Anatoly Lyadov |

Anatoly Lyadov

Lyadov. Lullaby (dir. Leopold Stokowski)

… Ua hāʻawi haʻahaʻa ʻo Lyadov iā ia iho i ke ʻano o ka mea liʻiliʻi - piano a me ka hoʻokani pila - a hana ʻo ia me ke aloha nui a me ka ʻoi loa o ka mea akamai a me ka ʻono, he mea hoʻonaninani papa mua a me ke akamai o ke ʻano. Ua noho maoli ka nani iā ​​ia ma ke ʻano ʻuhane ʻōiwi-Russian. B. Asafiev

Aia ʻo A. Lyadov i ka hanauna ʻōpio o kahi galaxy kupaianaha o nā haku mele Lūkini o ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia XNUMX. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia iā ia iho he haku mele, alakaʻi, kumu, mele a me ka lehulehu. Aia i loko o ka puʻuwai o ka hana a Lyadov nā kiʻi o ka moʻolelo mele a me ka moʻolelo mele o Rūsia, ka moʻolelo moʻokalaleo, ʻike ʻia ʻo ia e nā mele i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, kahi ʻano maʻalahi o ke ʻano; i loko o kāna mau hana aia nā mea o ke ʻano hiʻohiʻona a me ka comedy. Hōʻike ʻia ke mele a Lyadov e kahi ʻano māmā, kaulike, kaohi i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā manaʻo, i kekahi manawa ke hoʻopau ʻia e kahi ʻike hoihoi a pololei. Ua noʻonoʻo nui ʻo Lyadov i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano kiʻi: ka maʻalahi, ka maʻalahi a me ka nani, ka like like - ʻo ia kāna mau pae kiʻekiʻe no ka hana kiʻi. ʻO ka hana a M. Glinka a me A. Pushkin i lilo i mea kūpono nona. Ua noʻonoʻo ʻo ia no ka manawa lōʻihi i nā kikoʻī āpau o nā hana āna i hana ai a laila kākau ʻo ia i ka haku mele me ka maʻemaʻe, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe pōpō.

ʻO ke ʻano mele punahele a Lyadov he mea kani liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ʻāpana leo. Ua ʻōlelo ʻakaʻaka ka mea haku mele ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke kū ma mua o ʻelima mau minuke o ke mele. ʻO kāna mau hana a pau he liʻiliʻi, pōkole a hoʻonani ʻia i ke ʻano. He liʻiliʻi ka hana a Lyadov, cantata, 12 haku mele no ka symphony orchestra, 18 mau mele a nā keiki ma nā huaʻōlelo moʻomeheu no ka leo a me ka piano, 4 romances, ma kahi o 200 mau hoʻonohonoho o nā mele mele, nā papa mele, 6 mau mele mele, ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 mau ʻāpana no ka piano. .

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Lyadov i kahi ʻohana mele. He alakaʻi kona makuakāne ma ka hale keaka Mariinsky. Ua loaʻa i ke keikikāne ka manawa e hoʻolohe ai i nā mele symphonic i nā ʻaha mele, e kipa pinepine i ka hale opera no nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me nā hana. "Ua aloha ʻo ia iā Glinka a ʻike ʻo ia ma ka puʻuwai. Ua mahalo ʻo "Rogneda" a me "Judith" Serov. Ma ke kahua, ua komo ʻo ia i nā huakaʻi a me ka lehulehu, a i kona hoʻi ʻana mai i ka home, hōʻike ʻo ia iā Ruslan a i ʻole Farlaf i mua o ke aniani. Ua lohe nui ʻo ia i ka poʻe mele, ka papa mele a me ka hoʻokani pila, "i hoʻomanaʻo ai ʻo N. Rimsky-Korsakov. Ua hōʻike mua ʻia ke talena mele, a i ka makahiki 1867 ua komo ʻo Lyadov he ʻumikūmākahi makahiki i ka Conservatory o St. Petersburg. Ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka palapala hana me Rimsky-Korsakov. Eia naʻe, no ka hele ʻole a me ka hoʻopaʻi ʻole i ka makahiki 1876, ua kipaku ʻia ʻo ia. I ka makahiki 1878, ua komo ʻo Lyadov i ka conservatory no ka lua o ka manawa a i ka makahiki hoʻokahi i hoʻoholo maikaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻokolokolo hope. Ma keʻano he diploma, ua hāʻawiʻiaʻo ia i ke mele no ka hopena hope loa o "The Messinian Bride" na F. Schiller.

