Ernst Krenek (Ernst Krenek) |

Ernst Krenek

Ma ʻAukake 23, 2000, ua hoʻolauleʻa ke kaiāulu mele i ka makahiki o ka hānau ʻana o kekahi o nā haku haku mele mua loa, ʻo Ernst Krenek, ka mea i loiloi ʻia kāna hana e ka poʻe hoʻohewa a me nā mea hoʻolohe. ʻO Ernst Krenek, he haku mele ʻAmelika-ʻAmelika, he ʻAuseturia piha koko ʻoiai ʻo kona inoa Slavic. I ka makahiki 1916 ua lilo ʻo ia i haumāna na Franz Schreker, he haku mele nona nā ʻano leo erotic a kaulana i nā mea hou (mele). I kēlā manawa, ua aʻo ʻo Schreker i ka haku mele ma Vienna Academy of Music. ʻO ka hana mua a Krenek (mai ka makahiki 1916 a hiki i ka makahiki 1920) e hōʻike ana iā ia ma ke ʻano he haku mele no ka ʻimi ʻana i kona ʻano ʻokoʻa. Hoʻolohe nui ʻo ia i ka counterpoint.

I ka makahiki 1920, ua lilo ʻo Schreker i alakaʻi o ka Academy of Music ma Berlin, a ua hoʻomau ʻo Krenek ʻōpio i kāna mau haʻawina ma aneʻi. Hoaloha ka mea haku mele, me nā inoa kaulana e like me Ferruccio Busoni, Eduard Erdman, Artur Schnabel. ʻO kēia ka mea e hiki ai iā Krenek ke loaʻa kahi hoʻoikaika i ka mea i loaʻa, mahalo iā Schreker, nā manaʻo mele. I ka makahiki 1923, ua hooki aku o Krenek i ka launa pu me Schreker.

ʻO ka manawa mua o Berlin o ka hana a ka mea haku mele i kapa ʻia ʻo "atonal", ua hōʻailona ʻia e nā hana hoʻokalakupua, me ʻekolu mau symphonies expressive (op. 7, 12, 16), a me kāna opera mua, i kākau ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka opera comic. “Lele ʻo Shadow” . Ua hana ʻia kēia hana ma 1923 a hoʻohui i nā mea o ka jazz hou a me nā mele atonal. Hiki paha ke kapa ʻia kēia manawa ʻo ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana a Krenek.

I ka makahiki 1923, mare ʻo Krenek i ke kaikamahine a Gustav Mahler, ʻo Anna. Ke hoʻonui nei kona mau ʻuhane, akā ma ke mele ke hahai nei ʻo ia i ke ala o nā manaʻo abstract, uncompromising, hou. Makemake ka mea haku mele i ke mele a Bartok a me Hindemith, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i kāna ʻenehana ponoʻī. Hoʻopiha maoli ʻia ka mele a ka maestro me nā kumu hou, a ʻo ka mea mua, pili kēia i ka opera. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana me ke ʻano opera, hoʻopiha ʻo Krenek iā ia me nā mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau.

ʻO ka manawa mai 1925 a hiki i 1927 ua hōʻailona ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana o Krenek i Kassel a laila i Weisbaden, kahi i aʻo ai i nā kumu kumu o ka dramaturgy mele. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, hui ka mea haku mele iā Paul Becker, he alakaʻi i hoʻokani ma ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā hale keaka. Hōʻike ʻo Becker i ka hoihoi i ka hana a Krenek a hoʻoikaika iā ia e kākau i kahi opera ʻē aʻe. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o Orpheus a me Eurydice. ʻO Oskar Kokoschka ka mea kākau o ka libretto, he mea pena kiʻi a me ka haku mele nāna i kākau i kahi kikokikona hōʻike. Hoʻopiha ʻia ka hana me ka nui o nā wahi nāwaliwali, akā naʻe, e like me ka opera mua, hana ʻia ia ma kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole like me ke ʻano o kekahi, piha i ka ʻōlelo a me ka hoʻomanawanui ʻole o ka mea haku mele no kēlā me kēia ʻano ʻae i ka inoa o ka kaulana kaulana. Maʻaneʻi a me ka egoism olakino, a me kahi hoʻolālā koʻikoʻi, a me ka hoʻomana a me ka politika. Hiki i kēia mau mea ke kamaʻilio e pili ana iā Krenek ma ke ʻano he kanaka akamai.

