Maurice Ravel |

ʻO Maurice Ravel

ʻO nā mele maikaʻi loa, ua maopopo iaʻu i kēia, mai ka puʻuwai mau ... ʻO ke mele, ke koi nei au i kēia, ʻaʻohe mea, he nani. M. Ravel

ʻO ke mele a M. Ravel - ka mea haku mele Farani maikaʻi loa, he haku nani o ka waihoʻoluʻu mele - hoʻohui i ka palupalu i manaʻo ʻia a me ka blurring o nā leo me ka moʻokalaleo a me ka lokahi o nā ʻano. Ua kākau ʻo ia i 2 operas (The Spanish Hour, The Child and the Magic), 3 ballets (me Daphnis and Chloe), hana no ka orchestra (Spanish Rhapsody, Waltz, Bolero), 2 piano concerto, rhapsody for violin "Gypsy", Quartet, ʻO Trio, sonatas (no ka violin a me cello, violin a me ka piano), nā haku piano (me Sonatina, "Water Play", nā pōʻai "Night Gaspar", "Noble and sentimental waltzes", "Reflections", ka suite "The Tomb of Couperin" , ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia nā ʻāpana no ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i nā hoaaloha o ka mea haku mele i make i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua Mua), nā hīmeni, nā mele. He mea hoʻohiwahiwa wiwo ʻole, he mana nui ʻo Ravel i nā mea haku mele o nā hanauna ma hope.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia ma ka ʻohana o ka ʻenekini Swiss ʻo Joseph Ravel. Ua akamai koʻu makuakāne i ke mele, hoʻokani maikaʻi ʻo ia i ka pū a me ka ʻohe. Ua hoʻolauna ʻo ia iā Maurice ʻōpio i ka ʻenehana. Ua mau ka hoihoi i nā mīkini, nā mea pāʻani, nā wati me ka mea haku mele i kona ola ʻana a ua ʻike ʻia i loko o kāna mau hana (e hoʻomanaʻo kākou, no ka laʻana, ka hoʻolauna ʻana i ka opera Spanish Hour me ke kiʻi o kahi hale kūʻai wati). No ka ʻohana Basque ka makuahine o ka haku mele, kahi i haʻaheo ai ka haku mele. Ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻo Ravel i ka moʻolelo mele o kēia lāhui kakaʻikahi me kahi hopena maʻamau i kāna hana (piano Trio) a ua hāpai ʻo ia i kahi Piano Concerto ma nā kumuhana Basque. Ua hiki i ka makuahine ke hana i kahi lewa o ka lokahi a me ka hoʻomaopopo like i loko o ka ʻohana, e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomohala kūlohelohe o nā talena kūlohelohe o nā keiki. Ma Iune 1875, ne'e ka 'ohana i Palika, kahi i pili ai ke ola a pau o ka haku mele.

Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Ravel e aʻo i nā mele i ka makahiki 7. I ka makahiki 1889, ua komo ʻo ia i ka Paris Conservatoire, kahi i puka ai ʻo ia mai ka papa piano o C. Berio (ke keiki a kahi violinist kaulana) me ka makana mua ma ka hoʻokūkū ma 1891 (ka lua. Ua loaʻa ka makana i kēlā makahiki e ka mea hoʻokani piano Farani nui loa ʻo A. Cortot). ʻAʻole hauʻoli loa ʻo Ravel i ka puka ʻana mai ka conservatory i ka papa haku mele. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana i ka papa kuʻikahi o E. Pressar, i hoʻonāwaliwali ʻia e kāna haumāna nui predilection no dissonances, ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i kāna mau haʻawina ma ka papa counterpoint a me ka fugue o A. Gedalzh, a mai ka makahiki 1896 ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka haku mele me G. Fauré, ʻoiai, ʻoiai. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i pili i ka poʻe kākoʻo o ka mea hou loa, mahalo i ke kālena o Ravel, kona ʻono a me ke ʻano o ke ʻano, a mālama ʻo ia i kahi ʻano pumehana i kāna haumāna a hiki i ka hopena o kona mau lā. No ka puka ʻana mai ka conservatory me kahi makana a loaʻa i kahi haʻawina no kahi noho ʻehā makahiki ma Italia, ua komo ʻo Ravel i nā hoʻokūkū 5 mau manawa (1900-05), akā ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ʻia i ka makana mua, a ma 1905, ma hope o kahi ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ʻo ia e komo i ka hoʻokūkū nui. Inā mākou e hoʻomanaʻo i kēia manawa ua haku ʻo Ravel i nā ʻāpana piano kaulana e like me "Pavane for the Death of the Infanta", "The Play of Water", a me ka String Quartet - nā hana nani a hoihoi i lanakila koke i ke aloha. o ka lehulehu a noho mau a hiki i keia la kekahi o na hana nui loa o kana mau hana, he mea kupanaha ka olelo hooholo a ke kiure. ʻAʻole kēia i haʻalele i ke kaiāulu mele o Paris. Ua hoʻomaka ʻia kahi kūkākūkā ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka nūpepa, a ua lawe ʻo Fauré lāua ʻo R. Rolland i ka ʻaoʻao o Ravel. Ma muli o kēia "hihia Ravel", ua koi ʻia ʻo T. Dubois e haʻalele i ke kūlana o ka luna hoʻomalu o ka conservatory, ua lilo ʻo Fauré i hope nona. ʻAʻole hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Ravel iā ia iho i kēia hanana maikaʻi ʻole, ʻoiai ma waena o nā hoaaloha pili.

ʻO ka makemake ʻole i ka nānā nui ʻana o ka lehulehu a me nā ʻaha kūhelu i loko o kona ola. No laila, i ka makahiki 1920, ua hōʻole ʻo ia e loaʻa i ka Order of the Legion of Honor, ʻoiai ua paʻi ʻia kona inoa ma ka papa inoa o ka poʻe i hāʻawi ʻia. ʻO kēia "hihia Ravel" hou i hana hou i kahi leo ākea i ka paʻi. ʻAʻole makemake ʻo ia e kamaʻilio no ia mea. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hōʻole ʻana i ke kauoha a me ka makemake ʻole i ka hanohano, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i ka manaʻo ʻole o ka haku mele i ke ola lehulehu. No laila, i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua haʻi ʻia ʻo ia ʻaʻole kūpono no ka ʻoihana koa, ʻimi ʻo ia e hoʻouna ʻia i mua, ma mua ma ke ʻano he kauoha, a laila ma ke ʻano he kaʻa kaʻa. ʻO kāna hoʻāʻo wale nō e hele i ka mokulele ʻaʻole i hāʻule (no ka puʻuwai maʻi). ʻAʻole nō hoʻi ʻo ia i manaʻo ʻole i ka hui ma 1914 o ka "National League for the Defense of French Music" a me kāna koi ʻaʻole e hana i nā hana a nā mea haku mele Kelemania ma Farani. Ua kākau ʻo ia i ka "League" i kahi leka e kūʻē ana i kēlā ʻano haiki lāhui.

