Witold Lutosławski |
Witold Lutosławski
Ua ola ʻo Witold Lutosławski i kahi ola hoʻomohala lōʻihi; a hiki i kona mau makahiki ʻelemakule, ua mālama ʻo ia i nā koi kiʻekiʻe loa iā ia iho a me ka hiki ke hoʻololi a hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ke kākau ʻana, me ka ʻole e hana hou i kāna mau ʻike mua. Ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka mea haku mele, hoʻomau ʻia kāna mele a hoʻopaʻa ʻia, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka inoa o Lutosławski ʻo ia ka mea nui - me ka mahalo nui iā Karol Szymanowski lāua ʻo Krzysztof Penderecki - ka moʻomeheu aupuni Polani ma hope o Chopin. ʻOiai ua noho ko Lutosławski wahi i noho ai ma Warsaw a hiki i ka hopena o kona mau lā, ʻoi aku ʻo ia ma mua o Chopin he cosmopolitan, he kamaʻāina o ka honua.
I nā makahiki 1930, ua aʻo ʻo Lutosławski ma ka Warsaw Conservatory, kahi o kāna kumu haku mele he haumāna no NA Rimsky-Korsakov, Witold Malishevsky (1873–1939). Ua hoʻopau ke Kaua Honua ʻElua i ka holomua o ka piano a me ka haku mele a Lutosławski. I loko o nā makahiki o ka noho ʻana o ka Nazi ma Polani, ua koi ʻia ka mea hoʻokani pila e kaupalena i kāna mau hana lehulehu i ka hoʻokani piano ma nā cafes Warsaw, i kekahi manawa i kahi duet me kekahi haku mele kaulana ʻo Andrzej Panufnik (1914-1991). ʻO kēia ʻano hana mele ke ʻano o ka hana, ua lilo ia i mea kaulana loa ʻaʻole wale i ka hoʻoilina o Lutoslawsky, akā i nā palapala honua holoʻokoʻa no ka duet piano - Variations on a Theme of Paganini (ke kumuhana. no kēia mau ʻokoʻa - a me nā hana ʻē aʻe o nā mea haku mele "ma ke kumuhana o Paganini" - ʻo ia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka caprice kaulana 24 o Paganini no ka violin solo). ʻEkolu a me ka hapa mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua kākau ʻo Lutosławski i nā Variations no ka Piano a me ka Orchestra, kahi mana i ʻike nui ʻia.
Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua, ua hele mai ʻo ʻEulopa Hikina ma lalo o ka pale o ka Stalinist USSR, a no ka poʻe haku mele i ʻike iā lākou iho ma hope o ka Iron Curtain, ua hoʻomaka kahi manawa kaʻawale mai nā alakaʻi alakaʻi o nā mele honua. ʻO nā kumu kuhikuhi nui loa no Lutoslawsky a me kāna mau hoa hana ke alakaʻi moʻolelo i ka hana a Bela Bartok a me interwar French neoclassicism, ʻo nā ʻelele nui loa ʻo Albert Roussel (Lutoslavsky mau mahalo nui i kēia haku mele) a me Igor Stravinsky o ka manawa ma waena o ka Septet. no Winds and the Symphony in C major. ʻOiai i nā kūlana o ka nele o ke kūʻokoʻa, ma muli o ka pono e hoʻolohe i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o ka socialist realism, ua hoʻokō ka mea haku mele i nā hana hou a me nā mea maoli (Little Suite for chamber orchestra, 1950; Silesian Triptych for soprano and orchestra to folk words. , 1951; Bukoliki) no ka piano, 1952). ʻO nā piko o ke ʻano mua o Lutosławski ʻo ka First Symphony (1947) a me ka Concerto for Orchestra (1954). Inā makemake nui ka symphony i ka neoclassicism o Roussel a me Stravinsky (i ka makahiki 1948 ua hoʻohewa ʻia ʻo ia he "formalist", a ua pāpā ʻia kāna hana ma Polani no kekahi mau makahiki), a laila ua hōʻike maopopo ʻia ka pilina me nā mele mele ma ka Concerto: nā ala e hana ana me ka leo o ka poʻe, me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ke ʻano o Bartók i hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia ma ʻaneʻi i ka mea Polani. Hōʻike nā helu ʻelua i nā hiʻohiʻona i hoʻomohala ʻia i ka hana hou a Lutoslawski: virtuosic orchestration, ka nui o nā ʻokoʻa, ka nele o ka symmetrical a me nā hana maʻamau (ʻaʻole like ka lōʻihi o nā huaʻōlelo, jagged rhythm), ke kumu o ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi ʻano nui e like me ke ʻano moʻolelo me he hōʻike kūʻokoʻa, nā wili a me ka huli ʻana i ka wehe ʻana i ka pā, e piʻi aʻe ana ka haʻalulu a me ka denouement kupaianaha.
