Francois Couperin |

ʻO Francois Couperin

Couperin. "Les Barricades mystirieuses" (John Williams)

I loko o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi kula kupaianaha o nā mele harpsichord ma Farani (J. Chambonière, L. Couperin a me kona mau kaikunāne, J. d'Anglebert, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). Ua hoʻoili ʻia mai kēlā hanauna a i kēia hanauna, ua hōʻea nā kuʻuna o ka hana moʻomeheu a me ke ʻano haku mele i ko lākou kiʻekiʻe i ka hana a F. Couperin, ka mea i hoʻomaka ai kona mau hoa e kapa nui.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Couperin i loko o kahi ʻohana me kahi kuʻuna mele lōʻihi. ʻO ka lawelawe a kahi mea hoʻokani pila ma ka Halepule o Saint-Gervais, i hoʻoili ʻia mai kona makuakāne, ʻo Charles Couperin, kahi haku mele kaulana a me ka mea hoʻokani ma Farani, ʻo Francois i hui pū ʻia me ka lawelawe ma ka hale aliʻi. ʻO ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hana he nui a me nā ʻano like ʻole (ka haku mele no nā lawelawe hale pule a me nā ʻahamele hoʻokolokolo, hana ma ke ʻano he soloist a accompanist, etc.) ua hoʻopiha i ke ola o ka mea haku mele i ka palena. Ua hāʻawi pū ʻo Couperin i nā haʻawina i nā lālā o ka ʻohana aliʻi: "… No nā makahiki he iwakālua i kēia manawa ua loaʻa iaʻu ka hanohano e noho pū me ke aliʻi a aʻo kokoke i ka manawa like i kona kiʻekiʻe ʻo Dauphin, ke Duke o Burgundy a me ʻeono mau aliʻi a me nā aliʻi wahine o ka hale aliʻi ..." I ka hopena o ka makahiki 1720. Kākau ʻo Couperin i kāna mau ʻāpana hope no ka harpsichord. ʻO kahi maʻi koʻikoʻi i koi iā ia e haʻalele i kāna hana hana, hoʻōki i ka lawelawe ma ka ʻaha a me ka hale pule. Ua hala ke kūlana o ke keʻena mele i kāna kaikamahine, ʻo Marguerite Antoinette.

ʻO ke kumu o ka hoʻoilina hoʻoilina a Couperin he mau hana no ka harpsichord - ʻoi aku ma mua o 250 mau ʻāpana i paʻi ʻia ma nā hōʻiliʻili ʻehā (1713, 1717, 1722, 1730). Ma muli o ka ʻike o kona poʻe mua a me nā poʻe kahiko kahiko, ua hana ʻo Couperin i kahi ʻano harpsichord kumu, ʻike ʻia e ka maʻalahi a me ka nani o ke kākau ʻana, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o nā ʻano liʻiliʻi (rondo a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻololi), a me ka nui o nā mea hoʻonaninani (melismas) e like me. ke ano o ka harpsichord sonority. ʻO kēia kaila filigree nani i nā ʻano he nui e pili ana i ke ʻano Rococo i ka kiʻi Farani o ke kenekulia XNUMX. ʻO ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka ʻono o Farani, ka manaʻo o ke ʻano, kahi pāʻani mālie o nā kala a me nā sonorities i hoʻomalu i ka mele a Couperin, ʻaʻole i hoʻohui i ka ʻōlelo kiʻekiʻe, nā hōʻike ikaika a wehe ʻia o nā manaʻo. "Makemake au i ka mea e hoʻoneʻe iaʻu i ka mea e kahaha ai iaʻu." Hoʻopili ʻo Couperin i kāna mau pāʻani i nā lālani (ordre) - nā kaula manuahi o nā mea liʻiliʻi like ʻole. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā pāʻani he mau poʻo papahana e hōʻike ana i ka waiwai o ka noʻonoʻo o ka mea haku mele, ke ʻano kikoʻī o kona manaʻo. ʻO kēia nā kiʻi wahine ("Touchless", "Naughty", "Sister Monica"), pastoral, idyllic scenes, landscapes ("Reeds", "Lilies in the Making"), nā pāʻani e hōʻike ana i nā moku mele ("Regrets", "Tender". ʻO ka ʻeha") , nā masks theatrical ("Satires", "Harlequin", "Tricks of magicians"), a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. - nā kūlana like ʻole i manaʻo mai iaʻu. No laila, pili nā poʻo i nā manaʻo i loaʻa iaʻu i ka wā i haku ai. Ke ʻimi nei i kāna paʻi ponoʻī no kēlā me kēia mea liʻiliʻi, hana ʻo Couperin i kahi helu pau ʻole o nā koho no ke ʻano harpsichord - kahi kikoʻī, ea, openwork lole.

