Halekula |

1) Ka inoa o nā kula ʻepekema he nui, e pili ana i loko a me nā kula hoʻonaʻauao. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "A." mai ka inoa mele. ʻO ka hero Akadem (Akadnmos), i ka hanohano nona ka inoa kokoke i Athens, kahi i ka 4th century BC. e. Ua aʻo ʻo Plato i kāna mau haumāna. Ma Italia, ua ala mai ka A. mua ma ka hapa 2. ʻO ke kenekulia 15 he mau hui kūʻokoʻa, kūʻokoʻa i nā mauna. a me ka ekalesia. nā mana, ka hui pū ʻana i ka poʻe akeakamai, nā ʻepekema, nā haku mele, nā mea hoʻokani pila, nā poʻe hoʻonaʻauao hanohano a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ko lākou pahuhopu i ka hoʻolaha ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻepekema a me nā hana. Ua hauʻoli lākou i ke kākoʻo waiwai o kā lākou mau lālā (no ka poʻe aliʻi ka hapa nui o lākou) a aia lākou ma lalo o ke kākoʻo o nā aliʻi aliʻi a me nā ʻaha ducal. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi o kēia mau hui ma 1470 ma ke aloaliʻi o Duke Lorenzo Medici ma Florence a ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he kula no ka hanohano o ka Helene kahiko. kula akeakamai o Plato. I nā kenekulia 16-17. Ua hoʻolaha nui ʻia ʻo A. ma Italia (ma laila ʻo St. 1000 A.) a, e like me ka poʻe o kēia wā, ua loaʻa ka hoihoi iā lākou i kahi "makemake ikaika." Hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻepekema, ʻahamele, mele. a me ka poetika. ʻo nā hoʻokūkū ke kumu o ka hana a A. ʻO kā lākou kuleana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka moʻomeheu honua. Ua kōkua ʻo A. i ka laha ʻana o ke kanaka. nā manaʻo, ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hana hou. kaila.

ʻElua ʻano o A.:

a) nā hui aʻo, hui pū ʻia me nā lālā, i nā hana a ia, me nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa, lit. Ua noho nui ka hana mele ma ka heluhelu. ʻO ia mau A. ma Venice - A. Pellegrina (hoʻokumu ʻia 1550), ma Florence - A. della Crusca (hoʻokumu ʻia 1582), ma Bologna - A. della Galati (hoʻokumu ʻia 1588) a me A. dei Concordi (hoʻokumu ʻia 1615) a ma nā mea he nui. nā kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa ʻo ka Roman A. dellʻArcadia (i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1692), nāna i hoʻohui i nā aristocrats hanohano, nā ʻepekema, nā haku mele, a me nā mea mele. He nui kona mau lala (“shepherd's bmi”). poe Italia kaulana. nā mea hoʻokani pila e peʻe ana ma hope o nā pseudonyms poetic: no ka laʻana, ua kapa ʻia ʻo A. Scarlatti ʻo Terpander, A. Corelli - Arcimello, B. Pasquini - Protico, etc. ʻO nā hui o A. (nā ʻahaʻaina e like me nā hiʻohiʻona kahiko, nā hoʻokūkū mele a me nā mele, etc.) wahi ma ka poli o ke ano. Maanei i hoomaha ai na lala o A. mai ka aha oihana. nā ʻahaʻaina; i ka huli ʻana i ka pastorality naive, hōʻike lākou i kēia makemake no ka kūlohelohe, hui pū me ke ʻano;

b) nā hui e hui pū ana i ka prof. nā mea hoʻokani pila a me nā mea aloha mele. ʻO nā hana a kēia mau A. i kuhikuhi ʻia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ke aʻo ʻana i nā muses. hoʻopiʻi. Ua hoʻonohonoho lākou i nā'ahamele lehulehu a me nā pilikino, i hana i ka noiʻi ma ke kahua o ka mōʻaukala a me ke kumumanaʻo o ke mele, mele. acoustics, hoʻokumu i ke mele. Ua hoʻokumu nā kula hoʻonaʻauao i nā hana keaka (e laʻana, ma A. degli Invaghiti ma Mantua i ka makahiki 1607 i hana ʻia ai ka hana mua a Monteverdi ʻO Orpheus). ʻO ke kula kaulana loa o kēia ʻano ʻo ka Bologna Philharmonic Academy (i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1666). I mea e ʻae ʻia i lālā, pono e hoʻomanawanui i ka mele-theoretical paʻakikī loa. nā hoʻāʻo. He Italia na lala o keia A. a me nā haku mele haole: J. Bassani, J. Torelli, A. Corelli, JB Martini, WA Mozart, J. Myslivechek, MS Berezovsky, EI Fomin, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka Florentine camerata (i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1580 e ke kahu o nā mea hana ʻo J. Bardi) kokoke i ke ʻano o ka hana, pili ke ʻano o ka opera me kahi ʻoki. Ma Farani, ua kaulana ka Academy of Poetry and Music (Académie de poysie et de musique). ma 1570 ma Paris ma ke ʻano he haku mele, mea hoʻokani lute a me ka comp. JA Baiff.

2) Ma ka 18th - 1st kolu o nā kenekulia 19. ma Italia a me nā ʻEurope Komohana ʻē aʻe. nā ʻāina, ka inoa o nā ʻaha mele a ka mea kākau, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e nā mea haku mele, a me nā hālāwai lehulehu e hoʻokani mele ana (concerts), to-rye i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka lehulehu o nā mea aloha mele. Ma Rusia, ua hoʻomaka kēia ʻano A. i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 18, ʻo ka mua - i 1790 ma St. Petersburg. Ma hope iki, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā Muses ma Moscow. A. (no nā aliʻi), ʻo HM Karamzin kona luna. I ka makahiki 1828 ma St. Petersburg, ke alakaʻi o ka Pridv. hale pule mele FP Lvov osn. Muses. A. me ka manaʻo o "he leʻaleʻa leʻaleʻa o ka manawa kūʻokoʻa a me ka kūleʻa i ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻono mele." E like me ka ʻōlelo a ka poʻe o kēia wā, ʻoiaʻiʻo. he poe mele wale no na lala o keia A.

3) Ka inoa o kekahi mau mea hou, ch. arr. kiʻekiʻe, nā kula hoʻonaʻauao mele, no ka laʻana: Royal A. Music in London, A. Music and Stage. art-va ma Vienna, Salzburg, National Academy "Santa Cecilia" ma Roma, Mus. A. (conservatory) ma Belgrade, a me kekahi opera t-ditch (National A. Music and Dance - ka inoa kūhelu o ka Parisian t-ra "Grand Opera"), decomp. ʻepekema (no ka laʻana, State A. Artistic Science ma Moscow, State Academy of Arts, 1921-32), conc. a me nā hui ʻē aʻe (A. gramophone records i kapa ʻia ma hope o Ch. Cro, A. hula ma Paris, etc.).

Nā Punawai: Della Torre A., Storia dell'Accademia Platonica di Florence, Florence, 1902; ʻO Maylender M., Moʻolelo o ke Keʻena Italia, v. 1-5, Bologna, 1926-30; Walker DP, Musical Humanism in the 16th and Early 17th Centuries, "MR," 1941, II, 1942, III (ma "The Musical Humanism," ma "The Works of the Music Science Society, No. 5, Kassel, 1949) ; ; ʻO Yates Fr. A., Ke Kula Palani ma ka 16th keneta., Ke Kulanui o Lādana, Warburg Inst., "Nā Haʻawina", XV, L.,

IM Yampolsky