Hāʻawi ka Thaw o ka waena o 1950s i manawa no ka poʻe haku haku ʻEulopa Hikina e hoʻāʻo i ko lākou lima i nā ʻenehana Western hou. ʻO Lutoslavsky, e like me ka nui o kāna mau hoa hana, ua ʻike i kahi hoihoi pōkole me ka dodecaphony - ʻo ka hua o kona hoihoi i nā manaʻo New Viennese ʻo ia ʻo Bartók's Funeral Music for string orchestra (1958). ʻO ka ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka "Five Songs on Poems by Kazimera Illakovich" no ka leo wahine a me ka piano (1957; hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope, ua hoʻoponopono ka mea kākau i kēia pōʻai no ka leo wahine me kahi hui mele) mai ka manawa like. ʻO ke mele o nā mele he mea kaulana ia no ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā chords he ʻumikūmālua-leo, ʻo ke kala o ia mea e hoʻoholo ʻia e ka ratio o nā wā āpau e hoʻokumu i ka vertical integral. ʻO nā mele o kēia ʻano, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka pōʻaiapili dodecaphonic-serial, akā ma ke ʻano he hui kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa, ua hāʻawi ʻia kēlā me kēia me ke ʻano leo kumu kūʻokoʻa, e pāʻani nui i nā hana āpau a ka haku mele.
Ua hoʻomaka ʻia kahi pae hou o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o Lutosławski i ka makahiki 1950 a me 1960 me nā pāʻani Venetian no ka chamber orchestra (ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia opus liʻiliʻi ʻehā e ka 1961 Venice Biennale). Ma ʻaneʻi ua hoʻāʻo mua ʻo Lutoslavsky i kahi ala hou o ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi ʻano orchestral, kahi i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻole ʻia ai nā ʻāpana mea kani. ʻAʻole komo ka mea alakaʻi i ka hana o kekahi mau ʻāpana o ka hana - hōʻike wale ʻo ia i ka manawa o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻāpana, a laila hoʻokani kēlā me kēia mea hoʻokani i kāna ʻāpana i ke kani manuahi a hiki i ka hōʻailona aʻe o ke alakaʻi. ʻO kēia ʻano like ʻole o nā aleatorics hui, ʻaʻole i pili i ke ʻano o ka haku mele holoʻokoʻa, i kapa ʻia i kekahi manawa "aleatoric counterpoint" (e hoʻomanaʻo wau iā ʻoe ʻo nā aleatorics, mai Latin alea - "dice, lot", i kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka haku mele. nā ala i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai ke ʻano a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka hana i hana ʻia). Ma ka hapa nui o nā helu a Lutosławski, e hoʻomaka ana me nā pāʻani Venetian, hana ʻia nā ʻāpana me ka puʻupuʻu koʻikoʻi (a battuta, ʻo ia hoʻi, "ma lalo o ka [conductor's] wand") e hoʻololi ʻia me nā ʻāpana ma ka aleatoric counterpoint (ad libitum - "ma ka makemake"); i ka manawa like, pili pinepine ʻia nā ʻāpana ad libitum me ke kūpaʻa a me ka inertia, e hāʻawi ana i nā kiʻi o ka numbness, luku a haunaele, a me nā ʻāpana a battuta - me ka holomua holomua.