Ma ka waena o 70s. Ua hui ʻo Lyadov i nā lālā o ka pōʻai Balakirev. Eia ka mea a Mussorgsky i kākau ai e pili ana i ka hālāwai mua me ia: “… He mea hou, kānalua, kumu a Lūkini kālena ʻōpio…” He mana nui ka kamaʻilio ʻana me nā mea hoʻokani pila i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o Lyadov. Ke hoʻonui nei ka laulā o kāna mau makemake: ʻo ka philosophy a me ka sociology, aesthetics and natural science, classical and modern literature. ʻO ka noʻonoʻo pono ʻana o kona ʻano. “Peck out of the book what Pono ea hoʻomohala ma ka nuia laila e ʻike ʻoe i ke ʻano o ia mea manao", ua kākau ʻo ia ma hope i kekahi o kāna mau hoaaloha.

Mai ka hāʻule o 1878, lilo ʻo Lyadov i kumu ma ka Conservatory o St. Petersburg, kahi āna i aʻo ai i nā aʻo theoretical no nā mea hoʻokani, a mai ka waena o 80s. Aʻo pū ʻo ia ma ka Halepule hīmeni. I ka huli ʻana o nā makahiki 70-80. Ua hoʻomakaʻo Lyadov i kānaʻoihana ma keʻano he alakaʻi ma ka pōʻai o St. Petersburg o nā mea aloha mele, a ma hope aku i hanaʻia ma keʻano he alakaʻi i nā'ahamele symphony lehulehu i hoʻokumuʻia e A. Rubinstein, a me nā'ahamele symphony Lūkini i hoʻokumuʻia e M. Belyaev. Ua mahalo nui ʻia kona mau ʻano ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi e Rimsky-Korsakov, Rubinstein, G. Laroche.

Ke hoʻonui nei nā pilina mele o Lyadov. Ua huiʻo ia me P. Tchaikovsky, A. Glazunov, Laroche, lilo i lālā o Belyaevsky Fridays. I ka manawa like, ua kaulana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he haku mele. Mai ka makahiki 1874, ua paʻi ʻia nā hana mua a Lyadov: 4 romances, op. 1 a me "Spikers" op. 2 (1876). Ua lilo ʻo Romances i mea ʻike wale nō ʻo Lyadov i kēia ʻano; ua hana ʻia lākou ma lalo o ka mana o ka "Kuchkists". ʻO "Spikers" ka haku piano mua a Lyadov, he pūʻulu o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a like ʻole, i hui ʻia i loko o kahi pōʻai holoʻokoʻa. I kēia manawa ua hoʻoholo ʻia ke ʻano o ka hōʻike ʻana o Lyadov - ka pilina, ka māmā, ka nani. A hiki i ka makahiki 1900. Ua kākau a hoʻopuka ʻo Lyadov i 50 opuses. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou he mau ʻāpana piano liʻiliʻi: intermezzos, arabesques, preludes, impromptu, etudes, mazurkas, waltzes, etc. Ma waena o nā preludes, ka Prelude ma B minor op. kū i waho. 11, ʻo ke mele o ia mea kokoke loa i ke mele mele "A he aha ka ʻino o ka honua" mai ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o M. Balakirev "40 Russian Folk Songs".

ʻO nā hana nui loa no ka piano he 2 mau pōʻaiapuni o nā ʻano like ʻole (ma ke kumumanaʻo o Glinka's romance "Venetian Night" a ma kahi kumuhana Polani). ʻO kekahi o nā pāʻani kaulana loa ʻo ia ka ballad "About antiquity". Ua kokoke kēia hana i nā ʻaoʻao epic o Glinka opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila" a me "Bogatyrskaya" symphony na A. Borodin. I ka makahiki 1906 i hana ai ʻo Lyadov i kahi mele mele o ka ballad "About the old days", ua lohe ʻo V. Stasov, i ka lohe ʻana: "ʻO ka mea maoli. ʻaeʻa ʻana Ua kālai ʻoe ma ʻaneʻi.

I ka hopena o nā makahiki 80. Ua huli ʻo Lyadov i nā mele leo a hana i 3 mau hōʻiliʻili o nā mele a nā keiki e pili ana i nā kikokikona o nā ʻakaʻaka, nā moʻolelo, nā mele. Ua kapa ʻo C. Cui i kēia mau mele "nā momi liʻiliʻi i ka maikaʻi loa, i hoʻopau ʻia."

