Ferenc Erkel |

Ferenc Erkel

E like me Moniuszko ma Polani a i ʻole Smetana ma Czech Republic, ʻo Erkel ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka opera national Hungarian. Me kāna mau hana mele a me ka pilikanaka, ua kōkua ʻo ia i ka ulu ʻana o ka moʻomeheu lāhui.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Ferenc Erkel ma Nowemapa 7, 1810 ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Gyula, ma ka hikina hema o Hungary, i loko o kahi ʻohana mele. Ua aʻo kona makuakāne, he kumu kula Kelemania a he alakaʻi hīmeni o ka hale pule, i kāna keiki e hoʻokani piano iā ia iho. Ua hōʻike ke keikikāne i nā mana mele koʻikoʻi a ua hoʻouna ʻia i Pozsony (Pressburg, i kēia manawa ke kapikala o Slovakia, Bratislava). Ma ʻaneʻi, ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Heinrich Klein (he hoaaloha o Beethoven), ua holomua wikiwiki ʻo Erkel a ua ʻike koke ʻia i nā pōʻai mele. Eia naʻe, ua manaʻo kona makuakāne e ʻike iā ia ma ke ʻano he luna, a ua hoʻomanawanui ʻo Erkel i ka hakakā me kona ʻohana ma mua o ka hoʻolaʻa piha ʻana iā ia iho i kahi ʻoihana hana.

I ka pau ʻana o nā makahiki 20, hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā ʻahamele ma nā kūlanakauhale like ʻole o ka ʻāina, a ua hoʻohana ʻo 1830-1837 ma Kolozhvar, ke kapikala o Transylvania, kahi āna i hana ikaika ai ma ke ʻano he piano, kumu a me ke alakaʻi.

ʻO ka noho ʻana ma ke kapikala ʻo Transylvania ua kōkua i ka hoʻāla ʻana o ka hoihoi o Erkel i ka moʻolelo: "Ma laila, ʻo nā mele Hungarian, a mākou i mālama ʻole ai, ua komo i loko o koʻu puʻuwai," i hoʻomanaʻo ai ka mea haku mele, "no laila ua hoʻopiha i koʻu ʻuhane a pau i kahi kahawai o ka nui. na mele nani o Hunegari, a mai ia mau mea, ua hiki ole ia'u ke hookuu iaia iho a hiki i kona ninini ana aku i na mea a pau e like me ka'u i manao ai, he mea pono ke ninini aku.

Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka kaulana o Erkel ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi i kona mau makahiki ma Kolozsvár a i ka makahiki 1838 ua hiki iā ia ke alakaʻi i ka hui opera o ka National Theatre hou i wehe ʻia ma Pest. ʻO Erkel, i hōʻike i ka ikaika nui a me nā talena hoʻonohonoho, koho ʻo ia i nā mea hana kiʻi ponoʻī, wehewehe i ka repertoire, a alakaʻi i nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa. ʻO Berlioz, ka mea i hālāwai me ia i ka wā e kipa aku ai i Hungary, mahalo nui i kāna mau alakaʻi alakaʻi.

I loko o ka lewa o ka lehulehu ma mua o ke kipi o 1848, ua ala mai nā hana aloha ʻāina a Erkel. ʻO kekahi o nā mea mua he puana piano ma kahi kumuhana Transylvanian folk, kahi i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Erkel "me ia i hānau ʻia ai kā mākou mele Hungarian." Ua kaulana nui ʻia kāna "Hymn" (1845) i nā ʻōlelo a Kölchey. Akā ke nānā nei ʻo Erkel i ke ʻano operatic. Ua loaʻa iā ia kahi hoa hana koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano o Beni Egreshi, he mea kākau a mea hoʻokani pila, nona ka libretto i haku ai i kāna mau keaka maikaʻi loa.

