Christa Ludwig |

Christa Ludwig

ʻO Ludwig kekahi o nā mele mele ʻoi loa o ke kenekulia i hala. "Ke kamaʻilio pū ʻoe me Krista," i kākau ai kekahi o nā haole ʻōlelo hoʻohewa, "ʻo kēia wahine palupalu a nani, ʻaʻahu mau i ke ʻano hou a me ka ʻono kupaianaha, nāna e hoʻopau koke i kona lokomaikaʻi a me ka pumehana o ka puʻuwai, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo i kahi, i loko o nā wahi peʻe ona i hūnā ʻia ai kēia pāʻani huna o ka ʻike noʻeau o ka honua i loko o ka puʻuwai, e ʻae iā ia e lohe i ke kaumaha ʻeha i loko o ka Schubert barcarolle mālie, e hoʻohuli i ka mele mele Brahms elegiac "Your Eyes" i loko o kahi monologue kupaianaha i loko. kona hōʻike ʻana, a i ʻole e hōʻike i ka manaʻo kaumaha a me ka ʻeha o ka mele a Mahler ʻo "Earthly Life".

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Christa Ludwig ma Berlin ma Malaki 16, 1928 i loko o kahi ʻohana hana kiʻi. Ua hīmeni kona makuakāne ʻo Anton ma nā hale opera o Zurich, Breslau a me Munich. Ua hoʻomaka ka makuahine o Christa, ʻo Eugenia Besalla-Ludwig, i kāna ʻoihana mezzo-soprano. Ma hope mai, hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he soprano dramatic ma nā kahua o nā hale keaka ʻEulopa.

“… Na koʻu makuahine, ʻo Evgenia Bezalla, hīmeni ʻo Fidelio lāua ʻo Elektra, a i koʻu wā kamaliʻi ua mahalo au iā lāua. Ma hope mai, ua ʻōlelo au iaʻu iho: "I kekahi lā e hīmeni au iā Fidelio a make," wahi a Ludwig. - A laila, he mea kupanaha ia iaʻu, mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kaʻu ʻoihana, ʻaʻole naʻe he soprano, akā he mezzo-soprano a ʻaʻohe papa inoa o luna. Ua lōʻihi ka manawa ma mua o koʻu ʻaʻa ʻana e lawe i nā hana soprano dramatic. Ua hana ʻia kēia ma 1961-1962, ma hope o 16-17 mau makahiki ma ke kahua ...

… Mai koʻu mau makahiki ʻehā a ʻelima paha, ʻaneʻane hele mau au i nā haʻawina a koʻu makuahine i hāʻawi ai. Me aʻu, hele pinepine au me nā haumāna i nā ʻāpana a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana mai kekahi mau hana. I ka pau ʻana o nā papa, hoʻomaka wau e haʻi hou - e hīmeni a hoʻokani i nā mea a pau aʻu i hoʻomanaʻo ai.

A laila, hoʻomaka wau e kipa i ka hale keaka, kahi i loaʻa ai i koʻu makuakāne kāna pahu ponoʻī, i hiki iaʻu ke ʻike i nā hana ke makemake wau. I koʻu wā kamaliʻi, ʻike wau i nā ʻāpana he nui ma ka puʻuwai a hana pinepine wau ma ke ʻano he "hoʻohewa hale". Hiki iā ia, no ka laʻana, ke haʻi aku i kona makuahine i loko o kēlā a me kēlā ʻano ua hui ʻo ia i nā huaʻōlelo, a me kona makuakāne i ka hīmeni ʻana o ka papa mele me ka leo ʻole a ʻaʻole lawa ka kukui.

Ua hōʻike koke ʻia nā mana mele o ke kaikamahine: i ka makahiki ʻeono ua wehewehe ʻo ia i nā paukū paʻakikī, hīmeni pinepine ʻo ia me kona makuahine. No ka manawa lōʻihi, ua noho kona makuahine i kumu leo ​​leo hoʻokahi a Christa, ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā ia kahi hoʻonaʻauao kula. "ʻAʻole i loaʻa iaʻu ka manawa e aʻo ai ma ka conservatory," i hoʻomanaʻo ai ka mea mele. - I ka manawa i aʻo ai nā mea pena he nui o koʻu hanauna i nā mele i loko o nā papa, i mea e loaʻa ai kahi ola, hoʻomaka wau e hoʻokani i ka makahiki 17, ma mua ma ke kahua ʻaha mele, a laila ma ka opera - ʻo ka pōmaikaʻi, ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi mea maikaʻi loa. leo i loko oʻu, a hīmeni wau i nā mea a pau i hāʻawi ʻia mai iaʻu - ʻo kēlā me kēia kuleana, inā he hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha laina.

