Nā hana fret |

Nā hana fret – ka manaʻo o nā leo a me nā consonances i ka lokahi (altitude system).

F. l. hōʻike i kahi hōʻike o nā pilina mele-semantic, kahi e loaʻa ai ka noʻonoʻo a me ka pilina o nā muses. holoʻokoʻa. Ma ka moʻomeheu o ka Russian terminology mode ua maʻamau i unuhi ʻia ma ke ʻano he generalizing category e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻōnaehana pitch āpau (mai ka wā kahiko, hikina, folk modes a hiki i nā ʻano like ʻole a paʻakikī o nā hale mele ʻoihana o ke kenekulia 20). No laila, ʻo ka manaʻo o F. l. ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau, hoʻopili ʻia me ka decomp loa. ʻano o nā manaʻo mele-semantic o nā leo a me nā consonances, ʻoiai lākou e ʻae i ka kikoʻī i kekahi o nā ʻano (ko lākou mau manaʻo i nā ʻōnaehana modal - "ʻano" kūikawā o nā mele o nā kenekulia 14-15, ʻokoʻa i nā waiwai, no ka laʻana, ma ka harmonic tonality o nā kenekulia 18-19 ma ke ʻano he ʻano kūikawā o ka ʻōnaehana modal). No ka mea hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻano o ke ʻano o ke ʻano, a laila F. l. pehea ka ulu ʻana o nā pilina kani kikoʻī i ka mōʻaukala, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano ph i hoʻomohala a paʻakikī. hōʻike hope i ka holomua o nā muses. noonoo ana.

Pūnaehana F. l. pili i nā mea o ka hui kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, kahi i loaʻa i kāna haku i kekahi mau manaʻo, a ma nā ʻano o ka hōʻike mele (kani) o ka logical. nā pilina ma waena o nā mea o ka ʻōnaehana modal (kiʻekiʻe). Loaʻa nā mea a pau o ke ʻano i ke ʻano koʻikoʻi, maʻalahi (ma ka pae haʻahaʻa o ka mea) a me ka composite (ma nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka hui ʻana o nā mea maʻalahi i loko o nā hui paʻakikī). Nā mea maʻalahi - otd. nā kani ("monads"), nā wā, nā kani pālua ("dyads"), triads ("triads"), nā mele ʻē aʻe ma ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana. Huihui - dec. ke ʻano o nā "microlads" i ka haku ʻana o ke ʻano (no ka laʻana, nā tetrachords, pentachords, trichords i loko o ke ʻano o nā ʻano monodich. ). Kekahi mau F. l. loaʻa, no ka laʻana, c.-l. nā ʻāpana modal nui (kekahi a i ʻole ka tonality, ʻōnaehana) e pili ana i nā mea ʻē aʻe i loko o kahi holoʻokoʻa nui hoʻokahi (ʻo ke tonality o kahi kumuhana lua e like me D i ka tonic nui, etc.). Muz.-pololei. ua hōʻike ʻia nā pilina ma ke ʻano o ke ʻano i ka māhele ʻana o nā mea modal i loko o ka mea nui (waena) a me ka subordinate (peripheral), a laila ma kahi kikoʻī semantic differentiation o ka hope; no laila ke kuleana koʻikoʻi o ka māhele o ke kahua e like me ke kikowaena F. l. ma nā ʻano hoʻololi like ʻole (e nānā iā Lad). ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo pono ʻana (ka lohe ʻana) o ke mele ke manaʻo nei e noʻonoʻo i nā ʻāpana o kēlā mau F. l., i loaʻa i kēia mele. ʻōnaehana (no ka laʻana, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana Western-European o nā mea nui a me nā mea liʻiliʻi me kā lākou phonographs no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā mele kahiko o Rūsia, ka wehewehe ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana pitch āpau mai ke ʻano o ke kuʻikahi Western-European o nā kenekulia 18-19 me kāna F. .l., etc.).