ʻOiai, e like me ka manaʻo haku mele maʻamau, he ʻokoʻa loa nā hana a Lutoslawsky (i kēlā me kēia helu helu i ʻimi ʻo ia e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia hou), ʻo ka wahi nui o kāna hana makua i noho ʻia e kahi papa hana haku mele ʻelua, i hoʻāʻo mua ʻia ma ka String Quartet. (1964): ʻo ka ʻāpana ʻāpana mua, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka leo, lawelawe i kahi hoʻolauna kikoʻī i ka lua, piha me ka neʻe kumu, ʻo ka hopena o ka mea i hiki koke ma mua o ka pau ʻana o ka hana. ʻO nā ʻāpana o ka String Quartet, e like me kā lākou hana hoʻokani, ua kapa ʻia ʻo "Introductory Movement" ("Introductory Movement". - English) a me "Main Movement" ("Main part". - English). Ma ka laulā nui, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka papahana like ma ka Second Symphony (1967), kahi i kapa ʻia ai ka neʻe mua "He'sitant" ("Hesitating" - Palani), a ʻo ka lua - "Direct" ("pololei" - Palani. ). ʻO ka "Buke no ka Orchestra" (1968; aia kēia "puke" i ʻekolu mau "mokuna" liʻiliʻi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai kekahi i kekahi e nā interludes pōkole, a me kahi "mokuna" hope loa, hanana nui, ʻo Cello Concerto e hoʻokumu ʻia i nā ʻano hoʻololi a paʻakikī paha o ka. hoʻolālā like. me ka hoʻokani pila (1970), Third Symphony (1983). Ma ka opus lōʻihi loa a Lutosławski (e pili ana i 40 mau minuke), ʻo Preludes a me Fugue no nā kaula mele he ʻumikumamākolu (1972), hana ʻia ka hana o ka ʻāpana hoʻomaka e kahi kaulahao o ʻewalu preludes o nā ʻano like ʻole, aʻo ka hana o ka neʻe nui he fugue e wehe ana me ka ikaika. ʻO ka papahana ʻelua ʻāpana, ʻokoʻa me ka noʻonoʻo pau ʻole, ua lilo ia i ʻano matrix no nā "dramas" mea kani a Lutosławski i nui i nā wili a me nā huli. Ma nā hana makua a ka mea haku mele, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i kekahi mau hōʻailona maopopo o "Polishness", ʻaʻole kekahi curtsies e pili ana i ka neo-romanticism a i ʻole nā ʻano "neo-style"; ʻAʻole ʻo ia e hoʻohana i nā manaʻo hoʻohālikelike, e waiho wale i ka haʻi pololei ʻana i nā mele a nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. Ma kahi ʻano, he kiʻi kaʻawale ʻo Lutosławski. ʻO ia paha ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i kona kūlana ma ke ʻano he maʻamau o ke kenekulia XNUMX a me ka cosmopolitan kumu: ua hana ʻo ia i kāna honua ponoʻī maoli, aloha i ka mea hoʻolohe, akā pili pili ʻole me nā kuʻuna a me nā ʻano mele hou.
ʻO ka ʻōlelo harmonic oʻo o Lutoslavsky he kanaka hoʻokahi a hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka hana filigree me nā paʻakikī 12-tone a me nā manawa kūpono a me nā consonances i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai lākou. E hoʻomaka ana me ka Cello Concerto, piʻi ka hana o nā laina melodic lōʻihi a hōʻike i nā mele a Lutosławski, hoʻonui ʻia nā mea ma hope o ka grotesque a me ka hoʻohenehene i loko (Novelette for orchestra, 1979; finale of the Double Concerto for oboe, harp and chamber orchestra, 1980; pōʻai mele Nā pua mele a me nā moʻolelo mele” no ka soprano a me ka orchestra, 1990). Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke kākau mele mele a Lutosławski i nā pilina tonal maʻamau, akā e ʻae i nā mea o ke kikowaena tonal. ʻO kekahi o nā hana nui hope a Lutosławski e pili ana me nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona o nā mele mea kani Romantic; No laila, ma ka Symphony ʻekolu, ʻo ka mea makemake nui loa o nā helu orchestral a ka mea haku mele, piha i ka pāʻani, waiwai i nā mea like ʻole, ua hoʻokō mua ʻia ke kumu o kahi monumental one-movement monothematic haku mele, a ke hoʻomau nei ka Piano Concerto (1988) i ka laina o pianism aloha nani o ke ʻano "nui". ʻEkolu mau hana ma lalo o ke poʻo inoa "Chains" no ka wā hope. Ma "Chain-1" (no 14 mau mea kani, 1983) a me "Chain-3" (no ka orchestra, 1986), ke kumu o ka "linking" (partal overlay) o nā ʻāpana pōkole, ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano, timbre a me melodic-harmonic. nā hiʻohiʻona, pāʻani i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi (ʻo nā preludes mai ka pōʻai "Preludes a me Fugue" pili kekahi i kekahi ma ke ʻano like). ʻO ka Chain-2 (1985), ʻo ia hoʻi, he concerto violin ʻehā mau neʻe (hoʻomaka a ʻekolu mau neʻe e hoʻololi ʻia e like me ke ʻano kuʻuna wikiwiki-slow-fast maʻamau), kahi hihia i ka wā i haʻalele ai ʻo Lutoslawsky i kāna ʻāpana punahele ʻelua. papahana.