I ka hooilo o ka makahiki 1945/46, ua ho'omaka 'o Christa i kona po'okela ma nā 'aha mele li'ili'i ma ke kūlanakauhale o Giessen. Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o kāna kūleʻa mua, hele ʻo ia i kahi hoʻokolokolo ma Frankfurt am Main Opera House. I Kepakemapa 1946, ua lilo ʻo Ludwig i mea hoʻokani solo o kēia hale keaka. ʻO kāna hana mua ʻo Orlovsky ma Johann Strauss 'operetta Die Fledermaus. No ʻeono makahiki, hīmeni ʻo Krista ma Frankfurt i nā ʻāpana ʻāpana. Ke kumu? ʻAʻole hiki i ka mea mele ʻōpio ke lawe i nā memo kiʻekiʻe me ka hilinaʻi nui: "Ua piʻi mālie koʻu leo ​​​​- i kēlā me kēia ʻeono mahina ua hoʻohui au i ka hapalua leo. Inā ma ka Vienna Opera i ka wā mua ʻaʻole i loaʻa iaʻu kekahi mau memo ma ka papa inoa o luna, a laila hiki iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo i kaʻu mau kiʻekiʻe ma Frankfurt!

Akā ʻo ka hana paʻakikī a me ka hoʻomanawanui i kā lākou hana. Ma nā hale opera o Darmstadt (1952-1954) a me Hannover (1954-1955), i ʻekolu mau kau, hīmeni ʻo ia i nā wahi kikowaena - Carmen, Eboli ma Don Carlos, Amneris, Rosina, Cinderella, Dorabella ma Mozart's "That's the Way All Wahine Hana". Ua hana ʻo ia i ʻelima mau hana Wagnerian i ka manawa hoʻokahi - Ortrud, Waltraut, Frikk ma Valkyrie, Venus ma Tannhäuser a me Kundry ma Parsifal. No laila ua lilo ʻo Ludwig me ka wiwo ʻole i hoʻokahi o nā mele ʻōpio maikaʻi loa o ke kiʻi opera Kelemania.

I ka hāʻule o ka makahiki 1955, ua hoʻomaka ka mea mele ma ke kahua o ka Vienna State Opera ma ke kuleana o Cherubino ("The Marriage of Figaro"). Ua kākau ʻo VV Timokhin: "I ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka opera ma nā moʻolelo me ke komo ʻana o Krista Ludwig (i alakaʻi ʻia e Karl Böhm), ​​​​a ʻo kēia mele mua o ka mea mele ʻōpio e hāʻawi i ka manaʻo o ke kani o kona leo. ia manawa. He mea kupaianaha ʻo Ludwig-Cherubino i kona ʻano nani, kūʻokoʻa, kekahi ʻano hoihoi o ka ʻōpio. He nani loa ka leo o ka mea pena i ka timbre, akā he kani iki nō ia i ka "māmā", i kekahi hihia, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi a me ka waiwai ma mua o ka laʻana, ma nā hoʻopaʻa leo hope. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua kūpono ʻo ia i ke kuleana o ke kanaka ʻōpio a Mozart i ke aloha a hōʻike maikaʻi i kēlā haʻalulu puʻuwai a me ke aloha i piha ai nā aria kaulana ʻelua o Cherubino. No kekahi mau makahiki, ua hoʻonani ke kiʻi o Cherubino e Ludwig i ka Viennese Mozart Ensemble. ʻO nā hoa o ka mea mele ma kēia hana ʻo Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Irmgard Seefried, Sena Yurinac, Erich Kunz. Ua alaka'i pinepine 'ia ka opera e Herbert Karajan, ka mea i 'ike pono iā Krista mai kona wā kamali'i. ʻO ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, i kekahi manawa ʻo ia ke alakaʻi alakaʻi nui o ka City Opera House ma Aachen a ma kekahi mau hana - Fidelio, The Flying Dutchman - Ludwig i mele ma lalo o kāna alakaʻi.

ʻO nā lanakila nui mua loa o ka mea mele ma nā hale opera ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika e pili pū ana me nā ʻāpana o Cherubino, Dorabella a me Octavian. Hana ʻo ia i kēia mau hana ma La Scala (1960), ka Chicago Lyric Theatre (1959/60), a me ka Metropolitan Opera (1959).

