Hoʻokaʻawale |
haiahū kūmau (Kelemānia: Ausweichung) ka mea maʻamau i wehewehe ʻia he haʻalele pōkole i kahi kī ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e kahi cadence (micromodulation). Eia naʻe, i ka manawa like, hoʻokomo ʻia nā phenomena i ka lālani hoʻokahi. kauoha – ka umekaumaha i ke kikowaena tonal ma'amau a me ka umekaumaha i oi aku ka nawaliwali i ke kahua kūloko. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ʻo ia ka tonic o ch. hōʻike ka tonality i ke kūpaʻa tonal iā ia iho. manaʻo o ka hua'ōlelo, a me ka local tonic i deviation (ʻoiai i loko o ka haiki wahi mea like me ka tonal kumu) e pili ana i ka mea nui loa i kona hana o ka instability. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea mana kiʻekiʻe (kekahi mau subdominants) - ke ʻano maʻamau o ka hoʻokumu ʻana iā O. - ʻaʻole ia he hoʻololi i kahi kī ʻē aʻe, no ka mea he pololei. mau ka manaʻo hoihoi i ka tonic maʻamau. Hoʻonui ʻo O. i ka haʻalulu i loaʻa i loko o kēia lokahi, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hohonu o kona kūpaʻa. No laila ke kū'ē i ka wehewehe (hiki ke ʻae ʻia a ʻae ʻia i nā papa hoʻomaʻamaʻa lokahi). ʻO ka wehewehe pololei ʻana o O. (mai nā manaʻo o GL Catoire a me IV Sposobin) ma ke ʻano he lua tonal cell (subsystem) i loko o ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana maʻamau o kēia ʻano leo. ʻO ka hoʻohana maʻamau o O. aia i loko o kahi huaʻōlelo, kahi manawa.
ʻO ke kumu o O. ʻaʻole ia he modulation, akā ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka tonality, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu o nā harmonies pololei a i ʻole ma lalo o ke kikowaena. tonika. ʻAʻole like me O., modulation i loko ponoʻī. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka huaʻōlelo e alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kikowaena hou o ka umekaumaha, kahi e hoʻokau ai i nā kamaʻāina. Hoʻonui ʻo O. i ka lokahi o kahi tonality i hāʻawi ʻia ma ka huki ʻana i ka diatonic ʻole. nā leo a me nā leo, i pili iā lākou iho i nā kī ʻē aʻe (e ʻike i ke kiʻikuhi ma ka laʻana ma ka strip 133), akā ma nā kūlana kikoʻī ua pili lākou i ka mea nui e like me kona wahi mamao loa (no laila kekahi o nā wehewehe o O .: " Ke haʻalele nei i ke tonality lua, hana ʻia i loko o ke tonality nui "- VO Berkov). Ke hoʻokaʻawale iā O. mai nā modulations, pono e noʻonoʻo kekahi: ka hana o kahi kūkulu i hāʻawi ʻia ma ke ʻano; ka laulā o ka pōʻai tonal (ka leo o ka tonality a, no laila, kona mau palena) a me ke alo o nā pilina subsystem (e hoʻohālike ana i ke ʻano nui o ke ʻano ma kona ʻaoʻao). Wahi a ke ʻano o ka hana, ua māhele ʻia ke mele i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo (me nā pilina subsystemic DT; aia pū kekahi me SD-T, e ʻike i kahi laʻana) a me plagal (me nā pilina ST; ka papa mele "Glory" mai ka opera "Ivan Susanin").
NA Rimsky-Korsakov. "Ka Moʻolelo o ke kūlanakauhale ʻike ʻole o Kitezh a me ke kaikamahine Fevronia", Act IV.
Hiki ke O. ma nā wahi tonal kokoke (e nānā i ka la'ana ma luna), a (emi pinepine) ma kahi mamao (L. Beethoven, violin concerto, māhele 1, hapa hope; loa'a pinepine i nā mele hou, no ka la'ana, ma C. S. Prokofiev). O. hiki no hoi ke lilo i wahi o ka maoli modulation kaʻina (L. Beethoven, hoʻohui i ka hapa o ka 1st hapa o ka 9th sonata no ka piano: O. ma Fisdur ke modulating mai E-dur a H-dur).