Mai ka hopena o nā makahiki 90. Hoʻoikaika nui ʻo Lyadov i ka hana ʻana i nā mele mele i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e nā huakaʻi o ka Geographical Society. ʻO nā hōʻiliʻili 4 no ka leo a me ka piano kū i waho. Ma muli o nā kuʻuna o Balakirev a me Rimsky-Korsakov, hoʻohana nui ʻo Lyadov i nā ʻenehana o ka polyphony subvocal. A ma kēia ʻano hana hoʻokani mele, hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻano Lyadov maʻamau - pili (hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka helu liʻiliʻi o nā leo e hana i kahi lole māmā māmā).

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XX. Ua lilo ʻo Lyadov i kekahi o nā mea hoʻokani mele Lūkini alakaʻi a mana. Ma ka conservatory, hāʻawi ʻia nā papa theoretical a me ka haku mele iā ia, ma waena o kāna mau haumāna ʻo S. Prokofiev, N. Myaskovsky, B. Asafiev, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hana a Lyadov i ka makahiki 1905, i ka wā o ka haunaele o nā haumāna, hiki ke kapa ʻia he wiwo ʻole a hanohano. Ma kahi mamao loa mai ka politika, ua hui pū ʻo ia me ke kumu ʻole i ka pūʻulu alakaʻi o nā kumu i kūʻē kūʻē i nā hana hoʻohālikelike a ka RMS. Ma hope o kona hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana mai ka Rimsky-Korsakov Conservatory, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Lyadov, me Glazunov, i kona haʻalele ʻana mai kāna mau kumu.

I nā makahiki 1900, huli nui ʻo Lyadov i nā mele symphonic. Hoʻokumu ʻo ia i nā hana he nui e hoʻomau i nā kuʻuna o nā kuʻuna Lūkini o ke kenekulia XNUMX. ʻO kēia nā miniatures orchestral, nā ʻāpana a me nā kiʻi i manaʻo ʻia e nā kumu kanaka ("Baba Yaga", "Kikimora") a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka nani o ke ʻano ("Magic Lake"). Ua kapa ʻo Lyadov iā lākou "nā kiʻi nani." I loko o ia mau mea, hoʻohana nui ka mea haku mele i nā hiʻohiʻona kala a me nā kiʻi o ka orchestra, e hahai ana i ke ala o Glinka a me nā mea haku o The Mighty Handful. Noho ʻia kahi wahi kūikawā e "Eight Russian Folk Songs for Orchestra", kahi i hoʻohana akamai ai ʻo Lyadov i nā mele mele maoli - epic, lyrical, hula, ritual, hula puni, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka honua uhane o kahi kanaka Lūkini.

I loko o kēia mau makahiki, ua hōʻike ʻo Lyadov i ka hoihoi nui i nā ʻano moʻokalaleo hou a me nā hana kiʻi, a ua ʻike ʻia kēia i kāna hana. Kākau ʻo ia i nā mele no ka pāʻani a M. Maeterlinck "Sister Beatrice", ke kiʻi symphonic "From the Apocalypse" a me "Song Sorrowful Song for Orchestra". Ma waena o nā manaʻo hou loa o ka mea haku mele ʻo ka ballet "Leila a me Alalei" a me ke kiʻi symphonic "Kupala Night" e pili ana i nā hana a A. Remizov.

Ua uhi ʻia nā makahiki hope o ke ola o ka haku mele i ka ʻawaʻawa o ka nalo. Ua huhū loa ʻo Lyadov i ka nalowale ʻana o nā hoaaloha a me nā hoahana: ʻo Stasov, Belyaev, Rimsky-Korsakov i hala. I ka makahiki 1911, ua loa'a 'o Lyadov i kahi ma'i ko'iko'i, kahi i hiki 'ole ai ke ho'ōla hou.

ʻO kahi hōʻike koʻikoʻi o ka ʻike ʻana i nā pono o Lyadov ʻo ia ka hoʻolauleʻa ʻana i ka makahiki 1913 o ka makahiki 35 o kāna hana hana. Nui kona mau hana i kaulana a aloha ʻia e ka poʻe hoʻolohe.

A. Kuznetsova