ʻOiai e noho ana ma Weisbaden, haku ʻo Krenek i kekahi o kāna mau mele hoʻopaʻapaʻa, a ma ka manawa like.Hoʻokani ʻo Johnny“. Ua kākau ʻia ka libretto e ka haku mele. I ka hana ʻana, hoʻohana ʻo Krenek i nā hana ʻenehana kupaianaha loa (kahi kelepona ʻole a me kahi locomotive maoli (!)). ʻO ka mea nui o ka opera he mea hoʻokani jazz Negro. Ua hoʻokani ʻia ka opera ma Leipzig i ka lā 11 o Pepeluali, 1927 a ua hoʻokipa ʻia e ka lehulehu, ʻo ka hopena like ke kali ʻana i ka opera ma nā hale opera ʻē aʻe, kahi i hana ʻia ai ma hope, a ʻoi aku kēia ma mua o 100 mau pae like ʻole, me ka Maly Opera a me Ballet. Keaka ma Leningrad (1928, kākau ʻia e S. Samosud). Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i mahalo ka poʻe hoʻohewa i ka opera i kona waiwai maoli, ʻike i loko o ia mea he pilikanaka a me ka satirical. Ua unuhi ʻia ka hana i 18 mau ʻōlelo. ʻO ka holomua o ka opera i hoʻololi i ke ola o ka maestro. Ua haʻalele ʻo Krenek iā Weisbaden, haʻalele iā Anna Mahler a male i ka mea hana keaka ʻo Bertha Hermann. Mai ka makahiki 1928, e noho ana ka haku mele ma Vienna, e kaapuni ana ma Europa ma ke ano he mea hookani pila o kana mau hana ponoi. Ke ho'āʻo nei e hana hou i ka holomua o "Johnny", ua kākau ʻo ia i nā opera satirical politika 3, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi opera nui "The Life of Orestes" (1930). Hoʻohanohano kēia mau hana a pau i ka maikaʻi o ka orchestration. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, ʻike ʻia kahi pōʻai o nā mele (op. 62), e like me ka nui o ka poʻe hoʻohewa, ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe ma ke ʻano like o ka "Winterreise" a Schubert.

Ma Vienna, lawe hou ʻo Krenek i ke ala o ka noʻonoʻo hou ʻana i kāna mau manaʻo mele ponoʻī.

I kēlā manawa, ua noho aliʻi ka lewa o ka poʻe hahai o Schoenberg ma ʻaneʻi, ʻo ia ka mea kaulana loa: ʻo Berg lāua ʻo Webern, i ʻike ʻia no ko lāua pili ʻana me ka satirist Viennese ʻo Karl Kraus, nona ka pōʻai nui o nā hoa pili.