ʻO nā hanana i hoʻohui i nā ʻano like ʻole i ke ola o Ravel he huakaʻi. Makemake ʻo ia e kamaʻāina me nā ʻāina ʻē, i kona wā ʻōpiopio e hele ana ʻo ia e lawelawe ma ka Hikina. ʻO ka moeʻuhane e kipa aku i ka Hikina i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokō ʻia i ka hopena o ke ola. I ka makahiki 1935, ua kipa aku ʻo ia i Morocco, ʻike i ka honua kupaianaha a kupaianaha o ʻApelika. I kona hele ʻana i Farani, ua hala ʻo ia i kekahi mau kūlanakauhale ma Sepania, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Seville me kāna mau māla, nā lehulehu ola, nā pipi. I kekahi mau manawa i kipa aku ai ka haku mele i kona ʻāina hānau, a hele i ka ʻaha hoʻolauleʻa no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi papa hoʻomanaʻo ma ka hale i hānau ʻia ai. Me ka ʻakaʻaka, ua wehewehe ʻo Ravel i ka hana hoʻolaʻa i ke poʻo inoa kauka o ke Kulanui o Oxford. ʻO nā huakaʻi ʻahamele, ʻo ka mea hoihoi loa, ʻokoʻa a kūleʻa ʻo ia ka huakaʻi ʻehā mahina ma ʻAmelika a me Kanada. Ua hele ka mea haku mele i ka ʻāina mai ka hikina a i ke komohana a mai ka ʻākau a i ka hema, ua lanakila nā ʻahamele ma nā wahi a pau, ua lanakila ʻo Ravel ma ke ʻano he haku mele, pianist, alakaʻi a ʻōlelo aʻo. Ma kāna kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā mele o kēia wā, ua koi ʻo ia i ka poʻe haku mele ʻAmelika e hoʻomohala i nā mea o ka jazz me ka ikaika, e hōʻike i ka nānā ʻana i nā blues. ʻOiai ma mua o ka kipa ʻana iā ʻAmelika, ua ʻike ʻo Ravel i kāna hana i kēia ʻano hou a me ke kala o ke kenekulia XNUMX.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka hulahula ka mea i hoihoi mau iā Ravel. ʻO ke kāwele mōʻaukala nui o kāna "Waltz" maikaʻi a me ka pōʻino, ʻo ka "Noble and Sentimental Waltzes" palupalu a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, ʻo ke mele māmā o ka "Bolero", Malagueña a me Habaner mai ka "Spanish Rhapsody", Pavane, Minuet, Forlan a me ʻO Rigaudon mai ka "Tomb of Couperin" - nā hula kahiko a me nā hula kahiko o nā lāhui like ʻole i hoʻohuli ʻia i loko o ka ʻike mele o ka mea haku mele i loko o nā mele liʻiliʻi o ka nani laha.

ʻAʻole hoʻolohe ka mea haku mele i ka hana ʻōiwi o nā ʻāina ʻē ("Five Greek Melodies", "Two Jewish Songs", "Four Folk Songs" no ka leo a me ka piano). Hoʻopau ʻia ka makemake no ka moʻomeheu Lūkini i ka mea kani nani o "Pictures at an Exhibition" na M. Mussorgsky. Akā, ʻo ke akamai o Sepania a me Palani, ua mau nō ia ma kahi mua nona.

Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o Ravel i ka moʻomeheu Farani i kona kūlana nani, i ke koho ʻana i nā kumuhana no kāna mau hana, a me nā ʻano leo ʻano. ʻO ka maʻalahi a me ka pololei o ke ʻano me ka ʻike harmonic a me ka ʻoi e pili ana iā JF Rameau a me F. Couperin. ʻO ke kumu o ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi o Ravel i ke ʻano o ka haʻi ʻōlelo ua paʻa pū ʻia i ka hana o Farani. Ma ke koho ʻana i nā kikokikona no kāna mau hana leo, kuhikuhi ʻo ia i nā haku mele e pili kokoke ana iā ia. ʻO kēia nā mea hōʻailona ʻo S. Mallarme lāua ʻo P. Verlaine, kokoke i ke ʻano o ka Parnassians C. Baudelaire, E. Guys me ka maikaʻi o kāna paukū, nā ʻelele o ka French Renaissance C. Maro a me P. Ronsard. Ua lilo ʻo Ravel i malihini i ka poʻe haku mele aloha, nāna i uhaʻi i nā ʻano kiʻi me kahi ʻino o nā manaʻo.

Ma ke ʻano o Ravel, ua hōʻike piha ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona Farani maoli, kāna hana maoli a komo maoli i ka panorama ākea o nā kiʻi Farani. Makemake au e hoʻohui iā A. Watteau me ia me ka leʻaleʻa palupalu o kāna mau pūʻulu i ka paka a me ke kaumaha o Pierrot i hūnā ʻia mai ka honua, ʻo N. Poussin me ka nani mālie o kāna "Arcadian kahuhipa", ka neʻe ola o nā kiʻi paʻalu-pololei o O. Renoir.

