Franz Lehár |

ʻO Franz Lehár

Ka haku mele Hungarian a me ke alakaʻi. ʻO ke keiki a ka haku mele a me ke alakaʻi o ka pūʻali koa. Ua hele ʻo Lehar (mai ka makahiki 1880) i ke Kula Mele Nui ma Budapest ma ke ʻano he haumāna kula kiʻekiʻe. I ka makahiki 1882-88 ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka violin me A. Bennewitz ma ka Conservatory Prague, a me nā kumuhana theoretical me JB Förster. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e kākau mele i kāna mau makahiki haumāna. Ua loaʻa i nā haku mele mua a Lehar ka ʻae ʻia e A. Dvorak lāua ʻo I. Brahms. Mai ka makahiki 1888, ua hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he violinist-accompanist o ka orchestra o nā hale keaka hui ma Barmen-Elberfeld, a laila ma Vienna. I kona hoʻi ʻana i kona ʻāina hānau, mai ka makahiki 1890, ua hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi band ma nā ʻano ʻakaʻaka koa. Ua kākau ʻo ia i nā mele he nui, nā hula a me nā huakaʻi (me ka huakaʻi kaulana i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka mokomoko a me ka waltz "Gold and Silver"). Loaʻa ka kaulana ma hope o ka hoʻokani ʻana ma Leipzig i ka makahiki 1896 i ka opera "Cuckoo" (i kapa ʻia ma hope o ka hero; mai ke ola Lūkini i ka wā o Nicholas I; ma ka 2nd edition - "Tatiana"). Mai 1899 ʻo ia ke alakaʻi pūʻali koa regimental ma Vienna, mai 1902 ʻo ia ke alakaʻi lua o ka Theatre an der Wien. ʻO ka hoʻokani ʻana o ka operetta "Viennese Women" ma kēia hale keaka i hoʻomaka i ka "Viennese" - ka manawa nui o ka hana a Lehar.

Ua kākau ʻo ia ma luna o 30 operettas, ma waena o The Merry Widow, The Count of Luxembourg, a me Gypsy Love ka mea lanakila loa. Hōʻike ʻia nā hana maikaʻi loa a Lehar e ka hui pū ʻana o nā leo o Austrian, Serbian, Slovak a me nā mele a me nā hula ʻē aʻe ("The Basket Weaver" - "Der Rastelbinder", 1902) me nā mele o nā mele Hungarian szardas, Hungarian a me nā mele Tyrolean. Hoʻohui kekahi o nā opereta a Lehar i nā hula ʻAmelika hou loa, cancans a me Viennese waltzes; i loko o kekahi mau operettas, ua kūkulu ʻia nā mele ma nā leo o Romanian, Italian, French, Spanish folk songs, a me nā mele hula Polani ("Blue Mazurka"); ʻO nā "Slavicisms" ʻē aʻe e ʻike pū ʻia (ma ka opera "The Cuckoo", ma "Dances of the Blue Marquise", nā operettas "The Merry Widow" a me "The Tsarevich").

Eia naʻe, hoʻokumu ʻia ka hana a Lehar ma nā leo Hungarian a me nā mele. He maʻalahi ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i nā mele a Lehár, ua komo lākou, ʻike ʻia lākou e ka "sensibility", akā ʻaʻole lākou e hele ma mua o ka ʻono maikaʻi. ʻO ke kikowaena o nā operettas a Lehar e noho ʻia e ka waltz, akā naʻe, ʻokoʻa i nā huaʻōlelo māmā o nā waltzes o ka operetta Viennese maʻamau, ʻo nā waltzes o Lehar ke ʻano o ka puʻuwai makaʻu. Ua loaʻa ʻo Lehar i nā ʻano hōʻike hou no kāna operettas, ua mākaukau wikiwiki i nā hula hou (ma nā lā o nā operettas hiki ke hoʻokumu i ke ʻano o nā hula like ʻole ma ʻEulopa). Nui nā operettas Legar i hoʻololi pinepine, hōʻano hou i ka libretto a me ka ʻōlelo mele, a hele lākou i nā makahiki like ʻole i nā hale keaka like ʻole ma lalo o nā inoa like ʻole.