ʻO ka mōʻaukala, pili nui ka hoʻomohala ʻana o O. me ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana tonal nui-liʻiliʻi i waena o ʻEulopa. mele (main arr. in the 17th-19th century). ʻO kahi hanana pili i Nar. a me ka prof Europa kahiko. mele (choral, Russian Znamenny chant) - modal a me tonal variability - pili me ka nele o ka ikaika a me ka hoʻomau 'ana i ke kikowaena hoʻokahi (no laila, 'aʻole e like O. pono, maʻaneʻi i loko o ka moʻomeheu kūlokoʻaʻohe attraction i ka laulā). . ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana o nā leo hoʻomaka (musica fikta) hiki ke alakaʻi i ka O. maoli (ʻoi loa i ka mele o ke kenekulia 16) a i ʻole, i kā lākou preforms. Ma keʻano he kūlana maʻamau, ua hoʻokumuʻiaʻo O. i nā kenekulia 17-19. a mālama ʻia ma kēlā ʻāpana mele o ke kenekulia 20, kahi e ulu mau ai nā kuʻuna. nā māhele o ka noʻonoʻo tonal (SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, IF Stravinsky, B. Bartok, a me kekahi hapa P. Hindemith). I ka manawa like, ʻo ke komo ʻana o nā harmonies mai nā kī subordinate i loko o ka pōʻai o ka mea nui i hāʻawi ʻia i ka chromatization o ka ʻōnaehana tonal, huli i ka non-diatonic. ʻO ka lokahi o O. ma ke kikowaena haʻahaʻa pololei. tonic (F. Liszt, nā pahu hope o ka sonata i h-moll; AP Borodin, ka cadano hope loa o "Polovtsian Dances" mai ka opera "Prince Igor").
ʻO nā ʻano like me O. (a me nā modulations) he ʻano o kekahi mau ʻano kūkulu hikina. mele (ʻikeʻia, no ka laʻana, ma ka Azerbaijani mughams "Shur", "Chargah", e nānā i ka puke "Fundamentals of Azerbaijani Folk Music" na U. Hajibekov, 1945).
Ma ke ano he theoretical ua ikeia ka manao o O. mai ka papahele 1. ʻO ke kenekulia 19, i ka wā i puka mai ai ka manaʻo o ka "modulation". ʻO ka huaʻōlelo kahiko "modulation" (mai ka modus, mode - fret) e pili ana i ka harmonic. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho mua ʻana o nā ʻano hana, ka neʻe ʻana i loko o ia mea ("the following of one harmony after another" - G. Weber, 1818). ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka haʻalele mālie ʻana mai Ch. nā kī i nā mea ʻē aʻe a hoʻi i laila i ka hopena, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana mai kekahi kī i kekahi (IF Kirnberger, 1774). ʻO AB Marx (1839), e kāhea ana i ke ʻano tonal holoʻokoʻa o kahi ʻāpana modulation, i ka manawa like e hoʻokaʻawale i waena o ka hoʻololi (ma kā mākou terminology, modulation ponoʻī) a me ka deviation ("alo"). Hoʻokaʻawale ʻo E. Richter (1853) i ʻelua ʻano o ka modulation - "holo" ("ʻaʻole haʻalele loa i ka ʻōnaehana nui", ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo O.) a me "hoʻonui", hoʻomākaukau mālie, me kahi cadence i kahi kī hou. Manaʻo ʻo X. Riemann (1893) i nā tonics lua ma nā leo he mau hana maʻalahi ia o ke kī nui, akā ma ke ʻano he "dominants in brackets" mua wale nō (pēia ke ʻano ʻo ia e koho ai i nā mana lua a me nā subdominants). Manaʻo ʻo G. Schenker (1906) ʻo O. he ʻano o nā kaʻina leo hoʻokahi a koho i kahi kūlana lua e like me kāna kumu. leo ma ke ano he paepae ma Ch. tonality. O. ala mai, e like me Schenker, ma muli o ka manaʻo o chords e tonicize. ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana iā O. e like me Schenker:
L. Beethoven. Hana quartet op. 59 No 1, mahele I.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻo A. Schoenberg (1911) i ke kumu o nā mana ʻaoʻao "mai nā ʻano pule" (no ka laʻana, ma ka ʻōnaehana C-dur mai ke ʻano Dorian, ʻo ia hoʻi, mai ke kenekulia II, hele mai nā kaʻina ah-cis-dcb -a a pili. chords e-gb, gbd, a-cis-e, fa-cis, etc.); e like me Schenker's, ua koho ʻia nā poʻokela lua e ka mea nui. leo ma ke kī nui (no ka laʻana, ma C-dur egb-des=I). Hoʻohewa ʻo G. Erpf (1927) i ka manaʻo o O., me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana "ʻaʻole hiki i nā hōʻailona o ka tonality o kekahi ke lilo i hōʻailona no ka deviation" (laʻana: ʻaoʻao kumuhana o ka hapa 1 o ka sonata 21 a Beethoven, nā pahu 35-38).
