Nikolay Vitalyevich Lysenko (Mykola Lysenko) |
Mykola Lysenko
N. Lysenko hoʻolaʻa i kona versatile hana (ka mea haku mele, folklorist, mea hoʻokani, conductor, lehulehu kanaka) i ka lawelawe ana i ka lahui moʻomeheu, oia ka mea i hoʻokumu i ka Ukrainian haku kula. ʻO ke ola o ka poʻe Ukrainian, ʻo kā lākou kiʻi kumu maoli ka lepo i hānai i ke kālena a Lysenko. Ua hala kona wā kamaliʻi ma ka ʻāina ʻo Poltava. ʻO ka pāʻani o nā hui auwana, ka regimental orchestra, nā ahiahi mele home, a me ka hapa nui o nā mea a pau - nā mele mele, nā hula, nā pāʻani hoʻomana i komo ai ke keiki me ka hoihoi nui - "ʻaʻole i makehewa kēlā mau mea waiwai," kākau ʻo Lysenko i kāna. autobiography, ” me he mea lā i hāʻule i loko o ka ʻuhane ʻōpio. Ua hiki mai ka manawa no ka hana, ua koe no ka unuhi ʻana i kēlā mea i loko o nā memo, ʻaʻole ia na kekahi, mai ka wā kamaliʻi ua ʻike ʻia e ka ʻuhane, haku ʻia e ka puʻuwai.
I ka makahiki 1859, ua komo ʻo Lysenko i ka Faculty of Natural Sciences o Kharkov, a laila ʻo ke Kulanui ʻo Kyiv, kahi i lilo ai ʻo ia i kokoke i nā haumāna radical, plunged headlong i ka hana mele a me ka hoʻonaʻauao. ʻO kāna puke opera satirical "Andriashiada" i hoʻopiʻi i ka lehulehu ma Kyiv. I ka makahiki 1867-69. Ua aʻo ʻo Lysenko ma ka Leipzig Conservatory, a e like me ka ʻōpio ʻo Glinka, ʻoiai ma Italia, i ʻike iā ia iho he haku mele Lūkini piha, ʻo Lysenko ma Leipzig i hoʻoikaika i kona manaʻo e hāʻawi i kona ola i ka lawelawe ʻana i nā mele Ukrainian. Hoʻopau a hoʻopuka ʻo ia i nā hōʻiliʻili ʻelua o nā mele ʻo Ukrainian a hoʻomaka i ka hana ma ka pōʻai nui (2 leo mele) "Music for the Kobzar" na TG Shevchenko. Ma keʻano laulā, nā palapala Ukrainian, ka pilina me M. Kotsyubinsky, L. Ukrainka, I. Franko he mea ikaika loa ia no Lysenko. Ma o Ukrainian poetry e komo ai ke kumuhana o ka hoʻopiʻi kaiaulu i kāna hana, nāna i hoʻoholo i ka manaʻo ideological o ka nui o kāna mau hana, e hoʻomaka ana me ka papa mele "Zapovit" (ma Shevchenko station) a hoʻopau me ke mele mele "The Eternal Revolutionary" (ma ke kahua ʻo Franko), i hana mua ʻia ma 83, a me ka opera "Aeneid" (e like me I. Kotlyarevsky - 1905) - ka satire ʻino loa ma ka autocracy.
