Pauline Viardot-Garcia |

Pauline Viardot-Garcia

Ua kākau ka haku mele Lūkini ʻo N. Pleshcheev i ka makahiki 1846 i ka mele "To the Singer", i hoʻolaʻa ʻia iā Viardo Garcia. Eia kāna ʻāpana.

Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia iaʻu ... a hīmeni i ka himeni laʻa, – A wela kona mau maka i ke ahi lani ... ʻO ia kiʻi haʻihaʻi i loko ona ua ʻike au iā Desdemona, I kona kūlou ʻana i ka lira gula, E pili ana i ka willow i mele a hoʻopau i ka ʻuhū. o kela mele kahiko. Nani ka hohonu o kona hoʻomaopopo ʻana, aʻo i ka mea i ʻike i nā kānaka a me nā mea huna o ko lākou puʻuwai; A ina e ala mai ka mea nui mai ka luakupapau mai, e kau no ia i kona leialii ma kona lae. I kekahi manawa, ʻike ʻia mai ʻo Rosina ʻōpio iaʻu A makemake nui, e like me ka pō o kona ʻāina hānau ... A e hoʻolohe ana i kona leo kupua, Ma kēlā ʻāina momona aʻu i manaʻo ai me koʻu ʻuhane, Kahi e hoʻohihi ai nā mea a pau i ka pepeiao, nā mea a pau e leʻaleʻa i nā maka Alohilohi ka lani me ka uliuli mau, Kahi e kani ai ka po i na lala o ka sukamora, A haalulu ke aka o ka laau kaa ma ka ili o ka wai.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Michel-Ferdinanda-Pauline Garcia ma Paris ma Iulai 18, 1821. ʻO ka makua kāne o Polina, ʻo tenor Manuel Garcia i kēlā manawa i ka zenith o kona kaulana. ʻO ka makuahine ʻo Joaquin Siches he mea pena kiʻi ma mua a i kekahi manawa "ua lawelawe ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻonani o ke ʻano o Madrid." ʻO kona makuahine akua ʻo Princess Praskovya Andreevna Golitsyna, nona ka inoa o ke kaikamahine.

ʻO ke kumu mua no Polina kona makuakāne. No Polina, ua haku ʻo ia i kekahi mau hoʻomaʻamaʻa, canons a me ariettas. Mai ona mai, ua hoʻoili mai ʻo Polina i ke aloha no ka mele o J.-S. ʻO Bach. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Manuel Garcia: "He mea hoʻokani mele maoli wale nō e hiki ke lilo i mele maoli." No ka hiki ke hoʻoikaika a hoʻomanawanui i ka mele, ua loaʻa iā Polina ka inoa inoa ʻo Ant i ka ʻohana.

I ka makahiki ʻewalu, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Polina e aʻo i ka lokahi a me ka haku mele ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a A. Reicha. A laila hoʻomaka ʻo ia e lawe i nā haʻawina piano mai Meisenberg, a laila mai Franz Liszt. A hiki i ka makahiki 15, ua mākaukau ʻo Polina e lilo i piano a hāʻawi i kāna mau ahiahi ponoʻī ma Brussels "Artistic Circle".

Ua noho ʻo ia i kēlā manawa me kona kaikuahine, ʻo ia ka mea mele nani ʻo Maria Malibran. ʻI he 1831, naʻe tala ʻe Maria kia E. Leguva ʻo fekauʻaki mo hono tuofefine: “Ko e foha ko ʻení … te nau fakapoʻofi kitautolu.” ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua make koke ʻo Malibran. ʻAʻole wale ʻo Maria i kōkua i kona kaikuahine i ke kālā a me ka ʻōlelo aʻo, akā, me ka kānalua ʻole iā ia iho, ua hana nui i kona hopena.

ʻO ke kāne a Pauline ʻo Louis Viardot, ka hoaaloha a me ke kākāʻōlelo o Malibran. A ʻo ke kāne a Maria, ʻo Charles Berio, ua kōkua ʻo ia i ka mea mele ʻōpio e lanakila i nā ʻanuʻu mua paʻakikī loa ma kāna ala hana. Ua wehe ka inoa Berio i nā puka o nā hale ʻahamele nona. Me Berio, ua hana mua ʻo ia i ka lehulehu i nā helu solo - ma ke keʻena o Brussels City Hall, i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻaha mele no ka poʻe ʻilihune.