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻo PI Tchaikovsky (1871) ma waena o ka "evasion" a me ka "modulation"; i loko o ka mooolelo i nā polokalamu harmoni, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo ia i ka "O." a me ka "hoʻololi" e like me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka modulation. Ua wehewehe ʻo NA Rimsky-Korsakov (1884-1885) iā O. ma ke ʻano he "modulation, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia ai kahi ʻōnaehana hou, akā hoʻopilikia iki wale ʻia a haʻalele koke i ka hoʻi ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana kumu a i ʻole no ka deviation hou"; prefixing diatonic chords. he helu o ko lākou mau mana, loaʻa iā ia nā "modulations pōkole" (ie O.); Ua mālama ʻia lākou e like me ka "loko" ch. hale, mālama ʻia ka tonic to-rogo i ka hoʻomanaʻo. Ma ke kumu o ka pilina tonal ma waena o nā tonics i nā deviations, kūkulu ʻo SI Taneev i kāna kumumanaʻo o ka "unifying tonality" (90s o ke kenekulia 19). Hōʻike ʻo GL Catuar (1925) i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā muses. ʻO ka manaʻo, e like me ke kānāwai, pili i ka mana o kahi tonality hoʻokahi; no laila, ʻo O. ma ke kī o ka diatonic or major-minor kinship ua unuhi ʻia e ia he "mid-tonal", main. ʻaʻole i haʻalele ʻia ka tonality; ʻO Catoire i ka hapanui o nā hihia e pili ana i kēia i nā ʻano o ka manawa, maʻalahi ʻelua a me ʻekolu hapa. ʻO IV Sposobin (i nā makahiki 30) i manaʻo ʻia he ʻano hōʻike leo hoʻokahi leo (ma hope ua haʻalele ʻo ia i kēia manaʻo). ʻO Yu. Hōʻike ʻo N. Tyulin i ke komo ʻana i ka mea nui. ke kani o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā leo hoʻolauna (nā hōʻailona o ka tonality pili) e ka "tonicity loli" resp. triad.
E hoʻomaopopo ': Tchaikovsky PI, Ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina pono o ka lokahi, 1871 (ed. M., 1872), like, Poln. coll. soch., vol. III a, M., 1957; Rimsky-Korsakov HA, Harmony Textbook, St. Petersburg, 1884-85, the same, Poln. coll. soch., vol. IV, M., 1960; ʻO Catuar G., ʻO ke kumu o ka lokahi, māhele 1-2, M., 1924-25; Belyaev VM, "Analysis of modulations in Beethoven's sonatas" - SI Taneeva, ma ka puke: puke Lūkini e pili ana iā Beethoven, M., 1927; Papa hana kuikahi, hapa 1, M., 1935; Sposobin I., Evseev S., Dubovsky I., Papa hana o ka lokahi, hapa 2, M., 1935; ʻO Tyulin Yu. N., Ke aʻo ʻana e pili ana i ka lokahi, v. 1, L., 1937, M., 1966; Taneev SI, Leta ia HH Amani, “SM”, 1940, No7; Gadzhibekov U., Fundamentals of Azerbaijani folk music, Baku, 1945, 1957; Sposobin IV, Nā haʻi'ōlelo ma ke ala o ka lokahi, M., 1969; Kirnberger Ph., Die Kunst des reinen Satzes in der Musik, Bd 1-2, B., 1771-79; Weber G., Versuch einer geordneten Theorie der Tonsezkunst…, Bd 1-3, Mainz, 1818-21; Marx, AV, Allgemeine Musiklehre, Lpz., 1839; Richter E., Lehrbuch der Harmonie Lpz. 1853 (Unuhi Lūkini, Richter E., Harmony Textbook, St. Petersburg, 1876); Riemann H., Vereinfachte Harmonielehre …, L. – NY, (1893) (Unuhi Lūkini, Riemann G., Simplified Harmony, M. – Leipzig, 1901); Schenker H., Neue musikalische Theorien und Phantasien, Bd 1-3, Stuttg. – V. – W., 1906-35; Schönberg A., Harmonielehre, W., 1911; Erpf H., Studyen zur Harmonie und Klangtechnik der neueren Musik, Lpz., 1927.
ʻO Yu. H. Kholopov