Hoʻopili nui ʻo Lehar i ka hoʻokani pila, hoʻokomo pinepine i nā mea kani, me. balalaika, mandolin, kimebala, tarogato e hoʻokūpaʻa i ka ʻono o ka ʻāina. ʻO kāna mea kani he mea kupanaha, waiwai a waihoʻoluʻu; ʻO ka mana o G. Puccini, ka mea i aloha nui ai ʻo Lehar, pili pinepine; ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona like me verismo, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻike pū ʻia i nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻano o kekahi mau heroines (no ka laʻana, ʻo Eva mai ka operetta "Eve" he mea hana maʻalahi me ka mea nona ka hale hana aniani e aloha ai).

ʻO ka hana a Lehar ka mea i hoʻoholo nui i ke ʻano o ka operetta Viennese hou, kahi i lawe ʻia ai ka wahi o ka grotesque satirical buffoonery i kēlā me kēia lā mele mele a me nā mele mele, me nā mea o ka sentimentality. I ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e hoʻokokoke i ka operetta i ka opera, ua hoʻonui ʻo Legar i nā hakakā koʻikoʻi, hoʻomohala i nā helu mele kokoke i nā ʻano operatic, a hoʻohana nui i nā leitmotifs ("Finally, alone!", etc.). ʻO kēia mau hiʻohiʻona, i hōʻike mua ʻia ma Gypsy Love, ua ʻike nui ʻia ma nā operettas Paganini (1925, Vienna; ʻO Lehar ponoʻī i manaʻo iā ia he aloha), The Tsarevich (1925), Frederick (1928), Giuditta (1934) ʻO nā mea hoʻohewa hou i kapa ʻia ʻo Lehár's lyrical. operettas "legariades". Ua kapa ʻo Lehar iā ia ʻo "Friederike" (mai ke ola o Goethe, me nā helu mele i kāna mau mele) he mele.

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Sh. Kallosh

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Ferenc (Franz) Lehar ma ʻApelila 30, 1870 ma ke kūlanakauhale Hungarian o Kommorne ma ka ʻohana o kahi alakaʻi pūʻali koa. Ma hope o kona puka ʻana mai ka conservatory ma Prague a me kekahi mau makahiki o ka hana ma ke ʻano he violinist keaka a me ke mele pūʻali koa, ua lilo ʻo ia i alakaʻi o ka Vienna Theatre An der Wien (1902). Mai kona mau makahiki haumāna, ʻaʻole haʻalele ʻo Legar i ka manaʻo o ke kahua o ka haku mele. Ua haku ʻo ia i nā waltzes, marches, songs, sonatas, violin concertos, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea a pau ua hoihoi ʻo ia i ke keaka mele. ʻO kāna hana mele mele mua loa ʻo ia ka opera Cuckoo (1896) i hoʻokumu ʻia ma kahi moʻolelo mai ke ola o nā pio Lūkini, i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ka ʻuhane o veristic drama. ʻO ke mele o "Cuckoo" me kāna mele mele a me ka melancholic Slavic leo i hoʻohuli i ka manaʻo o V. Leon, kahi mea kākau kiʻi kaulana a me ke alakaʻi o ka Vienna Karl-Theater. ʻO ka hana hui mua a Lehar lāua ʻo Leon - ʻo ka operetta "Reshetnik" (1902) i ke ʻano o ka Slovak folk comedy a me ka operetta "Viennese Women" i hoʻokani ʻia i ka manawa like me ia, lawe mai i ka mea haku mele kaulana ma ke ʻano he hoʻoilina iā Johann Strauss.