I ka makahiki 1874-76. Ua aʻo ʻo Lysenko ma St. Petersburg me N. Rimsky-Korsakov, hui me nā lālā o ka Mighty Handful, V. Stasov, hoʻolaʻa nui i ka manawa a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e hana i ka Music Department of the Salt Town (kahi o nā hōʻikeʻike ʻoihana, nā ʻaha mele. i mālama ʻia ma laila), kahi i alakaʻi ai ʻo ia i kahi mele mele no ka manuahi. ʻO ka ʻike o nā haku mele Lūkini, i hoʻopili ʻia e Lysenko, ua lilo i mea hua nui. Ua ʻae ʻia ma kahi pae ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe aʻe e hoʻokō i kahi hui kūlohelohe o nā kumu hoʻohālike o ka lāhui a me ka pan-European stylistic. "ʻAʻole loa au e hōʻole i ke aʻo ʻana i nā mele ma nā ʻano nui o nā kiʻi Lūkini," kākau ʻo Lysenko iā I. Franko i ka makahiki 1885. Ua hana ka mea haku mele i kahi hana nui o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā moʻolelo ʻo Ukrainian, ʻike ʻia i loko o kahi kumu pau ʻole o ka hoʻoikaika a akamai. Ua hana ʻo ia i nā hoʻonohonoho lehulehu o nā mele mele (ʻoi aku ma mua o 600), ua kākau i kekahi mau hana ʻepekema, a ʻo ka mea koʻikoʻi ka ʻatikala "Nā hiʻohiʻona mele o nā manaʻo liʻiliʻi Lūkini a me nā mele i hana ʻia e kobzar Veresai" (1873). Eia naʻe, kūʻē mau ʻo Lysenko i ka ethnography haiki a me "Little Russian". Ua like nō kona hoihoi i ka moʻolelo o nā lāhui ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻopaʻa, hoʻoponopono, hoʻokani ʻo ia ʻaʻole wale i ka Ukrainian, akā ʻo Polish, Serbian, Moravian, Czech, Russian mau mele, a ʻo ka papa mele i alakaʻi ʻia e ia i loko o kāna repertoire nā mele ʻoihana o nā haku mele ʻEulopa a me Lūkini mai Palestrina a M. Mussorgsky a me C. Saint-Saens. ʻO Lysenko ka mea unuhi mua ma Ukrainian mele o ka poetry a H. Heine, A. Mickiewicz.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hana a Lysenko e nā ʻano leo: opera, haku mele, mele, aloha, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea kākau o kahi symphony, kahi helu o nā keʻena a me nā hana piano. Akā, i loko o nā mele leo i hōʻike maopopo ʻia ka ʻike ʻāina a me ke ʻano o ka mea kākau, a ʻo nā opera a Lysenko (aia he 10 o lākou, ʻaʻole i helu ʻia ka poʻe ʻōpio) i hōʻailona i ka hānau ʻana o ka hale keaka mele kahiko Ukrainian. ʻO ka lyrical comic opera Natalka-Poltavka (e pili ana i ka pāʻani o ka inoa hoʻokahi e I. Kotlyarevsky - 1889) a me ka pāʻani mele mele ʻo Taras Bulba (e pili ana i ka moʻolelo a N. Gogol - 1890) i lilo i mau kiʻekiʻe o ka hana operatic. ʻOiai ke kākoʻo ikaika o nā mea hoʻokani mele Lūkini, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo P. Tchaikovsky, ʻaʻole i hoʻokani ʻia kēia opera i ka wā o ke ola o ka mea haku mele, a ua kamaʻāina ka poʻe i ka makahiki 1924 wale nō. ʻO ia ka mea mua i hoʻonohonoho i nā mele mele ma Ukraine, hele i nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale me nā ʻahamele. Me ka hana ikaika o Lysenko i ka makahiki 1904, ua weheʻia kahi kula mele a me ke keaka ma Kyiv (mai ka makahiki 1918, ka Music and Drama Institute i kapaʻia ma hope ona), kahi i aʻoʻia ai ka haku mele kahiko loa o Ukrainian L. Revutsky. Ma 1905, hoʻonohonoho ʻo Lysenko i ka Bayan Society, 2 mau makahiki ma hope - ʻo ka Ukrainian Club me nā ahiahi mele.
He mea pono e pale aku i ka pono o Ukrainian 'oihana 'oihana i ka 'ike aupuni i loko o ka pilikia kūlana, kue i ka chauvinistic kulekele o ke aupuni tsarist, e manao ana i ka discriminating ku 'āina moʻomeheu. "ʻAʻohe ʻōlelo Lūkini liʻiliʻi kūikawā, ʻaʻole a hiki ʻole," wahi a ka pōʻai o 1863. Ua hoʻomāinoino ʻia ka inoa o Lysenko i ka nūpepa reactionary, akā ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hoʻouka ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā hana a ka mea haku mele i loaʻa mai ka Lūkini. kaiaulu mele. Ua mahalo nui ʻia ka hana luhi ʻole a Lysenko e kona mau hoa. ʻO ka 25th a me 35th anniversary o nā hana hoʻomohala a me ka pilikanaka a Lysenko i lilo i mea hoʻolauleʻa nui no ka moʻomeheu lāhui. "Ua hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe i ka nui o kāna hana" (M. Gorky).
O. Averyanova
