Leo Delibes |

Léo Delibes

Delib. “Lakme”. Nā Stanza o Nilakanta (Fyodor Chaliapin)

ʻO ia ʻano lokomaikaʻi, ka waiwai o nā mele a me nā mele, nā mea kani maikaʻi loa i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ka ballet. P. Tchaikovsky

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā haku mele Farani o ka makahiki XNUMXth century L. Delibes e ka maʻemaʻe kūikawā o ke ʻano Farani: ʻo kāna mele he pōkole a me ka waihoʻoluʻu, melodic a me ka rhythmically flexible, witty a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻO ka mea haku mele he hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, a ua like kona inoa me nā ʻano hou i nā mele ballet o ke kenekulia XNUMX.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Delibes i loko o kahi ʻohana mele: ʻo kona kupuna kāne ʻo B. Batiste he mea hoʻokani solo ma ka Paris Opera-Comique, a ʻo kona ʻanakala ʻo E. Batiste he mea hoʻokani pila a he polopeka ma ka Paris Conservatory. Hāʻawi ka makuahine i ka mea haku mele i ka hoʻonaʻauao mele mua. I ka makahiki ʻumikūmālua, hele ʻo Delibes i Paris a komo i ka conservatory ma ka papa haku mele o A. Adam. Ma ka manawa like, ua aʻo pū ʻo ia me F. Le Coupet ma ka papa piano a me F. Benois ma ka papa okana.

Ua hoʻomaka ke ola ʻoihana o ka mea hoʻokani pila i ka makahiki 1853 me ke kūlana o ka mea hoʻokani piano ma ka Lyric Opera House (Theatre Lyrique). Ua hoʻoholo nui ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā mea ʻono a Delibes e nā aesthetics o ka lyric opera Farani: kona ʻano kiʻi, nā mele i piha i nā mele o kēlā me kēia lā. I kēia manawa, "hoʻokumu nui ka haku mele. Ua hoihoi ʻia ʻo ia e nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni mele - operettas, hoʻokahi-hana comic miniatures. Aia i loko o kēia mau haku mele e hoʻonani ʻia ai ke ʻano, hoʻomohala ʻia ke akamai o ka hōʻike ʻana i ke ʻano pololei, pōkole a pololei, waihoʻoluʻu, akaka, ʻoluʻolu, hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ke ʻano keaka.

Ma ka waena o 60s. ua lilo nā kiʻi mele a me nā mea keaka o Paris i hoihoi i ka haku mele ʻōpio. Ua kono ʻia ʻo ia e hana ma ke ʻano he haku mele ʻelua ma Grand Opera (1865-1872). Ma ka manawa like, me L. Minkus, ua kākau ʻo ia i ke mele no ka ballet "The Stream" a me ka divertissement "The Path Strewn with Flowers" no ka ballet a Adam "Le Corsair". ʻO kēia mau hana, kālena a me ka noʻonoʻo, ua lawe mai ʻo Delibes i kahi kūleʻa kūpono. Eia naʻe, ua ʻae ʻo Grand Opera i ka hana hou a ka haku mele no ka hana ʻana he 4 mau makahiki wale nō ma hope. Ua lilo lākou i ballet "Coppelia, or the Girl with Enamel Eyes" (1870, ma muli o ka moʻolelo pōkole a TA Hoffmann "The Sandman"). ʻO ia ka mea nāna i lawe mai i ka kaulana ʻEulopa i Delibes a lilo i hana ʻāina i kāna hana. Ma kēia hana, ua hōʻike ka haku mele i ka ʻike hohonu o ke kiʻi ballet. Hōʻike ʻia kāna mele e ka laconism o ka hōʻike a me ka dynamics, ka plasticity a me ka waihoʻoluʻu, ka maʻalahi a me ka maopopo o ke ʻano hula.

Ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka kaulana o ka mea haku mele ma hope o kāna hana ʻana i ka hula ʻo Sylvia (1876, e pili ana i kā T. Tasso pastoral Aminta). Ua kākau ʻo P. Tchaikovsky e pili ana i kēia hana: "Ua lohe au i ka ballet Sylvia na Leo Delibes, ua lohe au, no ka mea, ʻo ia ka ballet mua kahi mele ʻaʻole wale ka mea nui, akā ʻo ka hoihoi wale nō. He nani, he nani, he waiwai o ka melodic, rhythmic a me ka harmonic!

ʻO nā opera a Delibes: "ʻO ia ka ʻōlelo a ke Aliʻi" (1873), "Jean de Nivel" (1880), "Lakmé" (1883) i kaulana nui ʻia. ʻO ka hope ka hana opera koʻikoʻi loa a ka haku mele. I loko o "Lakma" ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā kuʻuna o ka lyrical opera, kahi i hoihoi ai i ka poʻe hoʻolohe i nā mele mele a me nā hana keaka a Ch. Gounod, J. Vize, J. Massenet, C. Saint-Saens. Ua kākau ʻia ma kahi ʻāpana hikina, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka moʻolelo aloha pōʻino o kahi kaikamahine India Lakme a me kahi koa Pelekane ʻo Gerald, ua piha kēia opera i nā kiʻi ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻO nā ʻaoʻao hōʻike ʻoi loa o ka helu o ka hana i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ka hōʻike ʻana i ka honua ʻuhane o ka heroine.

Me ka haku mele, ua nānā nui ʻo Delibes i ke aʻo ʻana. Mai ka makahiki 1881, he polopeka 'o ia ma ka Conservatory o Paris. He kanaka lokomaikaʻi a aloha, he kumu naʻauao, hāʻawi ʻo Delibes i ke kōkua nui i nā haku mele ʻōpio. I ka makahiki 1884 ua lilo ʻo ia i lālā o ka French Academy of Fine Arts. ʻO ka opera Cassia ka haku mele hope loa a Delibes (ʻaʻole i pau). Ua hōʻoia hou ʻo ia ʻaʻole i kumakaia ka mea haku mele i kāna mau kumu hana, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka nani o ke ʻano.

ʻO ka hoʻoilina o Delibes ka mea nui ma ke kahua o nā ʻano papa mele. Ua kākau ʻo ia ma luna o 30 mau hana no ka hale keaka mele: 6 mau keaka, 3 baleta a me nā opereta he nui. Ua hōʻea ka haku mele i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka haku mele ma ke kahua ballet. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā mele ballet me ka laulā o ka hanu symphonic, ka pono o ka dramaturgy, ua hōʻike ʻo ia iā ia iho he mea hoʻoikaika wiwo ʻole. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia e ka poʻe hoʻohewa o ia manawa. No laila, nona ka ʻōlelo iā E. Hanslik: "Hiki iā ia ke haʻaheo i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ia ka mea mua i hoʻomohala i kahi hoʻomaka koʻikoʻi i ka hula a ma ia mea ua ʻoi aku ʻo ia ma mua o kāna mau hoa hakakā." He haku maikaʻi loa ʻo Delibes o ka ʻaka mele. ʻO nā helu o kāna mau baleta, e like me ka poʻe kākau moʻolelo, "he kai o nā kala." Ua lawe ka mea haku mele i nā ʻano hana he nui o ke kākau ʻana i ke kula Farani. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kāna orchestration e kahi predilection no nā timbres maʻemaʻe, kahi lehulehu o nā ʻike kala maikaʻi loa.

Loaʻa ka mana o Delibes i ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana i ka hana ballet ʻaʻole wale ma Farani, akā ma Rūsia. Maʻaneʻi ua hoʻomauʻia nā hana o ka haku Farani ma nā hana choreographic a P. Tchaikovsky a me A. Glazunov.