I ke kauwela o 1838, hele ʻo Polina lāua ʻo Berio i kahi huakaʻi ʻahamele ma Kelemānia. Ma hope o ka ʻaha mele ma Dresden, ua loaʻa ʻo Polina i kāna makana mua loa - kahi emerald clasp. Ua holomua nō hoʻi nā hana ma Berlin, Leipzig a me Frankfurt am Main. A laila hīmeni ka mea pena ma Italia.

ʻO ka hana mua a Pauline i ka lehulehu ma Palisa i mālama ʻia ma Dekemaba 15, 1838, ma ke keʻena o ka Renaissance Theatre. Ua hoʻokipa maikaʻi ʻia ka lehulehu i ka hana ʻana a ka mea mele ʻōpio i kekahi mau ʻāpana paʻakikī e koi ai i ka virtuos maoli. Ma Ianuali 1839, XNUMX, ua hoʻopuka ʻo A. de Musset i kahi ʻatikala ma ka Revue de Demonde, kahi āna i kamaʻilio ai e pili ana i ka "leo a me ka ʻuhane o Malibran", ʻo ia ʻo "Hīmeni ʻo Pauline i kona hanu", hoʻopau i nā mea āpau me nā mele i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no nā debuts. o Pauline Garcia lāua ʻo Eliza Rachel .

I ka pūnāwai o 1839, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Garcia i kāna hana mua ma ka Royal Theatre ma Lākana ʻo Desdemona ma Rossini's Otello. Ua kākau ka nūpepa Lūkini ʻo Severnaya Pchela "ua hoʻāla ʻo ia i ka hoihoi nui loa i waena o ka poʻe aloha mele", "ua hoʻokipa ʻia me ka paʻi ʻana a kāhea ʻia ʻelua i ke ahiahi ... I ka manawa mua, ua like ʻo ia me ka makaʻu, a haʻalulu kona leo i nā leo kiʻekiʻe; akā naʻe, ua ʻike koke lākou i kāna mau talena mele koʻikoʻi, i lilo ai ʻo ia i lālā kūpono o ka ʻohana Garcia, i ʻike ʻia i ka mōʻaukala mele mai ka makahiki XNUMXth. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki i kona leo ke hoʻopiha i nā keʻena nui, akā pono e ʻike kekahi he ʻōpiopio loa ka mea mele: he ʻumikūmāhiku wale nō kona mau makahiki. Ma ka hana hoʻohiwahiwa, ua hōʻike ʻo ia iā ia iho ʻo ke kaikuahine ʻo Malibran: ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka mana e hiki ke loaʻa i ka mea akamai maoli!

Ma ʻOkakopa 7, 1839, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Garcia i kāna hana mua ma ka ʻOpera Italia ma ke ʻano he Desdemona ma Rossini's Otello. Ua hoʻokipa ka mea kākau ʻo T. Gautier iā ia "he hōkū o ka nui mua, he hōkū me nā kukuna ʻehiku", he ʻelele o ka ʻohana aliʻi hanohano o Garcia. Ua ʻike ʻo ia i kona ʻono i nā lole, ʻokoʻa loa i nā lole maʻamau no nā mea hoʻokipa Italia, "ʻaʻahu ʻia, me he mea lā, i loko o nā ʻaʻahu no nā ʻīlio ʻepekema." Ua kapa ʻo Gauthier i ka leo o ka mea pena "kekahi o nā mea kani nani loa i hiki ke lohe ʻia."

Mai ʻOkakopa 1839 a hiki i Malaki 1840, ʻo Polina ka hōkū nui o ka ʻOpera Italia, aia ʻo ia "ma ka zenith of fashion", e like me ka hōʻike ʻana iā Liszt M. D'Agout. Hōʻike ʻia kēia ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka wā i hāʻule ai ʻo ia i ka maʻi, ua hāʻawi ka luna hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni e hoʻihoʻi i ke kālā i ka lehulehu, ʻoiai ʻo Rubini, Tamburini a me Lablache i noho i ka hana.