Hoʻomaopopo ʻo VV Timokhin: "ʻAʻole i hōʻailona ʻia ke ala o Krista Ludwig i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka haku akamai i nā mea i manaʻo ʻole ʻia. Me kēlā me kēia kuleana hou, i kekahi manawa i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka lehulehu, ua lawe ka mea mele i nā palena kiʻi hou nona iho, hoʻonui i kāna palette hana. Me nā hōʻike āpau, ʻike paha ka poʻe Viennese i ke ʻano o ka mea pena kiʻi i ulu ai ʻo Ludwig, i ka wā o ka hana ʻaha mele a Wagner "Rienzi" i ka wā o ka ʻaha mele 1960. ʻAʻole hoʻokani ʻia kēia keaka Wagnerian mua ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe i kēia mau lā, a ma waena o nā mea hoʻokani mele kaulana ʻo Seth Swangholm lāua ʻo Paul Scheffler. Ua alakaʻi ʻia e Josef Kripe. Akā ʻo ka heroine o ke ahiahi ʻo Christa Ludwig, ka mea i hāʻawi ʻia i ke kuleana o Adriano. Ua mālama ka moʻolelo i kēia hana kupanaha. ʻIke ʻia ke ahi o loko o ka mea pena, ka mana a me ka mana o ka noʻonoʻo i kēlā me kēia huaʻōlelo, a ʻo ka leo o Ludwig ponoʻī e lanakila me ka momona, ka mahanahana a me ka palupalu palupalu o ka leo. Ma hope o ka aria nui o Adriano, ua hāʻawi ka hale i ka mea mele ʻōpio i ka ʻoliʻoli nui. He kiʻi ia i manaʻo ʻia ai nā outlines o kāna mau hana o ke kahua oʻo. ʻEkolu makahiki ma hope mai, ua loaʻa iā Ludwig ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa ma Austria - ka inoa ʻo "Kammersangerin".

Ua loaʻa iā Ludwig ka kaulana honua ma ke ʻano he mele Wagnerian. ʻAʻole hiki ke hopu ʻia e kāna Venus ma Tannhäuser. ʻO ka heroine o Krista piha i ka wahine palupalu a me ka lyricism mahalo. I ka manawa like, hōʻike ʻia ʻo Venus e ka makemake nui, ka ikaika a me ka mana.

Ma nāʻano he nui, hoʻokani kekahi kiʻi i ke kiʻi o Venus - Kundry ma Parsifal, ma kahi o ka hoʻopunipuniʻana o Parsifal i ka hanaʻelua.

"He manawa ia i hoʻokaʻawale ai ʻo Karajan i nā ʻāpana āpau i nā ʻāpana, i hana ʻia e nā mele like ʻole. Pēlā nō, no ka laʻana, ma ka Song of the Earth. A ua like nō me Kundry. ʻO Elizabeth Hengen ʻo Kundry ka mea hihiu a ʻo Kundry ma ke kolu o ka hana, a ʻo wau ka "hoʻowalewale" ma ka hana ʻelua. ʻAʻohe mea maikaʻi o ia mea, ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻAʻohe oʻu manaʻo no hea mai ʻo Kundry a ʻo wai ʻo ia. Akā ma hope o kēlā, hoʻokani wau i ka hana holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ia kekahi o kaʻu mau hana hope loa - me John Vickers. ʻO kāna Parsifal kekahi o nā manaʻo ikaika loa i koʻu ola pae.

I ka wā mua, i ka wā i hōʻike ʻia ai ʻo Vickers ma ke kahua, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo ia i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻole, a i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ʻo ia e hīmeni: "Amortas, die Wunde", uē wale wau, ua ikaika loa.

Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 60, ua huli ka mea mele i ke kuleana o Leonora ma Beethoven's Fidelio, ka mea i lilo i ʻike mua o ka mea pena i ka haku ʻana i ka repertoire soprano. ʻO ka poʻe hoʻolohe a me ka poʻe hoʻohewa, ua pāʻani ʻia e ke kani o kona leo ma ka papa inoa o luna - ʻoluʻolu, kani, ʻālohilohi.

"He keiki paʻakikī ʻo Fidelio noʻu," wahi a Ludwig. - Ke hoʻomanaʻo nei au i kēia hana ma Salzburg, ua hopohopo nui wau i ka manawa i kākau ai ka mea hoʻohewa Viennese ʻo Franz Endler: "Makemake mākou iā ia a me mākou a pau i nā ahiahi mālie." A laila, manaʻo wau: "Ua pololei ʻo ia, ʻaʻole au e hīmeni hou i kēia." I kekahi lā, ʻekolu makahiki ma hope mai, i koʻu noho ʻana ma New York, ua haki ʻo Birgit Nilsson i kona lima a ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hīmeni iā ​​Elektra. A no ka mea ʻaʻole ia he mea maʻamau ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā hana, pono ke alakaʻi ʻo Rudolf Bing e hoʻopuka koke i kahi mea. Ua kāhea au: “ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hīmeni iā ​​Fidelio i ka lā ʻapōpō?" Ua manaʻo wau aia wau i koʻu leo, a ʻaʻa wau - ʻaʻohe oʻu manawa e hopohopo. Akā ua hopohopo nui ʻo Bem. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ua holo maikaʻi nā mea a pau, a me ka noʻonoʻo maʻemaʻe ua "hāʻawi" wau i kēia kuleana.