I. Vetlitsyna

Ua kākau ʻo Tchaikovsky e pili ana iā Delibes: "… ma hope o Bizet, manaʻo wau ʻo ia ka mea akamai loa ...". ʻAʻole i kamaʻilio maikaʻi ka mea haku mele Lūkini nui e pili ana iā Gounod, ʻaʻole hoʻi e haʻi aku i nā mea mele Farani hou. No nā manaʻo noʻeau democratic o Delibes, ʻo ka melodiousness i loaʻa i kāna mele, ka wikiwiki o ka naʻau, ka hoʻomohala kūlohelohe a me ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano e pili ana iā Tchaikovsky.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Leo Delibes ma nā panalāʻau i ka lā 21 o Pepeluali, 1836, ua hōʻea i Paris i ka makahiki 1848; ma hope o kona puka 'ana mai ka conservatory i ka makahiki 1853, ua komo 'o ia i ka Lyric Theatre ma ke 'ano he pianist-accompanist, a he umi makahiki ma hope mai ma ke 'ano he haku mele ma ka Grand Opera. Ua haku ʻo Delibes i nā mea he nui, ʻoi aku ka makemake o ka manaʻo ma mua o ka hahai ʻana i kekahi mau loina noʻeau. I ka wā mua, kākau ʻo ia i nā operettas a me nā mea liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi hana ma ke ʻano comical (ma kahi o kanakolu mau hana i ka huina). Maanei i hoohanohano ia ai kona akamai i ke ano pololei a me ka pololei, ka hoike akaka a me ka olaola, ua hooikaikaia ke ano keaka nani a naauao. ʻO ka democratism o ka ʻōlelo mele o Delibes, a me Bizet, ua hoʻokumu ʻia i ka pilina pololei me nā ʻano o kēlā me kēia lā o ka moʻolelo o ke kūlanakauhale. (ʻO Delibes kekahi o nā hoaaloha pili loa o Bizet. ʻO ia hoʻi, me ʻelua mau haku mele ʻē aʻe, ua kākau lākou i ka operetta Malbrook Going on a Campaign (1867).)

ʻO nā pōʻai mele ākea ka mea i huki i ka manaʻo iā Delibes i ka wā i hāʻawi ai ʻo ia me Ludwig Minkus, ka mea haku mele i hana ma Rūsia no nā makahiki he nui, i ka mua o ka ballet The Stream (1866). Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ka kūleʻa e Delibes 'ballets hope, Coppelia (1870) a me Sylvia (1876). Ma waena o kāna mau hana ʻē aʻe he mea kū i waho: he comedy unpretentious, ʻoluʻolu i ke mele, ʻoi loa ma ka Act I, "Thus Said the King" (1873), ka opera "Jean de Nivelle" (1880; "light, elegant, romantic in the highest. degree," i kākau ai ʻo Tchaikovsky e pili ana iā ia) a me ka opera Lakme (1883). Mai ka makahiki 1881, he polopeka ʻo Delibes ma Paris Conservatory. He aloha i nā mea a pau, ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ke aloha, hāʻawi ʻo ia i ke kōkua nui i nā ʻōpio. Ua make ʻo Delibes ma Ianuali 16, 1891.

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Ma waena o nā opera a Leo Delibes, ʻo Lakme ka mea kaulana loa, kahi i lawe ʻia mai ke ola o nā India. ʻO ka hoihoi nui loa ka helu ballet o Delibes: ma ʻaneʻi ʻo ia e hana nei ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoikaika wiwo ʻole.