Hōʻike ʻia kahi laina kūikawā i ka hana makua a ka mea haku mele e nā leo leo nui: "ʻEkolu Poems na Henri Michaud" no ka hui mele a me ka orkestra i alakaʻi ʻia e nā alakaʻi like ʻole (1963), "Weaved Words" ma 4 mau ʻāpana no ka tenor a me ke keʻena orchestra (1965). ), "Spaces of Sleep" no ka baritone a me ka orchestra (1975) a me ka pōʻai ʻeiwa ʻāpana "Songflowers and Song Tales". Hoʻokumu ʻia lākou āpau ma nā pauku surrealist Farani (ʻo ka mea kākau o ka kikokikona o "Weaved Words" ʻo Jean-Francois Chabrin, a ua kākau ʻia nā hana hope ʻelua i nā ʻōlelo a Robert Desnos). Ua aloha nui ʻo Lutosławski mai kona wā ʻōpiopio i ka ʻōlelo Farani a me ka moʻomeheu Farani, a ua kokoke kāna ʻike honua kiʻi i ka ambiguity a me ka paʻakikī o nā manaʻo o ka surrealism.
He mea kaulana ka mele a Lutoslavsky no kona ʻoliʻoli ʻana i ka ʻaha mele, me kahi mea o ka virtuosity i hōʻike maopopo ʻia i loko. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea pena koʻikoʻi me ka mea haku mele. Ma waena o nā unuhi mua o kāna mau hana ʻo Peter Pearce (Woven Words), Lasalle Quartet (String Quartet), Mstislav Rostropovich (Cello Concerto), Heinz a me Ursula Holliger (Double Concerto no ka oboe a me ka harp me ka chamber orchestra) , Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau ( "Nā Moʻomanaʻo Moʻomanaʻo"), Georg Solti (Third Symphony), Pinchas Zuckermann (Partita no ka violin a me ka piano, 1984), Anne-Sophie Mutter ("Chain-2" no ka violin and orchestra), Krystian Zimerman (Concerto for piano and orchestra) ʻaʻole i ʻike nui ʻia ma ko mākou mau latitu, akā ʻo Solveig Kringelborn ka mea mele Norewai maikaʻi loa ("Songflowers and Songtales"). Ua loaʻa iā Lutosławski ka makana a ke alakaʻi maʻamau; ʻO kāna mau hōʻailona he mea hōʻike a me ka hana, akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia i mōhai aku i ka hana kiʻi no ka pono o ka pololei. Ma muli o ka kaupalena ʻana i kāna repertoire alakaʻi i kāna mau haku ponoʻī, ua hoʻokani ʻo Lutoslavsky a hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā orchestras mai nā ʻāina like ʻole.
ʻO ka discography waiwai a me ka ulu mau ʻana o Lutosławski e hoʻomau ʻia e nā hoʻopaʻa leo kumu. ʻO ka mea nui loa o lākou e hōʻiliʻili ʻia i nā album pālua i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e Philips a me EMI. ʻO ka waiwai o ka mea mua ("The Essential Lutoslawski" -Philips Duo 464 043), i koʻu manaʻo, ua hoʻoholo nui ʻia e ka Double Concerto a me nā "Spaces of Sleep" me ke komo ʻana o nā kāne Holliger a me Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, kēlā me kēia. ; ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana a ka mea kākau i ka Third Symphony me ka Berlin Philharmonic e kū nei ma ʻaneʻi, he mea kupanaha, ʻaʻole ia e like me nā mea i manaʻo ʻia (ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka mea kākau ʻoi aku ka lanakila me ka British Broadcasting Corporation Symphony Orchestra, e like me kaʻu ʻike, ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻia i CD. ). ʻO ka lua album "Lutoslawski" (EMI Double Forte 573833-2) aia wale nō nā hana orchestral kūpono i hana ʻia ma mua o ka waena o 1970s a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. ʻO ka National Orchestra maikaʻi loa o ka Radio Polish mai Katowice, i komo i kēia mau hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ma hope, ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka mea haku mele, ua komo i loko o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kahi hōʻiliʻili kokoke piha o kāna mau hana orchestral, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka makahiki 