ʻO ka mea kani, liʻiliʻi loa i kona hiki ke hōʻike, lilo i maʻalahi, ʻoluʻolu, ʻoniʻoni ma ke ʻano ponoʻī o Couperin.

ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o ka ʻike waiwai o ka mea haku mele a me ka mea hoʻokani, he haku i ʻike pono i nā hiki o kāna mea kani, ʻo ia ka puke kuʻikahi a Couperin ʻo The Art of Playing the Harpsichord (1761), a me nā ʻōlelo mua a ka mea kākau i nā hōʻiliʻili o nā ʻāpana harpsichord.

Makemake nui ka haku mele i nā kiko'ī o ka mea kani; wehewehe ʻo ia i nā ʻano hana hana (ʻoi loa i ka pāʻani ʻana ma nā kīwī ʻelua), wehewehe i nā mea hoʻonaninani he nui. "ʻO ka harpsichord pono'ī he mea kani maikaʻi loa, kūpono i kona laulā, akā no ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki i ka harpsichord ke hoʻonui a hoʻemi ʻole i ka mana o ke kani, e mahalo mau wau i ka poʻe, mahalo i kā lākou ʻano hana maikaʻi ʻole a me ka ʻono, e hiki iā lākou ke hana. e hoomaopopo. ʻO kēia ka mea a koʻu poʻe mua i makemake ai, ʻaʻole hoʻi e haʻi aku i ka maikaʻi o ka haku mele ʻana o kā lākou mau hana keaka. Ua hoʻāʻo wau e hoʻopau i kā lākou ʻike. "

ʻO ka hoihoi nui ka hana keena-mea kani a Couperin. ʻElua pōʻai o nā ʻaha mele "Royal Concertos" (4) a me "New Concertos" (10, 1714-15), i kākau ʻia no kahi hui liʻiliʻi (sextet), i hana ʻia ma nā ʻaha mele o ke keʻena hoʻokolokolo. Ua hoʻoulu ʻia nā sonata ʻekolu a Couperin (1724-26) e nā sonata ʻekolu a A. Corelli. Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻo Couperin i ka trio sonata "Parnassus, or the Apotheosis of Corelli" i kāna haku mele punahele. ʻO nā inoa kikoʻī a me nā ʻāpana kikoʻī holoʻokoʻa - ʻike mau ʻia, kumu maoli - loaʻa pū i loko o nā hui keʻena o Couperin. No laila, ʻo ka papahana o ka trio sonata "Apotheosis of Lully" i hōʻike i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa maʻamau e pili ana i nā pono o nā mele Farani a me Italia.

ʻO ke koʻikoʻi a me ke kiʻekiʻe o nā manaʻo e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mele kapu o Couperin - nā hui kino (1690), nā motets, 3 ma mua o ka Easter (1715).

I ka wā o ke ola o Couperin, ua ʻike nui ʻia kāna mau hana ma waho o Farani. Loaʻa i nā haku haku mele nui i loko o lākou nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano harpsichord maʻemaʻe a poni ʻia. No laila, ua kapa ʻia ʻo J. Brahms iā JS Bach, GF Handel a me D. Scarlatti ma waena o nā haumāna o Couperin. Loaʻa nā pilina me ke ʻano harpsichord o ka haku Farani ma nā hana piano a J. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart a me ka ʻōpio L. Beethoven. Ua ho'ōla hou ʻia nā kuʻuna o Couperin ma kahi ʻano kiʻi like ʻole a me ka intonational ma ka huli ʻana o nā kenekulia XNUMXth-XNUMXth. i loko o nā hana a nā haku mele Farani ʻo C. Debussy lāua ʻo M. Ravel (no ka laʻana, ma ka hui ʻo Ravel "The Tomb of Couperin".)

I. Okhalova