ʻOiai ua kapa ʻia ʻo Ravel he haku haku mele, ʻo nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka impressionism i hōʻike ʻia iā lākou iho i kekahi o kāna mau hana, ʻoiai ma ke koena, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi a me ka ʻāpana o nā hale, ka maʻemaʻe o ke ʻano, ka māmā o nā laina a me nā mea nani i ka hoʻonani o nā kikoʻī. .

E like me ke kanaka o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Ravel i kona makemake i ka ʻenehana. ʻO ka nui o nā mea kanu i hauʻoli maoli iā ia i ka huakaʻi me nā hoaaloha ma luna o kahi moku moku: "Nā mea kanu nani. ʻO ka mea hoʻokahi - ua like ia me kahi hale pule Romanesque i hana ʻia i ka hao ... Pehea e hōʻike ai iā ʻoe i ka manaʻo o kēia aupuni metala, kēia mau hale pule i piha i ke ahi, kēia symphony maikaʻi o nā puʻupuʻu, ka walaʻau o nā kāʻei kaʻa, ka leo o nā hāmare. haule maluna ou. Aia ma luna o lākou he lani ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele a me ka lapalapa… Nani ke mele. E hoʻohana maoli nō wau. Hiki ke lohe ʻia ka hehi hao hou a me ka ʻūhū ʻana o ke metala ma kekahi o nā hana koʻikoʻi a ka mea haku mele, ʻo ka Concerto for the Left Hand, i kākau ʻia no ka mea hoʻokani piano ʻo Austrian P. Wittgenstein, i nalowale kona lima ʻākau i ke kaua.

ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka hoʻoilina noʻeau o ka mea haku mele i ka helu o nā hana, he liʻiliʻi ka leo maʻamau. Hoʻopili ʻia kēlā miniaturism me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ʻōlelo, ka nele o nā "hua'ōlelo hou". ʻAʻole like me Balzac, ua loaʻa iā Ravel ka manawa e "kākau i nā moʻolelo pōkole". Hiki iā mākou ke koho wale i nā mea a pau e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana, no ka mea, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka mea haku mele e ka mea huna ma nā mea o ka hana a me ke kahua o nā ʻike pilikino, ke ola ʻuhane. ʻAʻohe mea i ʻike i ke ʻano o kāna haku ʻana, ʻaʻohe kiʻi kiʻi a i ʻole nā ​​kiʻi kiʻi i loaʻa, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kāna mau hana nā ʻano hoʻololi. Eia naʻe,ʻo ka pololei kupaianaha, ka pololei o nā kiko'ī a me nā aka, ka maʻemaʻe loa a me keʻano maoli o nā laina - nā mea a pau e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kēlā me kēia "mea liʻiliʻi", o ka hana lōʻihi.

ʻAʻole ʻo Ravel kekahi o nā mea haku mele hoʻoponopono i hoʻololi maoli i ke ʻano o ka hōʻike ʻana a hoʻololi i nā kumumanaʻo o ke kiʻi. ʻO ka makemake e haʻi aku i ka poʻe i ka hohonu pilikino, pili pono, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i makemake e haʻi i nā huaʻōlelo, koi ʻo ia iā ia e ʻōlelo ma kahi ʻōlelo mele honua, kūlohelohe a hoʻomaopopo ʻia. He ākea loa ka laulā o nā kumuhana o ko Ravel. Huli pinepine ka mea haku mele i nā manaʻo hohonu, ʻikea a me nā manaʻo keaka. ʻO kāna mele he mea kupanaha i nā manawa a pau, kokoke i nā kānaka kona nani a me nā alahele. ʻAʻole ʻimi ʻo Ravel e hoʻoponopono i nā nīnau noʻonoʻo a me nā pilikia o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, e uhi i nā kumuhana ākea i ka hana hoʻokahi a e ʻike i ka pilina o nā hanana āpau. I kekahi manawa, hoʻohuli ʻo ia i kona manaʻo ʻaʻole i hoʻokahi wale nō - he manaʻo koʻikoʻi, hohonu a me nā ʻano like ʻole, i nā hihia ʻē aʻe, me kahi hōʻailona o ke kaumaha huna a me ke kuʻi, ʻōlelo ʻo ia i ka nani o ka honua. Makemake mau wau e kamaʻilio i kēia mea pena me ka noʻonoʻo a me ka makaʻala, nona kāna kiʻi pilikino a palupalu i loaʻa i kona ala i nā kānaka a lanakila i ko lākou aloha ʻoiaʻiʻo.