1995 ma nā disc e ka ʻO ka hui Naxos (a hiki i Dekemaba 2001, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻehiku disc). Pono kēia hōʻiliʻili i ka mahalo a pau. ʻO ke alakaʻi noʻeau o ka orchestra, ʻo Antoni Wit, ke alakaʻi nei ma ke ʻano maopopo a me ka ikaika, a ʻo ka poʻe mea kani a me nā mea mele (ʻo ka hapa nui o Poles) e hana i nā ʻāpana solo i nā ʻaha mele a me nā opuses leo, inā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi i ko lākou poʻe mua kaulana, he kakaikahi loa. ʻO kekahi hui nui, ʻo Sony, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma nā disc ʻelua (SK 66280 a me SK 67189) ka lua, ke kolu a me ka ʻehā (i koʻu manaʻo, ʻaʻole i kūleʻa) nā symphonies, a me ka Piano Concerto, Spaces of Sleep, Songflowers and Songtales “; Ma kēia hoʻopaʻa ʻana, alakaʻi ʻia ka Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra e Esa-Pekka Salonen (ʻo ka mea haku mele ponoʻī, ʻaʻole i maʻalahi i nā epithets kiʻekiʻe, i kapa ʻia kēia alakaʻi "phenomenal"1), ʻo Paul Crossley (piano) nā mea hoʻokani mele, ʻo John Shirley. -Quirk (baritone), Don Upshaw (soprano)
Ke hoʻi nei i ka wehewehe ʻana o ka mea kākau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā CD o nā ʻoihana kaulana, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke haʻi ʻole i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka Cello Concerto (EMI 7 49304-2), ka Piano Concerto (Deutsche Grammophon 431 664-2) a me ka violin concerto " Chain- 2" (Deutsche Grammophon 445 576-2), hana ʻia me ke komo ʻana o nā virtuosos i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i kēia mau opuses ʻekolu, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo Mstislav Rostropovich, Krystian Zimermann a me Anne-Sophie Mutter. No nā poʻe i kamaʻāina ʻole a ʻike ʻole paha i ka hana a Lutoslawsky, makemake wau iā ʻoe e huli mua i kēia mau leo. ʻOiai ke ʻano hou o ka ʻōlelo mele o nā concerto ʻekolu, hoʻolohe maʻalahi lākou a me ka hoihoi kūikawā. Ua unuhi ʻo Lutoslavsky i ka inoa ʻano "concert" e like me kona ʻano kumu, ʻo ia hoʻi, he ʻano hoʻokūkū ma waena o kahi soloist a me kahi orchestra, e ʻōlelo ana ʻo ka soloist, e ʻōlelo wau, haʻuki (ma ka hanohano o nā manaʻo āpau. ka huaolelo) koa. ʻAʻole pono e ʻōlelo ʻia, hōʻike ʻo Rostropovich, Zimerman a me Mutter i kahi pae lanakila maoli o ka mākaukau, ʻo ia ka mea e hauʻoli ai i nā mea hoʻolohe pono ʻole, ʻoiai inā he mea maʻamau a malihini paha ka mele a Lutoslavsky iā ia. Eia naʻe, ʻo Lutoslavsky, ʻaʻole like me nā mea haku mele o kēia wā, ua hoʻāʻo mau e hōʻoia i ka mea hoʻolohe i ka hui o kāna mele e manaʻo ʻole he malihini. He mea kūpono ke haʻi ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo aʻe mai kahi hōʻiliʻili o kāna mau kamaʻilio hoihoi loa me ka mea hoʻokani mele ʻo Moscow II Nikolskaya: "ʻO ka makemake nui e pili pū me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ma o ka hana kiʻi ke ʻike mau nei iaʻu. Akā ʻaʻole wau i hoʻonohonoho iaʻu iho i ka pahuhopu o ka lanakila ʻana i ka nui o nā mea hoʻolohe a me nā kākoʻo e like me ka hiki. ʻAʻole wau makemake e lanakila, akā makemake wau e ʻimi i kaʻu poʻe hoʻolohe, e ʻike i ka poʻe i manaʻo like me aʻu. Pehea e hoʻokō ʻia ai kēia pahuhopu? Manaʻo wau, ma o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo noʻeau kiʻekiʻe, ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā pae āpau - mai kahi kikoʻī ʻenehana a hiki i ka mea huna loa, hohonu hohonu ... No laila, hiki i ka hana noʻeau ke hana i ka hana o ka "hopu" o nā ʻuhane kanaka, e lilo i lāʻau no ka ʻO kekahi o nā maʻi ʻeha loa - ka manaʻo o ka mehameha ” .
Levon Hakopyan