Wahi a Legar, ua hele mai ʻo ia i kahi ʻano hou nona iho, ʻaʻole maopopo iā ia. Akā, ua lilo ka naʻaupō i mea maikaʻi: "Ua hiki iaʻu ke hana i koʻu ʻano operetta ponoʻī," wahi a ka mea haku mele. Ua loaʻa kēia ʻano ma The Merry Widow (1905) i ka libretto na V. Leon lāua ʻo L. Stein e pili ana i ka pāʻani a A. Melyak "Attache of the Embassy". Hoʻopili ʻia ka mea hou o The Merry Widow me ka wehewehe mele a me ka hoʻokalakupua o ke ʻano, ka hohonu o nā ʻano, a me ka hoʻoikaika noʻonoʻo o ka hana. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Legar: "Manaʻo wau ʻaʻohe mea hoihoi i ka lehulehu o kēia lā ka operetta pāʻani ... <...> ʻO kaʻu pahuhopu ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka operetta." Loaʻa kahi hana hou i ka pāʻani mele ma ka hula, hiki ke hoʻololi i kahi ʻōlelo solo a i ʻole kahi kiʻi duet. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo ke ʻano o ka stylistic hou e hoʻohuli i ka manaʻo - ka nani o nā melos, nā hopena orchestral catchy (e like me ka glissando o ka harp e pālua ana i ka laina o nā ʻohe i ke kolu), e like me ka poʻe hoʻohewa, he ʻano o ka opera a me ka symphony hou, akā i ka ʻaʻohe ala operetta ʻōlelo mele.

Hoʻokumu ʻia nā loina i hana ʻia ma The Merry Widow i nā hana hope a Lehar. Mai ka makahiki 1909 a hiki i ka makahiki 1914, ua hana ʻo ia i nā hana i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke ʻano o ke ʻano. ʻO ka mea nui loa ʻo The Princely Child (1909), The Count of Luxembourg (1909), Gypsy Love (1910), Eva (1911), Alone at Last! (1914). I nā ʻekolu o lākou, ua hoʻopaʻa hope ʻia ke ʻano o ka neo-Viennese operetta i hana ʻia e Lehar. E hoʻomaka me The Count of Luxembourg, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kuleana o nā mea, nā ʻano ʻano o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka ratio o nā hoʻolālā o ka papa mele dramaturgy - lyrical-dramatic, cascading and farcical - ua hoʻokumu ʻia. Ke hoʻonui nei ke kumumanaʻo, a me ia i hoʻonui ʻia ka palette intonational: "Princely Child", kahi, e like me ka hoʻolālā, hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻono Balkan, aia pū kekahi me nā mea mele ʻAmelika; ʻO ka lewa Viennese-Parisian o The Count of Luxembourg e hoʻopili i ka pena Slavic (ma waena o nā ʻano he poʻe aliʻi Lūkini); ʻO Gypsy Love ka operetta "Hungarian" mua loa a Lehar.

Ma nā hana ʻelua o kēia mau makahiki, hōʻike ʻia nā manaʻo i hōʻike piha ʻia ma hope, i ka manawa hope o ka hana a Lehar. ʻO "Gypsy Love", no nā ʻano maʻamau a pau o kāna dramaturgy mele, hāʻawi i kahi wehewehe ʻokoʻa o nā kiʻi a me nā kuhi kuhi e hoʻololi ai ka degere o ka conventionality i loko o ka operetta i kekahi ʻano. Hoʻokūpaʻa ʻo Lehar i kēia ma ka hāʻawi ʻana i kāna helu i kahi inoa ʻano kūikawā - "romantic operetta". ʻOi aku ka ʻike ʻia o ka Rapprochement me nā aesthetics o ke mele mele aloha ma ka operetta "Finally Alone!". ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana mai nā ʻano canons ke alakaʻi nei i kahi hoʻololi like ʻole i ke ʻano maʻamau: ʻo ka hana ʻelua holoʻokoʻa o ka hana he hiʻohiʻona duet nui, ʻaʻohe hanana, lohi i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, piha me ka manaʻo lyrical-contemplative. Hoʻomaka ka hana i ke kua o kahi ʻāina alpine, nā puʻu mauna i uhi ʻia i ka hau, a i ka haku ʻana o ka hana, hoʻololi nā leo leo me nā ʻāpana symphonic kiʻi a wehewehe. Ua kapa ʻia kēia hana ʻo "Tristan" o ka operetta nā mea hoʻohewa o Lehar i kēia manawa.