I kēia kau, hīmeni ʻo ia ma Otello, Cinderella, The Barber of Seville, Rossini's Tancrede a me Mozart's Don Giovanni. Eia kekahi, i nā ʻaha mele, ua hana ʻo Polina i nā hana a Palestrina, Marcello, Gluck, Schubert.

ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka kūleʻa i lilo i kumu o nā pilikia a me nā kaumaha ma hope o ka mea mele. ʻO kā lākou kumu, ʻo ka poʻe mele kaulana ʻo Grisi a me Persiani "ʻaʻole i ʻae iā P. Garcia e hana i nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi." A ʻoiai ua haʻahaʻa ka hale nui anuanu o ka ʻOpera Italia i ka hapa nui o nā ahiahi, ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻo Grisi i ka mea hoʻokūkū ʻōpio e komo. I ka waena o ʻApelila, hele ʻo ia i Sepania. A ma ka lā 14 o ʻOkakopa, 1843, ua hōʻea nā kāne ʻo Polina lāua ʻo Louis Viardot i ke kapikala Lūkini.

Ua hoʻomaka ka opera Italia i kona kau ma St. Petersburg. No kāna hana mua, ua koho ʻo Viardot i ke kuleana o Rosina ma The Barber of Seville. Ua pau ka holomua. Ua hauʻoli loa ka poʻe aloha mele o St. Petersburg i ke ʻano o ka haʻawina hīmeni, kahi i manaʻo ʻole ʻia e ka mea pena kiʻi ʻo Alyabyev's Nightingale. He mea koʻikoʻi ia i nā makahiki he nui ma hope o Glinka i kāna "Notes" i ʻōlelo ai: "Ua maikaʻi ʻo Viardot."

Ua ukali ʻia ʻo Rosina e Desdemona ma Rossini's Otello, Amina ma Bellini's La Sonnambula, Lucia ma Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor, Zerlina ma Mozart's Don Giovanni a, hope loa, ʻo Romeo ma Bellini's Montecchi et Capulets. Ua launa koke ʻo Viardot me nā ʻelele maikaʻi loa o ka Russian artistic intelligentsia: ua kipa pinepine ʻo ia i ka hale Vielgorsky, a no nā makahiki he nui i lilo ʻo Count Matvey Yuryevich Vielgorsky i kekahi o kāna mau hoaaloha maikaʻi loa. ʻO kekahi o nā hana i hele ʻia e Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, ka mea i hoʻolauna koke ʻia i kahi mea kaulana kipa. ʻOiai ʻo AF Koni, "ua komo ka hoihoi i loko o ka ʻuhane o Turgenev i kona hohonu a noho mau loa ma laila, e pili ana i ke ola pilikino holoʻokoʻa o kēia monogamist."

I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, hui hou nā poʻo Lūkini me Viardot. Ua ʻā ʻo ia i ka repertoire maʻamau a lanakila i nā lanakila hou ma Rossini's Cinderella, Donizetti's Don Pasquale a me Bellini's Norma. Ma kekahi o kāna mau leka iā George Sand, ua kākau ʻo Viardot: "E ʻike i kahi hui maikaʻi loa aʻu e kamaʻilio nei. ʻO ia ka mea e hoʻoikaika nui ai iaʻu.

I kēia manawa, ua hōʻike ka mea mele i ka hoihoi i nā mele Lūkini. Ua hoʻohui ʻia kahi ʻāpana mai Ivan Susanin, a Viardot i hana pū me Petrov a me Rubini, i ka Nightingale o Alyabyev.