V. Bazarnova

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Nā haku mele:

kahawai – ʻO ka hola Spanish (Lʻheure espagnole, comic opera, libre na M. Frank-Noen, 1907, post. 1911, Opera Comic, Paris), Child and Magic (L'enfant et les sortilèges, lyric fantasy, opera-ballet , manuahi GS Colet, 1920-25, hoʻonoho ʻia ma 1925, Monte Carlo); baleta – Daphnis and Chloe (Daphnis et Chloé, choreographic symphony in 3 parts, lib. MM Fokina, 1907-12, set in 1912, Chatelet shopping mall, Paris), Florine's Dream, or Mother Goose (Ma mère l 'oye, based on nā ʻāpana piano o ka inoa hoʻokahi, libre R., i hoʻoponopono ʻia i ka makahiki 1912 "Tr of the Arts", Paris), Adelaide, a i ʻole ka Language of Flowers (Adelaide ou Le langage des fleurs, ma muli o ka pōʻai piano Noble and Sentimental Waltzes, libre. R., 1911, hoʻoponopono 1912, hale kūʻai Châtelet, Paris); cantatas – Mirra (1901, ʻaʻole i paʻi ʻia), Alsion (1902, ʻaʻole i paʻi ʻia), Alice (1903, ʻaʻole i paʻi ʻia); no ka hookani pila – Scheherazade Overture (1898), Spanish Rhapsody (Rapsodie espagnole: Prelude of the Night – Prélude à la nuit, Malagenya, Habanera, Feeria; 1907), Waltz (choreographic poem, 1920), Jeanne's Fan (L eventail de Jeanne, komo. fanfare , 1927), Bolero (1928); nā ʻahamele me ka hoʻokani pila – 2 no pianoforte (D-dur, no ka lima hema, 1931; G-dur, 1931); lumi hoʻokani pila – 2 sonata no ka violin a me ka piano (1897, 1923-27), Lullaby ma ka inoa o Faure (Berceuse sur le nom de Faure, no ka violin a me ka piano, 1922), ka sonata no ka violin a me cello (1920-22), piano trio (a-moll, 1914), string quartet (F-dur, 1902-03), Introduction and Allegro for harp, string quartet, flute and clarinet (1905-06); no ka piano 2 lima – Grotesque Serenade (Sérénade grotesque, 1893), Antique Minuet (Menuet antique, 1895, also orc. version), Pavane o ka infante i make (Pavane pour une infante défunte, 1899, also orc. version), Paani wai (Jeux d' eau, 1901), sonatina (1905), Reflections (Miroirs: Night butterflies – Noctuelles, Sad birds – Oiseaux tristes, Boat in the ocean – Une barque sur l océan (also orc. version), Alborada, or Morning serenade of the jester – Alborada del gracioso (kahi Orc. version), Valley of the Ringings – La vallée des cloches; 1905), Gaspard of the Night (Ekolu poem ma hope o Aloysius Bertrand, Gaspard de la nuit, trois poemes d aprés Aloysius Bertrand, the cycle is ʻike ʻia ʻo Ghosts of the Night: Ondine, Gallows – Le gibet, Scarbo; 1908), Minuet ma ka inoa ʻo Haydn (Menuet sur le nom d Haydn, 1909), Noble and sentimental waltzes (Valses nobles et sentimentales, 1911), Prelude (1913), Ma ke ano o … Borodin, Chabrier (A la maniére de … Borodine, Chabrier, 1913), Suite Couperin's Ka lua kupapaʻu (Le tombeau de Couperin, prelude, fugue (ʻo ia hoʻi e orchestral version), forlana, rigaudon, minuet (no ka orchestral version), toccata, 1917); no ka piano 4 lima – Kuu makuahine (Ma mère l'oye: Pavane i ka Nani e