No ka manawa lōʻihi, e hoʻomaka ana me nā bale opera a Lully, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka choreography i wahi koʻikoʻi i ka hale keaka mele Farani. Ua mālama ʻia kēia kuʻuna i nā hana o ka Grand Opera. No laila, i ka makahiki 1861, ua koi ʻia ʻo Wagner e kākau i nā hiʻohiʻona ballet o ka grotto o Venus no ka hana Paris o Tannhäuser, a me Gounod, i ka wā i neʻe ai ʻo Faust i ke kahua o ka Grand Opera, kākau ʻo Walpurgis Night; no ke kumu hoʻokahi, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka divertissement o ka hana hope loa iā Carmen, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Eia naʻe, ua kaulana nā hana choreographic kūʻokoʻa mai ka 30s o ka 1841th century, i ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka ballet romantic. ʻO "Giselle" na Adolphe Adam (XNUMX) kāna hana kiʻekiʻe loa. Ma ke ʻano mele a me ke ʻano kikoʻī o ka mele o kēia ballet, hoʻohana ʻia nā mea i hoʻokō ʻia o ka opera comic Farani. No laila ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā intonation e kū nei, ka loaʻa maʻamau o nā ʻano hōʻike, me ka nele o ke keaka.

ʻO nā hana choreographic Parisian o nā 50s a me 60s, akā naʻe, ua lilo i mea piha i nā mea like ʻole, i kekahi manawa me ka melodrama; ua hāʻawi ʻia lākou me nā mea hoʻonani, nā monumentality nani (ʻo nā hana waiwai nui ʻo Esmeralda na C. Pugni, 1844, a me Corsair na A. Adam, 1856). ʻO ke mele o kēia mau hana, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole i hoʻokō i nā koi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe - nele i ka pono o ka dramaturgy, ka laulā o ka hanu symphonic. I nā makahiki 70, lawe mai ʻo Delibes i kēia ʻano hou i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni ballet.

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Contemporaries: "Hiki iā ia ke haʻaheo i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ia ka mea mua i hoʻomohala i kahi hoʻomaka koʻikoʻi i ka hula a ma ia mea ua ʻoi aku ʻo ia ma mua o kāna mau hoa hakakā." Ua kākau ʻo Tchaikovsky i ka makahiki 1877: “I kēia manawa ua lohe au i nā mele nani o ia ʻano no Delibes ballet "Sylvia". Ua kamaʻāina mua au i kēia mele kupanaha ma o ka clavier, akā i ka hoʻokani nani o ka hui mele Viennese, ua hoʻohauʻoli wale ia iaʻu, ʻoiai ma ka neʻe mua. Ma kekahi leka, ua hoʻohui ʻo ia: “… ʻo kēia ka ballet mua kahi mele ʻaʻole ka mea nui wale nō, akā ʻo ka hoihoi wale nō. He aha ka nani, he aha ka lokomaikaʻi, he aha ka waiwai, melodic, rhythmic a me ka harmonic.

Me kona ʻano haʻahaʻa a me ka pololei pololei iā ia iho, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Tchaikovsky me ka ʻole e pili ana i kāna ballet Swan Lake i hoʻopau ʻia, hāʻawi i ka pāma iā Sylvia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke ʻae i kēia, ʻoiai ʻo ke mele a Delibes me ke kānalua ʻole he waiwai nui.

Ma ke ʻano o ka moʻolelo a me ka dramaturgy, he palupalu kāna mau hana, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo "Sylvia": inā ʻo "Coppelia" (e pili ana i ka moʻolelo pōkole na ETA Hoffmann "The Sandman") e hilinaʻi i kahi hoʻolālā i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala mau ʻia, a laila ma "Sylvia ” (e like me ka dramatic pastoral na T. Tasso “Aminta”, 1572), ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā kumu moʻokalaleo me ke kūlana a me ka chaotically. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mea haku mele, ʻoiai ʻo kēia mamao loa mai ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, kahi hiʻohiʻona nāwaliwali loa, ua hoʻokumu i kahi helu wailly juicy, hoʻohui i ka ʻōlelo. (Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā ballets ʻelua ma ka Soviet Union. Akā inā ma Coppelia i hoʻololi ʻia i kahi ʻāpana o ka palapala e hōʻike i kahi ʻike maoli, a laila no ka mele a Sylvia, i kapa hou ʻia ʻo Fadetta (ma nā paʻi ʻē aʻe - Savage), ua loaʻa kahi ʻāpana ʻokoʻa - ua ʻaiʻē ʻia mai ka moʻolelo o George Sand (ke poʻokela o Fadette - 1934).)

