Jean-Baptiste Lully |

Jean-Baptiste Lully

Lully Jean-Baptiste. Minuet

He liʻiliʻi wale nō ka poʻe mele Palani maoli e like me kēia Italia, ʻo ia wale nō ma Farani i paʻa i ka kaulana no hoʻokahi kenekulia. R. Rollan

ʻO JB Lully kekahi o nā mea haku mele opera nui loa o ke kenekulia XNUMX a ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Farani. Ua komo ʻo Lully i ka mōʻaukala o ka opera aupuni ma ke ʻano he mea nāna i hana i kahi ʻano hou - lyrical tragedy (e like me ka inoa o ka opera mythological nui i kapa ʻia ma Farani), a ma ke ʻano he kiʻi keaka koʻikoʻi - ma lalo o kāna alakaʻi i lilo ai ka Royal Academy of Music. ʻO ka hale opera mua a me ka nui ma Farani, a ma hope i loaʻa ka kaulana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i kapa ʻia ʻo Grand Opera.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Lully i loko o ka ʻohana wili. ʻO ka hiki ke mele a me ke ʻano hana o ka ʻōpio i ka manaʻo o ke Duke o Guise, ʻo ia, ca. I ka makahiki 1646, lawe ʻo ia iā Lully i Paris, a hāʻawi iā ia i ka lawelawe a ke Kamāliʻiwahine Montpensier (kaikuahine o King Louis XIV). ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā ia kahi hoʻonaʻauao mele ma kona ʻāina hānau, ʻo ia ka mea hiki i ka makahiki 14 ke hīmeni a hoʻokani i ke kīkā, ua aʻo ʻo Lully i ka haku mele a me ka hīmeni ʻana ma Paris, ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka hoʻokani ʻana i ka harpsichord a, ʻoi aku hoʻi, kāna violin punahele. ʻO ka ʻōpio Italia, ka mea i lanakila i ka lokomaikaʻi o Louis XIV, ua hana maikaʻi ʻo ia i kāna ʻoihana. ʻO kahi virtuoso akamai, kahi i ʻōlelo ai nā contemporaries - "e hoʻokani i ka violin e like me Baptiste", ua komo koke ʻo ia i ka orchestra kaulana "24 Violins of the King", approx. Ua hoʻonohonoho a alakaʻi ʻo 1656 i kāna mele liʻiliʻi "16 Violins of the King". I ka makahiki 1653, ua loaʻa iā Lully ke kūlana o "ka haku mele o ka hale mele", mai ka makahiki 1662, ua lilo ʻo ia i luna hoʻomalu o nā mele ʻaha hoʻokolokolo, a he 10 mau makahiki ma hope mai - ka mea nona ka patent no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka Royal Academy of Music ma Paris. me ka hoʻohana lōʻihi ʻana i kēia kuleana a hoʻoili ʻia e hoʻoilina i kēlā me kēia keiki e pani iā ​​ia ma ke ʻano he luna hoʻokani mele a ke aliʻi. I ka makahiki 1681, ua hoʻohanohano ʻo Louis XIV i kāna punahele me nā leka aliʻi a me ke poʻo inoa o ke kākāʻōlelo aliʻi. Ma hope o kona make ʻana ma Paris, ua paʻa ʻo Lully a hiki i ka hopena o kona mau lā i ke kūlana o ke aliʻi piha o ke ola mele o ke kapikala Farani.