Me he mea lā e wehe ʻia ana kahi kahua hana noʻeau hou i mua o ka mea hīmeni. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe hoʻomau, no ka mea, ua makaʻu ʻo Ludwig i ka nalowale ʻana i nā ʻano timbre kūlohelohe o kona leo.

Ua ʻike nui ʻia nā kiʻi i hana ʻia e Ludwig ma nā keaka a Richard Strauss: ʻo ka Dyer i ka moʻolelo moʻolelo ʻo The Woman Without a Shadow, the Composer in Ariadne auf Naxos, the Marshall in The Cavalier of the Roses. Ma hope o ka hoʻokani ʻana i kēia hana ma 1968 ma Vienna, ua kākau ka nūpepa: "He hōʻike maoli ʻo Ludwig the Marshall i ka hana. Ua hana ʻo ia i ke kanaka kupaianaha, wahine, piha i ka nani, ka lokomaikaʻi a me ke ʻano hanohano. ʻO kāna Marshall i kekahi manawa capricious, i kekahi manawa noʻonoʻo a kaumaha, akā ʻaʻohe wahi e hāʻule ai ka mea mele i ka sentimentality. ʻO ia ke ola ponoʻī a me nā mele, a iā ia wale nō ma ke kahua, e like me ka hopena o ka hana mua, a laila hana pū lāua me Bernstein i nā mea kupanaha. Malia paha, i loko o kāna moʻolelo maikaʻi loa ma Vienna, ʻaʻole i kani ʻia kēia mele me ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻuhane. Ua hoʻokani ka mea mele i ka Marshall me ka lanakila nui ma ka Metropolitan Opera (1969), ma ka Salzburg Festival (1969), ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo San Francisco (1971), ma ka Chicago Lyric Theatre (1973), ma ka Grand Opera (1976 / 77). XNUMX).

ʻO ka manawa pinepine, hoʻokani ʻo Ludwig ma ke kahua opera a ma ke kahua ʻaha mele ma nā ʻāina he nui o ka honua me kāna kāne ʻo Walter Berry. Ua male ʻo Ludwig i ka mea hoʻokani mele ʻo Vienna Opera ma 1957 a ua noho pū lāua no ʻumikumamākolu makahiki. ʻAʻole naʻe i hōʻoluʻolu mai nā hana hui. Ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Ludwig: “… ua hopohopo ʻo ia, ua hopohopo wau, ua hoʻonāukiuki loa mākou i kekahi i kekahi. Ua loaʻa iā ia nā ligaments olakino, hiki iā ia ke hīmeni i nā manawa a pau, ʻakaʻaka, kamaʻilio a inu i nā ahiahi - ʻaʻole loa i nalowale kona leo. ʻOiai ua lawa iaʻu ke hoʻohuli i koʻu ihu i ka puka ma kahi - a ua haʻahaʻa wau. A i kona hoʻokō ʻana i kona hauʻoli, ua mālie - ua ʻoi aku koʻu hopohopo! ʻAʻole naʻe ʻo ia ke kumu i haʻalele ai mākou. ʻAʻole mākou i hoʻomohala nui i ka hui like ʻana me kahi kaʻawale kekahi i kekahi. "

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kāna ʻoihana kiʻi, ʻaʻole i hīmeni ʻo Ludwig i nā ʻaha mele. Ma hope mai, hana ʻo ia me ka makemake. I loko o kahi ninaninau i nā makahiki 70, ua ʻōlelo ka mea pena: "Ke hoʻāʻo nei au e hoʻokaʻawale i koʻu manawa ma waena o ke kahua opera a me ka hale ʻaha mele. Eia kekahi, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻokani pinepine au ma ka opera a hāʻawi i nā ʻaha mele. ʻO kēia no ka mea noʻu e hīmeni iā ​​Carmen a i ʻole Amneris no ka haneli manawa he hana ʻoi aku ka hoihoi ʻole ma mua o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kahi papahana solo hou a i ʻole e hālāwai me kahi alakaʻi akamai ma ke kahua ʻaha mele.

Ua noho aliʻi ʻo Ludwig ma ke kahua opera honua a hiki i ka waena o 90s. ʻO kekahi o nā mele keʻena koʻikoʻi o ko mākou manawa ua hana me ka lanakila nui ma Lākana, Paris, Milan, Hamburg, Copenhagen, Budapest, Lucerne, Athens, Stockholm, The Hague, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Cleveland, New Orleans. Ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i kāna ʻaha mele hope loa i ka makahiki 1994.