Hāʻawi ʻia ke mele o nā bale ʻelua me nā hiʻohiʻona poʻokela. Ma "Coppelia", e like me ka manaʻo, ʻaʻole wale nā ​​mele a me nā mele Farani i hoʻohana ʻia, akā ʻo Polish (mazurka, Krakowiak ma ka hana I), a me Hungarian (Svanilda's ballad, czardas); ma ʻaneʻi ʻoi aku ka ʻike o ka pilina me ke ʻano a me nā mea o kēlā me kēia lā o ka opera comic. Ma Sylvia, hoʻonui ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona me ka psychologism o ka lyrical opera (e nānā i ka waltz o Act I).

ʻO ka Laconism a me ka dynamics o ka'ōlelo, ka plasticity a me ka'ālohilohi, ka maʻalahi a me ka māmā o keʻano hula -ʻo ia nā mea maikaʻi loa o nā mele Delibes. He haku nui ʻo ia i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā suites hulahula, nā helu pākahi i hoʻopili ʻia e nā mea kani "recitatives" - pantomime scenes. Hoʻohui pū ʻia ka pāʻani, nā mele mele o ka hula me ke ʻano a me nā kiʻi, hoʻopiha i ka helu me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka symphonic ikaika. ʻO ia, no ka laʻana, ʻo ke kiʻi o ka nahele i ka pō kahi e wehe ai ʻo Sylvia, a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka Act I. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka hui hula ʻoliʻoli o ka hana hope loa, me ka piha koʻikoʻi o kāna mele, e hoʻokokoke ana i ka. Nā kiʻi nani o ka lanakila a me ka leʻaleʻa o ka poʻe, i hopu ʻia ma Bizet's Arlesian a i ʻole Carmen.

Ke hoʻonui nei i ke ʻano o ka lyrical a me ka psychological expressiveness o ka hula, ka hana ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona folk-genre, e hoʻomaka ana i ke ala o ka symphonizing ballet music, ua hoʻonui ʻo Delibes i ke ʻano o ka expressiveness o ka choreographic art. ʻO ka mea kānaluaʻole, ua hoʻonuiʻia kona mana i ka hoʻomohala houʻana o ka hale keaka ballet Farani, i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 1882 i hoʻonuiʻia e kekahi mau helu waiwai; ma waena o lākou ʻo "Namuna" na Edouard Lalo (XNUMX, e pili ana i ka mele a Alfred Musset, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia e Wiese i ka opera "Jamile"). I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua kū mai kahi ʻano mele mele; i loko o lākou, ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hoʻomaka symphonic ma muli o ka hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻomohala dramatic. Ma waena o nā mea kākau o ia mau mele, i lilo i mea kaulana loa ma ke kahua ʻaha mele ma mua o ka hale keaka, pono e ʻōlelo mua ʻia ʻo Claude Debussy lāua ʻo Maurice Ravel, a me Paul Dukas lāua ʻo Florent Schmitt.

M. Druskin

Papa inoa pōkole o nā haku mele

Hana no ke keaka mele (Aia nā lā i loko o ka pale)

ʻOi aku ma mua o 30 mau opera a me operettas. ʻO nā mea kaulana loa: "Thus Said the King", opera, libretto na Gondine (1873) "Jean de Nivelle", opera, libretto na Gondinet (1880) Lakme, opera, libretto na Gondinet a me Gilles (1883)

Ballet "Brook" (me Minkus) (1866) "Coppelia" (1870) "Sylvia" (1876)

Mele leo 20 romances, 4-leo mele kāne kāne a me nā mea ʻē aʻe