"Ua hāʻule ka lā nui o kāna ʻano leo i nā kau o 1843-1845," wahi a AS Rozanov. – I loko o kēia wā, ua noho nā māhele lyrical-dramatic a me lyric-comic i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi ma ka repertoire o ka mea pena. Ua kū ka ʻāpana o Norma mai ia mea, ua hōʻike ʻia ka hana pōʻino i kahi manawa hou i ka hana operatic a ka mea mele. Ua waiho ʻia ka “cough whooping ill-fated” i kahi hōʻailona hiki ʻole ke hoʻopau ʻia ma kona leo, no laila e nalo mua loa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā mea hope loa o ka hana operatic a Viardot pono e noʻonoʻo mua i kāna mau hana ʻo Fidesz in The Prophet, kahi ʻo ia, he mele makua, i hoʻokō ai i kahi kuʻikahi kupaianaha ma waena o ka maikaʻi o ka hana leo a me ke akamai o ke ʻano hoʻohālike. ʻO ke kiʻi o ke kahua, ʻo ka "climax lua" ʻo ia ka ʻāpana o Orpheus, i hoʻokani ʻia e Viardot me ka hoʻohuli maikaʻi ʻana, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka leo. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, akā ʻo nā kūleʻa noʻeau nui, no Viardot nā ʻāpana o Valentina, Sappho a me Alceste. ʻO kēia mau hana, piha i ka psychologism pōʻino, me nā ʻano like ʻole o kāna talena keaka, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea a pau i pili i ka hale kūʻai manaʻo o Viardot a me ke ʻano o kāna kālena ʻoluʻolu. Mahalo iā lākou ua noho ʻo Viardot, ka mea hoʻokani mele, i kahi kūlana kūikawā i ka hana opera a me ka honua kiʻi o ke kenekulia XNUMX. "

I Mei 1845, haʻalele nā ​​Viardots iā Rusia, e hele ana i Paris. I kēia manawa ua hui pū ʻo Turgenev iā lākou. A i ka hāʻule, ua hoʻomaka hou ka manawa o St. Petersburg no ka mea mele. Ua hoʻohui ʻia nā hana hou i kāna mau pāʻina punahele - ma nā keaka a Donizetti lāua ʻo Nicolai. A i kēia huakaʻi, ua noho ʻo Viardot i mea punahele o ka lehulehu Lūkini. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka ʻĀkau i ke olakino o ka mea pena, a mai ia manawa ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e haʻalele i nā huakaʻi maʻamau i Rusia. Akā ʻaʻole hiki i kēia ke hoʻopau i kāna pilina me ka "ʻāina makua ʻelua." Aia kekahi o kāna mau leka iā Matvey Vielgorsky i kēia mau laina: "I kēlā me kēia manawa aʻu e komo ai i ke kaʻa a hele i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Italia, manaʻo wau iaʻu iho ma ke ala i ka Bolshoi Theatre. A inā he pohu iki nā alanui, ua pau ka hoʻopunipuni. Aka, i ke ku ana o ke kaa, nalo aku la au, a hanu nui au.

I ka makahiki 1853, ua lanakila hou ʻo Viardot-Rosina i ka lehulehu o St. Petersburg. Ua haʻi aku ʻo II Panaev iā Turgenev, ka mea i lawe pio ʻia i kāna waiwai ʻo Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, ʻo Viardot "e hoʻohauʻoli i St. Petersburg, ke hīmeni ʻo ia - ʻaʻohe wahi." Ma ka Meyerbeer's The Prophet, hoʻokani ʻo ia i kekahi o kāna mau hana maikaʻi loa – Fidesz. ʻO kāna mau ʻahamele ma hope o kekahi, kahi āna i hīmeni pinepine ai i nā mele aloha na Dargomyzhsky lāua ʻo Mikh. ʻO Vielgorsky ʻO kēia ka hana hope loa a ka mea mele ma Rusia.

"Me ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ke akamai, ua hoʻokomo ʻelua ka mea mele i nā kiʻi o nā wahine Baibala," i kākau ai ʻo AS Rozanov. – Ma ka waena o 1850s, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ʻo Mahala, ka makuahine o Samesona, ma ka opera Samson na G. Dupre (ma ke kahua o kahi hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni liʻiliʻi ma ke kahua o ka "School of Singing" o ka tenor kaulana) a, e like me ka mea kākau. , he "nui a hauʻoli" . I ka makahiki 1874, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea hoʻokani mua o ka ʻāpana o Delila ma ke keaka ʻo Samson et Delilah o Saint-Saens. ʻO ka hana o ka hana a Lady Macbeth i ka opera o ka inoa hoʻokahi e G. Verdi kekahi o nā hana hoʻomohala a P. Viardot.