ʻO ka mua o lākou, ʻo "Maria Bathory", i kākau ʻia i ka manawa pōkole a i ka makahiki 1840 i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka kūleʻa maikaʻi. Ua hoʻokipa maikaʻi ka poʻe hoʻohewa i ka hānau ʻana o ka opera Hungarian, e hoʻoikaika ana i ke ʻano o ke ʻano mele ʻōiwi. Hoʻoulu ʻia e ka kūleʻa, haku ʻo Erkel i kahi keaka lua, ʻo Laszlo Hunyadi (1844); ʻO kāna hana ʻana ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a ka mea kākau i mea hauʻoli nui i ka lehulehu. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope, ua hoʻopau ʻo Erkel i ka overture, i hana pinepine ʻia i nā ʻaha mele. I ka wā o kāna kipa ʻana i Hungary i ka makahiki 1846, ua alakaʻi ʻia e Liszt, nāna i hoʻokumu i kahi mele mele ma nā kumuhana o ka opera.

Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o Laszlo Hunyadi, ua hoʻomaka ka haku mele e hana i kāna hana koʻikoʻi, ʻo ka opera Bank Ban e pili ana i ka hana keaka a Katona. Ua hoʻopau ʻia kāna kākau ʻana e nā hanana kipi. Akā ʻo ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hopena, ka hoʻokaumaha a me ka hoʻomāinoino a nā mākaʻi ʻaʻole i koi iā Erkel e haʻalele i kāna hoʻolālā. ʻEiwa mau makahiki i kali ai ʻo ia no ka hana ʻana a, i ka hopena, i ka makahiki 1861, ua hana ʻia ka mua o ka Bank Ban ma ke kahua o ka National Theatre, i ukali ʻia e nā hōʻikeʻike aloha ʻāina.

I loko o kēia mau makahiki, ke piʻi nui nei nā hana kaiaulu a Erkel. I ka makahiki 1853, ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i ka Philharmonic, i ka makahiki 1867 - ʻo ka Singing Society. I ka makahiki 1875, ua wehe ʻia ka Hungarian National Academy of Music, a ua koho ʻia ʻo ia i pelekikena hanohano, a me Erkel - ka luna hoʻomalu. No nā makahiki he ʻumikūmāhā, ua alakaʻi ka hope i ka Academy of Music a aʻo i ka papa piano ma loko. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Liszt i nā hana lehulehu a Erkel; Ua kākau ʻo ia: “No nā makahiki he kanakolu i kēia manawa, ua hōʻike pono kāu mau hana i nā mele Hungarian. ʻO ka mālama ʻana, mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana ʻo ia ka ʻoihana o ka Budapest Academy of Music. A ʻo kona mana ma kēia wahi a me ka kūleʻa i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hana āpau e hōʻoia ʻia e kāu mālama koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi.

Ua ho'āʻo pū nā keiki kāne ʻekolu a Erkel i ka haku mele: i ka makahiki 1865, ua hoʻokani ʻia ke mele mele ʻo Chobanets na Shandor Erkel. Hoʻomaka koke nā keikikāne e hui pū me ko lākou makuakāne a, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ʻo nā opera a pau a Ferenc Erkel ma hope o ka "Bank-ban" (koe wale nō ka mea haku mele mele "Charolta", i kākau ʻia i ka makahiki 1862 i kahi libretto i kūleʻa ʻole - ʻO ke aliʻi a me kāna naita e hoʻokō i ke aloha o ke kaikamahine a ke kauhale cantor) ʻo ia ka hua o ia hui ʻana ("György Dozsa", 1867, "György Brankovich", 1874, "Nameless Heroes", 1880, "King Istvan", 1884). ʻOiai ʻo ko lākou mau manaʻo noʻonoʻo a me ka hana noʻeau, ʻo ka like ʻole o ke ʻano i ʻoi aku ka kaulana o kēia mau hana ma mua o ko lākou mau mua.