moe ana i ka nahele – Pavane de la belle au bois dormant, Thumb boy – Petit poucet, Ugly, empress of the Pagodas – Laideronnette, impératrice des pagodes, Beauty and the Beast – Les entretiens de la belle et de la bête, Fairy Garden – Le jardin féerique; 1908), Frontispiece (1919); no 2 piano - Nā ʻāina hoʻolohe (Les sites auriculaire: Habanera, Ma waena o nā bele - Entre cloches; 1895-1896); no ka violin a me ka piano — ʻaha mele noʻonoʻo ʻo Gypsy (Tzigane, 1924; pū kekahi me ka orkestra); poʻe mele aku – ʻEkolu mele (Trois chansons, for mixed choir a cappella, lyrics by Ravel: Nicoleta, Three beautiful birds of paradise, Mai hele i ka nahele o Ormonda; 1916); no ka leo me ka orkestra a i ʻole nā ​​mea kani – Scheherazade (me ka orchestra, lyrics na T. Klingsor, 1903), ʻEkolu mau mele na Stefan Mallarmé (me ka piano, string quartet, 2 ohe a me 2 clarinets: Sigh – Soupir, Vain plea – Place futile, On the croup of a dashing horse – Surgi de la croupe et du bond; 1913), nā mele Madagaskar (Chansons madécasses, with flute, cello and piano, lyrics by ED Guys: Beauty Naandova, Mai hilinaʻi i nā keʻokeʻo, E moe maikaʻi i ka wela; 1926); no ka leo a me ka piano – ʻO Ballad of a Queen i make i ke aloha (Ballade de la reine morte d aimer, lyrics by Mare, 1894), Dark Dream (Un grand sommeil noir, lyrics by P. Verlaine, 1895), Holy (Sainte, lyrics by Mallarme, 1896 ), Elua mau epigrams (lirics na Marot, 1898), Mele o ka huila wili (Chanson du ronet, lyrics na L. de Lisle, 1898), Gloominess (Si morne, lyrics by E. Verharn, 1899), Cloak of flowers (Manteau de fleurs, nā mele na Gravolle, 1903, me ka orc.), Ka Kalikimaka o nā mea pāʻani (Noël des jouets, nā mele na R., 1905, me ka orchestra pū kekahi.), Nā makani nui o nā ʻāina ʻē (Les grands vents venus d'outre- mer, nā mele na AFJ de Regnier, 1906), Natural History (Histoires naturelles, lyrics by J. Renard, 1906, also with orchestra), On the Grass (Sur l'herbe, lyrics by Verlaine, 1907), Vocalise in the form o Habanera (1907), 5 mau mele mele Helene (unuhi e M. Calvocoressi, 1906), Nar. nā mele (Spanish, French, Italian, Jewish, Scottish, Flemish, Russian; 1910), Two Jewish melodies (1914), Ronsard – to his soul (Ronsard à son âme, lyrics by P. de Ronsard, 1924), Dreams (Reves , nā mele na LP Farga, 1927), ʻEkolu Mele a Don Quixote iā Dulciné (Don Quichotte a Dulciné, nā mele na P. Moran, 1932, me ka orchestra); oleʻi - Antar, nā ʻāpana mai ka symphony. suites "Antar" a me ka opera-ballet "Mlada" na Rimsky-Korsakov (1910, ʻaʻole i paʻi ʻia), Prelude i "Son of the Stars" na Sati (1913, ʻaʻole i paʻi ʻia), Chopin's Nocturne, Etude and Waltz (ʻaʻole i paʻi ʻia) , "Carnival" na Schumann (1914), "Pompous Minuet" na Chabrier (1918), "Sarabande" a me "Dance" na Debussy (1922), "Pictures at an Exhibition" na Mussorgsky (1922); hoʻonohonoho (no 2 piano) - "Nocturnes" a me "Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun" na Debussy (1909, 1910).