Me he mea lā ʻaʻohe mana o nā makahiki ma luna o ka mea mele. Ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻo EI Apreleva-Blaramberg: "Ma kekahi o nā mele "Thursdays" ma ka hale o Viardot i ka makahiki 1879, ua hāʻawi ka mea mele, aia ma lalo o 60 mau makahiki, "hāʻawi" i nā noi e hīmeni a koho i kahi hiʻohiʻona hiamoe mai Verdi's Macbeth. Noho ʻo Saint-Saens ma ka piano. Hele akula ʻo Madame Viardot i waenakonu o ka lumi. Ua paʻi ka leo mua o kona leo me kahi leo ʻeha ʻē; me he mea lā ua puka mai kēia mau leo ​​me ka pilikia mai kekahi mea kani ʻōpala; akā, ma hope o kekahi mau ana, ua pumehana ka leo a ʻoi aku ka hopu ʻana i ka poʻe hoʻolohe… Ua hoʻopiha ʻia nā mea a pau i kahi hana hiki ʻole ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i hui pū ʻia ai ka mea hīmeni maikaʻi me ka mea hana keaka weliweli. ʻAʻole i nalowale kekahi malu o ka hana ʻino weliweli o ka ʻuhane wahine hoʻonāukiuki me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia, a i ka wā i hoʻohaʻahaʻa iho ai i kona leo i kahi pianissimo aloha mālie, i lohe ʻia ai ka hoʻopiʻi, a me ka makaʻu, a me ka ʻeha, mele maila ka mea mele, me ka hamo ʻana i kona nani keʻokeʻo. lima, kāna ʻōlelo kaulana. "ʻAʻohe mea ʻala o ʻArabia e holoi i ke ʻala o ke koko mai kēia mau lima liʻiliʻi ..." - holo ka ʻoliʻoli i ka poʻe hoʻolohe a pau. I ka manawa like - ʻaʻole hoʻokahi hana keaka; ana i na mea a pau; ka haʻi ʻōlelo kupanaha: ua ʻōlelo maopopo ʻia kēlā me kēia huaʻōlelo; hoʻoulu ʻia, hana ahi e pili ana i ka manaʻo noʻonoʻo o ka hana i hoʻokō ʻia i ka hemolele o ka hīmeni ʻana.

Ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i ke kahua keaka, hōʻike ʻo Viardot iā ia iho he mele mele nui. He kanaka akamai loa ʻo Viardot i ka haku mele. ʻO kona manaʻo ma ke ʻano he mea kākau o nā leo leo leo nui e huki ʻia e nā laʻana o nā mele Lūkini - nā mele na Pushkin, Lermontov, Koltsov, Turgenev, Tyutchev, Fet. Ua paʻi ʻia nā hōʻiliʻili o kāna mau mele ma St. Petersburg a ua ʻike nui ʻia. Ma ka libretto o Turgenev, ua kākau pū ʻo ia i kekahi mau operettas - "Too My Wives", "The Last Sorcerer", "Cannibal", "Mirror". He mea kupanaha i ka makahiki 1869 ua alakaʻi ʻo Brahms i ka hana o The Last Sorcerer ma Villa Viardot ma Baden-Baden.

Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻo ia i kahi hapa nui o kona ola i ke aʻo ʻana. Aia ma waena o nā haumāna a me nā haumāna o Pauline Viardot ka Desiree Artaud-Padilla kaulana, Baylodz, Hasselman, Holmsen, Schliemann, Schmeiser, Bilbo-Bachele, Meyer, Rollant a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Nui nā mele mele Lūkini i hele i kahi kula leo maikaʻi me ia, me F. Litvin, E. Lavrovskaya-Tserteleva, N. Iretskaya, N. Shtemberg.

Ua make ʻo Pauline Viardot i ka pō o Mei 17-18, 1910.