I ka waena o ka makahiki 1920, ua hoʻomaka ka manawa hope o ka hana a ka mea haku mele, i hoʻopau ʻia me Giuditta, i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1934. (ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hana mele hope loa a Lehar ʻo ia ka opera The Wandering Singer, kahi hana hou o ka operetta Gypsy Love, i hana ʻia ma 1943 ma ke kauoha a ka Budapest Opera House.)

Ua make ʻo Lehár ma ʻOkakopa 20, 1948.

ʻO nā operetta hope loa a Lehar ke alakaʻi mamao loa mai ke kumu hoʻohālike āna i hana ai. ʻAʻohe hopena hauʻoli, ʻaneʻane hoʻopau ʻia ka hoʻomaka comedic. Ma muli o ko lākou ʻano ʻano, ʻaʻole kēia he mau comedies, akā nā mele mele mele. A ma ke mele, makemake lākou i ke mele o ka hoʻolālā opera. ʻO ke kumu maoli o kēia mau hana he mea nui loa i loaʻa iā lākou kahi inoa ʻano ʻano kūikawā ma ka palapala - "legariads". ʻO kēia mau mea me "Paganini" (1925), "Tsarevich" (1927) - he operetta e haʻi ana i ka hopena pōʻino o ke keiki a Peter I, Tsarevich Alexei, "Friederik" (1928) - ma ka puʻuwai o kāna kumumanaʻo ke aloha. ʻO ka ʻōpio Goethe no ke kaikamahine a ke kahunapule Sesenheim Friederike Brion, ka "Chinese" operetta "The Land of Smiles" (1929) e pili ana i ka "Yellow Jacket" o Leharov ma mua, ka "Spanish" "Giuditta", kahi prototype mamao o hiki ke lilo i "Carmen". Akā inā ua lilo ke ʻano hoʻohālike o The Merry Widow a me Lehar i nā hana ma hope o nā makahiki 1910, ma ka ʻōlelo a ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻano ʻo B. Grun, "he mea ʻai no ka holomua o kahi moʻomeheu holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa", a laila ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā hoʻokolohua hope a Lehar ka hoʻomau. . Ua lilo lākou i ʻano hoʻokolohua; nele lākou i kēlā kaulike nani i ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea heterogeneous i hāʻawi ʻia i kāna mau hana maʻamau.

N. Degtyareva

• Neo-Viennese operetta →

Nā haku mele:

keaka mele - Cuckoo (1896, Leipzig; ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo Tatiana, 1905, Brno), opereta - Nā wahine Viennese (Wiener Frauen, 1902, Vienna), Comic male (Die Juxheirat, 1904, Vienna), Merry wahine kāne make (Die lustige Witwe, 1905, Vienna, 1906, St. Petersburg, 1935, Leningrad), kāne me ʻekolu wahine ( Der Mann mit den drei Frauen, Vienna, 1908), Helu o Luxembourg (Der Graf von Luxemburg, 1909, Vienna, 1909; St. Petersburg, 1923, Leningrad), Gypsy Love (Zigeunerliebe, 1910, Vienna, 1935, Moscow; , Budapest), Eva (1943, Vienna, 1911, St. Petersburg), wahine kūpono (Die ideale Gattin, 1912, Vienna, 1913, Moscow), ʻO ka hope, hoʻokahi! (Endlich allein, 1923, 1914nd edition Nani ka honua! – Schön ist die Welt!, 2, Vienna), Kahi e mele ai ka lark (Wo die Lerche singt, 1930, Vienna and Budapest, 1918, Moscow), Blue Mazurka (Die blaue Mazur, 1923, Vienna, 1920, Leningrad), Tango Queen (Die Tangokönigin, 1925, Vienna), Frasquita (1921, Vienna), ʻaʻahu melemele (Die gelbe Jacke, 1922, Vienna, 1923, Leningrad, me kahi ʻāina manuahi hou. o Smiles - Das Land des Lächelns, 1925, Berlin), etc., singshpils, operettas no nā keiki; no ka hookani pila - nā hula, nā hele wāwae, 2 concerto no ka violin a me ka orkestra, symphonic poem no ka leo a me ka orchestra Fever (Fieber, 1917), no ka piano - nā pāʻani, mau mele, mele no na hana keaka keaka.