I ka makahiki 1888, ua hoʻolauleʻa nui ʻo Budapest i ke kanalima makahiki o ka hana a Erkel ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi keaka. (Ma kēia manawa (1884) ua wehe ʻia ka hale hou o ka hale opera, ʻeiwa mau makahiki o ke kūkulu ʻana; ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā kālā, e like me ko lākou manawa ma Prague, a puni ka ʻāina ma ke kau inoa ʻana.). Ma kahi leʻaleʻa hauʻoli, ua hana ʻia ka hana o "Laszlo Hunyadi" ma lalo o ke alakaʻi a ka mea kākau. ʻElua makahiki ma hope mai, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Erkel i ka lehulehu no ka manawa hope loa ma ke ʻano he pianist - i ka hoʻolauleʻa ʻana i kona lā hānau he kanawalu, ua hoʻokani ʻo ia i ka concerto d-moll a Mozart, ka hana i kaulana ai ʻo ia i kona wā ʻōpio.

Ua make ʻo Erkel i ka lā 15 o Iune, 1893. ʻEkolu makahiki ma hope mai, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi kia hoʻomanaʻo nona ma ke kūlanakauhale hānau o ka haku mele.

M. Druskin

Nā haku mele:

kahawai (hoʻonoho ʻia ma Budapest) - "Maria Bathory", libretto na Egresi (1840), "Laszlo Hunyadi", libretto na Egresi (1844), "Bank-ban", libretto na Egresi (1861), "Charolte", libretto na ʻO Tsanyuga (1862), "György Dozsa", libretto na Szigligeti e pili ana i ka pāʻani a Yokai (1867), "György Brankovich", libretto na Ormai lāua ʻo Audrey e pili ana i ka pāʻani a Obernik (1874), "Nameless Heroes", libretto na Thoth (1880), “King Istvan”, libretto na ka hana keaka a Varadi Dobshi (1885); no ka hookani pila – Solemn Overture (1887; i ka 50th anniversary of the National Theatre of Budapest), Brilliant duet in fantasy form for violin and piano (1837); ʻāpana no ka piano, me Rakotsi-marsh; haku mele, me ka cantata, a me ka himeni (i ke mele na F. Kölchei, 1844; lilo i mele no ka Hungarian People's Republic); mau mele; mele no na hana keaka keaka.

ʻO nā keiki kāne a Erkel:

Gyula Erkel (4 VII 1842, Pest – 22 III 1909, Budapest) – haku mele, violinist a me ke alakai. Ua pāʻani ʻo ia i ka orchestra o ka National Theatre (1856-60), ʻo ia kona alakaʻi (1863-89), kumu ʻōlelo ma ka Academy of Music (1880), ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke kula mele ma Ujpest (1891). Elek Erkel (XI 2, 1843, Pest – Iune 10, 1893, Budapest) – ka mea kākau o kekahi mau operettas, me ka “The Student from Kasshi” (“Der Student von Kassau”). Laszlo Erkel (9 IV 1844, Pest – 3 XII 1896, Bratislava) – alakaʻi hīmeni a kumu piano. Mai ka makahiki 1870, ua hana 'o ia ma Bratislava. ʻO Sandor Erkel (2 I 1846, Pest – 14 X 1900, Bekeschsaba) – alakaʻi hīmeni, haku mele a me ka violinist. Ua pāʻani ʻo ia i ka orchestra o ka National Theatre (1861-74), mai ka makahiki 1874 he alakaʻi mele ʻo ia, mai ka makahiki 1875 ʻo ia ke alakaʻi nui o ka National Theatre, ka luna o ka Philharmonic. Ka mea kākau o ka Singspiel (1865), ka Hungarian Overture a me nā mele kāne kāne.

E hoʻomaopopo ': Aleksandrova V., F. Erkel, "SM", 1960, No 11; Laszlo J., Ke ola o F. Erkel ma nā kiʻi, Budapest, 1964; Sabolci B., History of Hungarian Music, Budapest, 1964, p. 71-73; Maroti J., ke ala o Erkel mai ka opera heroic-lyrical a hiki i ka realism koʻikoʻi, ma ka puke: Music of Hungary, M., 1968, p. 111-28; Nemeth A., Ferenc Erkel, L., 1980.