanni Battista Pergolesi |
ʻO Giovanni Battista Pergolesi
Pergoles. “Maid-Maid”. He Serpina penserete (M. Bonifaccio)
Ua komo ka mea haku mele ʻopera ʻItalia ʻo J. Pergolesi i ka mōʻaukala o nā mele ma ke ʻano kekahi o nā mea nāna i haku i ke ʻano o ka buffa opera. I kona kumu, pili i nā kuʻuna o ka mele mele o nā masks (dellʻarte), ua kōkua ka opera buffa i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kumukānāwai democratic i ka hale keaka mele o ke kenekulia XNUMX; ua hoʻonui ʻo ia i ka pūʻali o ka opera dramaturgy me nā leo hou, nā ʻano, nā ʻenehana hana. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano hou i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ka hana a Pergolesi i hōʻike ʻia i ka maʻalahi, ka hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia a me nā hoʻololi like ʻole. Ke alakaʻi nei ka hoʻomohala mōʻaukala o onepa-buffa mai nā hiʻohiʻona mua o Pergolesi ("The Servant-Mistress") - iā WA Mozart ("The Marriage of Figaro") a me G. Rossini ("The Barber of Seville") a ʻoi aku. i ka makahiki XNUMXth ("Falstaff" na J. Verdi, "Mavra" na I. Stravinsky, ua hoʻohana ka mea haku mele i nā kumuhana o Pergolesi i ka ballet "Pulcinella", "The Love for Three Oranges" na S. Prokofiev).
Ua pau ke ola o Pergolesi ma Naples, kaulana no kona kula opera kaulana. Ma laila ʻo ia i puka ai mai ka conservatory (ma waena o kāna mau kumu he mau haku mele mele kaulana - F. Durante, G. Greco, F. Feo). I loko o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Neapolitan o San Bartolomeo, ua hoʻokani ʻia ka opera mua a Pergolesi, ʻo Salustia (1731), a i hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, ua hana ʻia ka mōʻaukala mua o ka opera The Prisoner Prisoner ma ka hale keaka hoʻokahi. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo ia ka hana nui i huki i ka manaʻo o ka lehulehu, akā ʻelua mau mea hoʻokani mele, ʻo Pergolesi, ma muli o ke kuʻuna i kūkulu ʻia ma nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Italia, i kau ʻia ma waena o nā hana o ka opera seria. ʻAʻole koke, paipai ʻia e ka kūleʻa, ua hōʻuluʻulu ka mea haku mele mai kēia mau interludes i kahi opera kūʻokoʻa - "The Servant-Mistress". He mea hou nā mea a pau i kēia hana - he hana maʻalahi i kēlā me kēia lā (ua mare ke kauā maalea a maalea ʻo Serpina i kona haku ʻo Uberto a lilo i haku wahine), nā hiʻohiʻona mele akamai o nā kiʻi, ola, nā hui kūpono, kahi mele a me nā hale hula o nā kani. ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka hana keaka i koi i nā mākau hana nui mai nā mea hana.
ʻO kekahi o nā opera buffa mua, i loaʻa i ka kaulana nui ma Italia, ua kōkua ʻo The Maid-Madame i ka ulu ʻana o ka opera comic ma nā ʻāina ʻē. Ua hele pū ka lanakila lanakila i kāna mau hana ma Paris i ke kauwela o 1752. ʻO ka huakaʻi o ka hui o ka Italian "Buffons" i lilo i manawa no ke kūkākūkā operatic ʻoi loa (ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "War of the Buffons"), kahi e pili ana i ka ʻO nā ʻano ʻano hou i hakakā (i waena o lākou he mau encyclopedists - Diderot, Rousseau, Grimm a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) a me nā mea pā o ka opera ʻaha Farani (lyrical tragedy). ʻOiai, ma ke kauoha a ke aliʻi, ua kipaku koke ʻia nā "buffons" mai Paris mai, ʻaʻole i emi iki nā kuko no ka manawa lōʻihi. I loko o ka lewa o nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i nā ala e hoʻonui ai i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni mele, ua kū mai ke ʻano o ka opera comic Farani. ʻO kekahi o nā mea mua - "The Village Sorcerer" na ka mea kākau Farani kaulana a me ka mea hoʻonaʻauao ʻo Rousseau - i hoʻokūkū kūpono i ka "The Maid-Mistress".
ʻO Pergolesi, he 26 makahiki wale nō kona ola ʻana, ua haʻalele ʻo ia i kahi waiwai, kupaianaha i kona waiwai hoʻoilina hoʻoilina. ʻO ka mea kākau kaulana o ka buffa operas (koe wale nō ʻo The Servant-Mistress - The Monk in Love, Flaminio, etc.), ua hana maikaʻi ʻo ia ma nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe: ua kākau ʻo ia i nā opera seria, nā mele mele kapu (masses, cantatas, oratorios) , instrumental hana (trio sonatas, overtures, concertos). Ma mua koke o kona make ʻana, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka cantata "Stabat Mater" - kekahi o nā hana i hoʻoikaika nui ʻia e ka mea haku mele, i kākau ʻia no kahi hui liʻiliʻi (soprano, alto, string quartet a me ka ʻōkana), i hoʻopiha ʻia me kahi lyrical sublime, ʻoiaʻiʻo a hohonu. manaʻo.
ʻO nā hana a Pergolesi, i hana ʻia ma kahi o 3 mau kenekulia i hala aku nei, e lawe i kēlā manaʻo kupanaha o ka ʻōpio, ka lyrical openness, captivating temperament, i hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka manaʻo o ke ʻano lāhui, ka ʻuhane maoli o ka hana Italia. "Ma kāna mele," i kākau ai ʻo B. Asafiev e pili ana iā Pergolesi, "me ke aloha hoʻohiwahiwa a me ka ʻona lyrical, aia nā ʻaoʻao i hoʻopiha ʻia me ke ola olakino, ikaika a me nā wai o ka honua, a ma hope o lākou he mau ʻāpana. kahi e noho maʻalahi ai ka ʻoliʻoli, ka palaualelo, ka ʻakaʻaka a me ka leʻaleʻa kūʻokoʻa ʻole, e like me nā lā o ka carnivals.
I. Okhalova
Nā haku mele:
kahawai - ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 mau opera series, me The Proud Captive (Il prigionier superbo, me nā interludes The Maid-Mistress, La serva padrona, 1733, San Bartolomeo Theatre, Naples), Olympiad (L'Olimpiade, 1735, "Theater Tordinona, Roma), buffa operas, me The Monk in Love (Lo frate 'nnamorato, 1732, Fiorentini Theatre, Naples), Flaminio (Il Flaminio, 1735, ibid.); haiolelo, cantatas, masses a me nā hana laʻa ʻē aʻe, me Stabat Mater, concertos, trio sonatas, arias, duets.