Ua ulu nui ka hana a Lully i kēlā mau ʻano a me nā ʻano i kūkulu ʻia a mahi ʻia ma ke kahua o ka "Sun King". Ma mua o ka huli ʻana i ka opera, ua haku ʻo Lully i nā makahiki mua o kāna lawelawe ʻana (1650-60) i nā mele mea kani (suites a me divertissement no nā mea kani, nā ʻāpana pākahi a me nā hele no nā mea kani makani, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), nā haku mele, nā mele no ka hana ballet (" Cupid maʻi", "Alsidiana", "Ballet of Mocking", etc.). Ke komo mau nei ʻo Lully i nā ballet pā hale ma ke ʻano he mea kākau mele, alakaʻi, mea hana keaka a me ka hula, ua ʻike ʻo Lully i nā kuʻuna o ka hula Farani, kona mele a me ka leo a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kahua. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana me JB Molière i kōkua i ka haku mele e komo i ke ao o ka hale keaka Farani, e ʻike i ka ʻike ʻāina o ke kahua haʻiʻōlelo, hana, alakaʻi, etc. Ua kākau ʻo Lully i nā mele no nā pāʻani a Molière (Marriage involuntarily, Princess of Elis, The Sicilian) , " Love the Healer", etc.), hoʻokani ʻo Pursonjak i ka comedy "Monsieur de Pursonjac" a me Mufti i "The tradesman in the nobility". No ka manawa lōʻihi, noho ʻo ia i hoa paio no ka opera, me ka manaʻo ʻaʻole kūpono ka ʻōlelo Farani no kēia ʻano, ʻo Lully i ka makahiki 1670. hoololi koke i kona mau manao. I ka makahiki 1672-86. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i nā pōʻino lyric 13 ma ka Royal Academy of Music (me Cadmus a me Hermione, Alceste, Theseus, Atys, Armida, Acis a me Galatea). ʻO kēia mau hana i hoʻokumu i ke kumu o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Farani a hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ka opera aupuni i noho aliʻi ma Farani no kekahi mau makahiki. "Ua hana ʻo Lully i kahi opera Farani aupuni, kahi i hui pū ʻia ai nā kikokikona a me nā mele me nā ʻano ʻōlelo a me nā ʻono o ka ʻāina, a e hōʻike ana i nā hemahema a me nā maikaʻi o nā kiʻi Farani," wahi a ka mea noiʻi Kelemania ʻo G. Kretschmer.

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano o ka pōʻino lyrical ʻo Lully e pili ana i nā kuʻuna o ka hale keaka Farani o ka wā Classical. ʻO ke ʻano o ka haku mele ʻelima mau hana me ka prologue, ke ʻano o ka heluhelu ʻana a me ka pāʻani kahua, nā kumu kumu (ka moʻolelo Helene kahiko, ka mōʻaukala o Ancient Rome), nā manaʻo a me nā pilikia pono (ka paio o nā manaʻo a me ke kumu, ka makemake a me ke kuleana. ) e hoʻokokoke aku i nā opera a Lully i nā pōʻino o P. Corneille lāua ʻo J. Racine. ʻAʻole i emi iki ka pilina o ka pōʻino lyrical me nā kuʻuna o ka ballet aupuni - nā divertissement nui (hoʻokomo ʻia nā helu hula ʻaʻole pili i ka pā), nā kaʻina hanohano, nā huakaʻi, nā ʻoliʻoli, nā kiʻi kilokilo, nā hiʻohiʻona pastoral i hoʻonui i ka nani a me nā ʻano kupaianaha o ka hana keaka. ʻO ka moʻomeheu o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka ballet i kū mai i ka wā o Lully i hōʻoia ʻia he kūpaʻa loa a hoʻomau ʻia i ka ʻopera Farani no kekahi mau kenekulia. Ua ʻike ʻia ka mana o Lully i nā suites orchestral o ka hopena o XNUMXth a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia XNUMX. (G. Muffat, I. Fuchs, G. Telemann a me na mea e ae). Ua haku ʻia i loko o ka manaʻo o nā hoʻolaha ballet a Lully, ua hoʻokomo lākou i nā hula Palani a me nā ʻāpana ʻano. Laha i ka opera a me nā mea kani o ke kenekulia XNUMX. Ua loaʻa i kahi ʻano o ka overture kūikawā, i hana ʻia i loko o ka pōʻino lyrical o Lully (ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "French" overture, ʻo ia hoʻi me kahi hoʻolauna lohi, hoʻolauna a me kahi ʻāpana nui e neʻe nei).

I ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia XVIII. ʻO ka pōʻino lyrical o Lully a me kāna poʻe hahai (M. Charpentier, A. Campra, A. Detouches), a me ia ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o ka opera ʻaha hoʻokolokolo, lilo i kumu o nā kūkākūkā ʻoi loa, parodies, hoʻohenehene ("ke kaua o ka buffons", "ke kaua o ka glucians a me ka picchinnists") . ʻO Art, ka mea i kū mai i ke au o ka wā o ka absolutism, ua ʻike ʻia e nā poʻe o ka wā o Diderot a me Rousseau e like me ka palaka, ola ʻole, pompous a pompous. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka hana a Lully, ka mea i hoʻokani i kahi hana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ʻano heroic nui i ka opera, ua hoʻohuli i ka manaʻo o nā mea haku mele (JF Rameau, GF Handel, KV Gluck), ka mea i makemake i ka monumentality, pathos, noʻonoʻo pono, hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho o ka holoʻokoʻa.

I. Okhalova