Ma hope o kekahi noʻonoʻo, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Krenek e aʻo i nā loina o ka ʻenehana Schoenberg. Ua hōʻike ʻia kāna hoʻolauna ʻana i ke ʻano dodecaphone i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole ma kahi kumumanaʻo no ka orchestra (op. 69), a me kahi puʻupuʻu mele maikaʻi a kaulana ʻo "Durch die Nacht" (op. 67) i nā ʻōlelo a Kraus . ʻOiai ʻo kona kūleʻa ʻana ma kēia kahua, manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo Krenek he opera kāna ʻoihana. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e hoʻololi i ka opera Orestes a hōʻike i ka lehulehu. Ua hoʻokō ʻia kēia hoʻolālā, akā ua hōʻino ʻia ʻo Krenek, ua aloha nui ka poʻe i ka opera. Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo Krenek i kāna aʻo pono ʻana i ke ʻano o ka haku mele, wehewehe ʻo ia i kāna mea i aʻo ai ma ka hana maikaʻi loa "Uber neue musik" (Vienna, 1937). Ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, hoʻohana ʻo ia i kēia ʻano hana ma "Playing with Music" (opera "Charles V"). Hana ʻia kēia hana ma Kelemānia mai ka makahiki 1930 a hiki i ka makahiki 1933. ʻO ka ʻike nui ʻia ʻo ka hana 1938 ma Prague i alakaʻi ʻia e Karl Renkl. I loko o kēia pāʻani mele maikaʻi, ua hui ʻo Krenek i ka pantomime, kiʻiʻoniʻoni, opera a me kāna mau hoʻomanaʻo ponoʻī. Ua piha ka libretto i kākau ʻia e ka mea haku mele i ka manaʻo aloha ʻāina ʻo Austrian a me nā manaʻo Katolika Roma. Ke kuhikuhi nui nei ʻo Krenek i ke kuleana o ka lāhui i kāna mau hana, i kuhi hewa ʻia e nā mea hoʻohewa he nui o ia manawa. ʻO nā kuʻikahi me ka censorship ka mea i koi aku i ka haku mele e haʻalele iā Vienna, a i ka makahiki 1937 ua neʻe ka haku mele i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ma hope o kona noho ʻana ma laila, ua hana ʻo Krenek i ke kākau ʻana, haku, a me ka haʻi ʻōlelo. Ma 1939 ua aʻo ʻo Krenek i ka haku mele ma Vassar College (New York). I ka makahiki 1942 ua haʻalele ʻo ia i kēia kūlana a lilo ʻo ia i poʻo no ke Keʻena ʻOihana Hoʻonaʻauao o ke Kula Mele ma Minnesota, ma hope o ka makahiki 1947 ua neʻe ʻo ia i Kaleponi. I Ianuali 1945, ua lilo ʻo ia i kamaʻāina kūhelu ʻAmelika.

I kona noho ʻana ma ʻAmelika mai ka makahiki 1938 a hiki i ka makahiki 1948, ua kākau ka mea haku mele ma kahi o 30 mau hana, ʻo ia hoʻi nā keʻena keʻena, nā ballet, nā hana no ka papa hīmeni, a me nā symphonies (4 a me 5). Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau hana ma ke ʻano dodecaphonic koʻikoʻi, ʻoiai ua kākau ʻia kekahi mau hana me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hana dodecaphonic. E hoʻomaka ana i ka makahiki 1937, ua wehewehe ʻo Krenek i kona mau manaʻo ponoʻī i loko o nā puke liʻiliʻi.

Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 50, ua hoʻokani maikaʻi ʻia nā keaka mua o Krenek ma nā kahua o nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma Austria a me Kelemānia. ʻO ka lua, i kapa ʻia ʻo "free atonality" i hōʻike ʻia i ka quartet string mua (op. 6), a me ka monumental first symphony (op. 7), ʻoiai ka culmination o ka nani, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia. ka 2nd a me ka 3 symphonies o ka maestro.

ʻO ke kolu o ka manawa o nā manaʻo neo-romantic a ka mea haku mele i hōʻailona ʻia e ka opera "The Life of Orestes", ua kākau ʻia ka hana ma ke ʻano o nā lālani leo. "Charles V" - ka hana mua a Krenek, i hāpai ʻia i ka ʻenehana ʻumikūmālua-leo, no laila no nā hana o ka hā o ka manawa. I ka makahiki 1950, ua hoʻopau ʻo Krenek i kāna autobiography, ka mea i mālama ʻia ma ka Hale Waihona Puke o Congress (USA). I ka makahiki 1963, lanakila ka maestro i ka Austrian Grand Prix. ʻO nā mele a pau a Krenek e like me ka encyclopedia e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano mele o ka manawa ma ke ʻano o ka manawa.

Dmitry Liputsov, 2000