Formant |

hookumu ana (mai ka lat. formans, genus formantis – hoʻokumu) – kahi wahi o nā leo ʻāpana i hoʻonui ʻia i ka spectrum o muses. nā leo, nā leo o ka ʻōlelo, a me kēia mau leo ​​kani ponoʻī, ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i ke ʻano o ka timbre o nā leo; ʻO kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka timbre. F. ala Ch. arr. ma lalo o ka mana o nā resonator (ma ka haʻiʻōlelo, ke mele - ka waha waha, etc., i nā mea kani - ke kino, ka leo ea, soundboard, etc.), no laila ke hilinaʻi liʻiliʻi ko lākou kūlana kiʻekiʻe i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumu. nā kani kani. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "F." i hoʻolauna ʻia e ka mea noiʻi haʻiʻōlelo, physiologist L. Herman e hōʻike i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kekahi mau huaʻōlelo mai nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ua alakaʻi ʻo G. Helmholtz i nā ʻano hoʻokolohua e pili ana i ka synthesis o nā huaʻōlelo o ka haʻiʻōlelo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā paipu okana ma ke ʻano formant. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ua ʻike ʻia ka vowel "u" ​​​​e ka piʻi ʻana o nā leo hapa mai 200 a 400 hertz, "o" - 400-600 hertz, "a" - 800-1200, "e" - 400-600 a me 2200-2600, "a" - 200-400 a me 3000-3500 hertz. Ma ka hīmeni ʻana, ma waho aʻe o nā hana haʻiʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano oli. F.; he mele kiʻekiʻe kekahi o lākou. F. (e pili ana i 3000 hertz) hāʻawi i ka leo "mālamalama", "kālā", hāʻawi i ka "lele" o nā leo, maikaʻi intelligibility o nā vowels a me nā consonants; ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe - haʻahaʻa (ma kahi o 500 hertz) hāʻawi i ke kani palupalu, pōʻai. Loaʻa ka F. ma kahi kokoke i nā muses a pau. mea paahana. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻike ʻia ka ʻohe e F. mai 1400 a 1700 hertz, no ka oboe - 1600-2000, no ka bassoon - 450-500 hertz; i ka spectrum o nā violins maikaʻi - 240-270, 500-550 a me 3200-4200 hertz (ʻo ka lua a me ke kolu o F. kokoke i F. nā leo mele). Hoʻohana nui ʻia ke ʻano formant o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka timbre a me ka mana timbre i ka synthesis haʻiʻōlelo, i ka electromusic. nā mea kani, ma ka ʻenekinia kani (magnetic and recording, radio, television, cinema).

E hoʻomaopopo ': Rzhevkin SN, ʻO ka lohe a me ka'ōlelo i ka mālamalama o ka noiʻi kino kino hou, M. - L., 1928, 1936; Rabinovich AV, Papa pōkole o nā mele mele, M., 1930; Solovieva AI, Fundamentals of the psychology of hearing, L., 1972; Helmholtz H., Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik, Braunschweig, 1863, Hildesheim, 1968); Hermann L., Phonophotographische Untersuchungen, “Pflger's Archiv”, Bd 1875, 45, Bd 1889, 47, Bd 1890, 53, Bd 1893, 58, Bd 1894, 59; Stumpf C., Die Sprachlaute, B., 1895; Trendelenburg F., Einführung in die Akustik, V., 1926, V.-Gött.-Hdlb., 1939.

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