He mea nui ia no F. l. ʻokoʻa 2 nui. ʻano o nā ʻōnaehana modal (kani) e pili ana i ke ʻano o kā lākou mea - monophonic a polyphonic (i ke kenekulia 20 pū kekahi sonorant). No laila ka mahele nui loa o nā ʻano F. l. i monodic a me chord-harmonic. P. l. ma nā ʻano kahiko kahiko, waena-kenekulia. a me Nar. monodic. ʻO nā modes (ʻo ia hoʻi, monodic F. l.) ma ka typologically loaʻa nā mea like me kekahi i kekahi. I monodich maʻalahi. F. l. (ʻo ia hoʻi, nā kumu waiwai o nā kani a me nā consonances) e komo pū me nā waiwai o Ch. kākoʻo fret: kikowaena. leo (hoʻomaha, leo kuhikuhi, tonic; ʻo kona kumu he kākoʻo modal no ka noʻonoʻo mele), ka leo hope (finalis; i nā manawa he nui e kūlike me ka leo waena, a laila hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻo finalis), ʻo ka leo kuhikuhi ʻelua. (repercussion , leo o ka repetition, confinalis, dominant leo, dominant; maʻa mau me ka hope); a me nā kākoʻo kūloko (nā kikowaena kūloko, nā kikowaena hoʻololi; inā e neʻe nā kākoʻo mai nā leo nui o ke ʻano a i nā ʻaoʻao), ka leo mua (initialis, initial; 1st sound of the melody; like pinepine me ka hope). To composite monodich. F. l. hoʻokomo i nā waiwai i hoʻoholo ʻia. nā mele mele, nā oli - nā hopena maʻamau. nā kumu, nā paukū (i kekahi mau hihia, loaʻa i kā lākou mau leo ​​kā lākou mau hana ponoʻī, no ka laʻana, ultima, penultima a me antepenultima; ʻike i ka Cadence), nā huli mua maʻamau (initio, hoʻomaka), nā mele mele Lūkini kahiko. oli, mele Gregorian. E nānā, no ka laʻana, ka ʻokoʻa F. l. kikowaena. leo (as1) a me ka leo hope (es1) i ka laʻana ma st. Nā ʻano Helene kahiko (kolume 306), nā hopena a me nā hopena - ma Art. ʻO nā ʻeha o Medieval; ʻike i nā hoʻololi o nā kākoʻo kūloko (e1, d1, e1) i ke mele "Lord I cried" ma st. Pūnaehana kani (kolume 447), ʻokoʻa F. l. nā leo mua a me ka hope i ka mele "Antarbahis" ma st. Mele Inia (koluma 511). E ʻike pū i nā kumu waiwai (ʻo ia hoʻi F. l.) melodic maʻamau. nā kipi (eg, mua, hope) ma ke kiʻi. Nā ʻano ʻano Medieval (kolume 241), Melody (kolume 520), cadence piha (kolume 366), oli Znamenny (nā kolamu 466-67), Melody (kolume 519).

Pūnaehana F. l. i loko o ka polygon frets, synthesizing fret mea o 2 ano (hoʻokahi-poʻo a me multi-poʻo), loaʻa i ka 'elua-dimensional (interdimensional). Ma nā leo mele, ʻoi aku ka nui (e nānā i ka Melody), ʻike ʻia ka monodich. F. l.; komo lākou i loko o kahi pilina paʻakikī me F. l. nā consonances vertical (e nānā i ka Harmony), e hoʻopuka ana, i nā waiwai o nā mea o hoʻokahi papa o F. l. pili i nā mea o kekahi (no ka laʻana, nā leo melodic e pili ana i nā chords, a i ʻole; No laila ke akamai. waiwai F. l. i ke mele o ka polyphony i kūkulu ʻia. Kuhikuhi o ka chord-harmonic. F. l. Hoʻopili ʻia ka mele e ka laha ʻana o nā leo chord (lele), ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he hana hoʻokahi (ua kūʻē ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā "transit" hele a me nā leo kōkua), i ka emi ʻana o ka waiwai o ke kumu kumu o ka laina laina (kiʻekiʻe aʻe. - ʻoi aku ka ikaika) ma ke ʻano o ka harmonic-functional (ka ulu ʻana o ka ulu ʻana i ka haʻalele ʻana i ke kumu, ka emi ʻana - i ka wā e hoʻi ai i ke kumu), i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka melodic basso continuo me kahi laina lele zigzag basse fondamentale, etc. ʻO ka mana o monodic F. l. ma ka chord-harmonic i hōʻike ʻia i nā manaʻo o ka mea nui. nā hana tonal (leo waena - ke kikowaena waena, tonic; repercussion - ke mele mana), a ua hōʻike ʻia ko lākou hopena i nā kaʻina chord i ka hoʻoponopono ma o ka mea nui. nā ʻanuʻu kani (ʻo kā lākou monophonic phonographs) o ke koho a me ke ʻano semantic o nā chords e hoʻolikelike i ke mele (no ka laʻana, i ka cadence hope o ka papa mele "Glory" mai ka opera "Ivan Susanin" - ka waiwai no ka lokahi o ka iwi kuamoʻo. nā kani kākoʻo o ka mele:

cf. Pūnaehana kikohoʻe), in refers. ʻO ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa o nā paʻakikī modal o kahi mele i loko o ke ʻano o ka polyphony (no ka laʻana, i ka manaʻo o ka paʻa pono o ka paʻakikī modal o kahi poʻo poʻo hoʻokahi i loko o ka polygonal fabric o ka fugue, i kekahi manawa i kū'ē i ka Ph. . l. o na leo e ae). Loaʻa nā pilina hana interdimensional i nā hihia o ka abstraction mai ka normative F. l. nā kani a me nā consonances o kahi pūnaewele i hāʻawiʻia ma lalo o ka mana o ka pilina o heterogeneous (monodic and chord-harmonic) F. l. ʻAe, monodic. F. l. ma kahi mele ma lalo o ke mele F. l. ʻO D 7, ua hoʻololi ʻia a hiki i ka hoʻohuli piha ʻana o ka ʻumekaumaha (no ka laʻana, ʻo ke kani o ka ʻanuʻu 1 gravitates i ka 7th, etc.); ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka chord iā F. l. ʻO nā leo melodic nā ʻano, no ka laʻana, ka hana o ka hoʻopili ʻana (ma faubourdon, organum mua, i nā mele o ke kenekulia 20, e ʻike, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka piano prelude o C. Debussy "The Sunken Cathedral").

Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano kūlike o ka Middle Ages a me ka Renaissance (ʻoi loa i nā kenekulia 15-16) e ke kaulike o ka monodic. a me ke kani harmonic. F. l. (ka noʻonoʻo linear-polyphonic maʻamau); indicative nā lula no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ʻano a me ka mana F. l. “by tenor”, ​​ʻo ia hoʻi, hoʻokahi leo pākahi; e like me nā leo o kahi mele o ka consonance decomp. nāʻanuʻu me ka noa i kekahi i kekahi, a wehewehe. ʻaʻohe makemake maopopo no nā chord e like me nā mea nui i ka lokahi; Ma waho o nā cadences, "ʻaʻole loa ka pilina o ke kani, a ʻo kēlā me kēia chord ... e hahai ʻia e kekahi i kekahi" (SI Taneev, 1909; e nānā, no ka laʻana, nā laʻana o nā mele a J. Palestrina ma St. Polyphony, kolamu 347, 348, Josquin Despres - ma ka ʻatikala Canon, kolamu 692).

Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o Tonal harmoni (17-19 mau kenekulia) e ka predominance o chord-harmonic. F. l. ma luna o ka monodic (e nānā i ka Harmonic tonality, Harmonic function, Tonality, Dominant, Subdominant, Tonic, Major, Minor, Modulation, Deviation, Variable functions, Relationship of key). E like me ka lua-fret "harmonic. tonality “West-Europa. synthetic ka mele. kahi ʻōnaehana modal o kahi ʻano kūikawā, kona ʻano ponoʻī o F. l. aia kekahi mea kūikawā. kā lākou ʻano, i kapa ʻia "nā hana tonal" (H. Riemann, "Vereinfachte Harmonielehre oder Lehre von den tonalen Funktionen der Akkorde", 1893). Hana nā hana maʻamau (T, D, S) ma ke kumu o ka pilina kūlohelohe kiʻekiʻe loa - ka pilina quintal ma waena o ka mea nui. nā leo o nā chords ma nā ʻanuʻu IV-IV - me ka nānā ʻole i kekahi o kā lākou ʻano ʻano (e laʻa, inā he nui a liʻiliʻi paha ka tonic); no laila he kikoʻī ma ʻaneʻi. ka hua'ōlelo "nā hana tonal" (e pili ana i ka hua'ōlelo "hana hana"), a ʻaʻole ka "F. l.” (hoʻohui ʻia ʻelua). Hōʻike ʻia ka harmonic tonality e kahi mea hoʻoikaika ikaika i ke kikowaena. chord (tonic), komo i loko o ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o ka fret, ʻike maopopo loa i nā harmonics. nā hana o kēlā me kēia consonance a me otd. wā kani. Ma muli o ka mana o nā hana tonal, "ʻo ka tonality o kekahi keʻena e pili ana i ka tonality o kekahi,ʻo ka hoʻomakaʻana o ka'āpana e pili ana i kona hopena" (SI Taneev, 1909).

ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke mele o ke kenekulia 20 i ʻike mua ʻia e ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke mele kahiko. hana (e lawelawe ana i kumu hoʻohālike no nā ʻōnaehana hou o nā pilina pili), ka hana ʻana i nā hale kani hou mai ka kuʻuna. a me nā mea tonal hou. No laila, ʻo ke ʻano o ka hoʻohuli hana ("hoʻohuli" a me ka hānau hou ʻana o ka tonal gravity) ua pālahalaha ʻia: ke kuhikuhi o ka neʻe ʻana mai ke kikowaena a hiki i ka ʻaoʻao (R. Wagner, hoʻomaka i ka opera "Tristan and Isolde"), mai ke kū ʻana a unsteady (NA Rimsky-Korsakov, "The Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevronia", ka hopena o ka 3rd d.; AN Skryabin, harmony in production op. 40-50), mai ka consonance i ka dissonance a, hou aku, ka manaʻo e pale i ka consonance (SV Rachmaninov, romance "Au!"), Mai kahi chord i kahi hoʻokumu ʻole ʻia (ke ʻano o nā leo ʻaoʻao i kahi chord ma muli o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā lohi, nā mea kōkua a me nā leo ʻole ʻē aʻe i kāna. hale). Me ka hānau hou ʻana o ka moʻomeheu. kahiko F. l. ma kēia ala, no ka laʻana, ala mai ka tonality dissonant (Scriabin, sonatas hope no ka pianoforte; A. Berg, Wozzeck, 1st hana, 2nd scene, dissonant cis-moll, see musical example in Art. Accord , kolamu 82, 1st chord - T ), nā mode derivative (SS Prokofiev, "Fleeting", No 2, Malaki mai ka opera "Love for Three Oranges" - mai C-dur; DD Shostakovich, 9 symphony, 1st neʻe, hoʻomaka o ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao o ka exposition - e like me -moll e like me ka derivative o T mai G-dur), atonic structures (N. Ya. Myaskovsky, 6th symphony, 1st part, major section of the side part; the tonic chord Fis-dur 'ikea wale ma ka hope loa). Ma ke kumu hou, ho'ōla hou ʻia nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole; no laila, he ʻano like ʻole o F. l. (nā hana ʻōnaehana, manaʻo o nā leo a me nā consonances i loko o ka ʻōnaehana i hāʻawi ʻia).

I ke mele hou o ke kenekulia 20. me nā ʻano kuʻuna F. l. (monodic-modal; chord-harmonic, in particular tonal) hōʻike pū ʻia nā hana ʻōnaehana ʻē aʻe, e hōʻike ana i nā manaʻo semantic o nā mea, ʻo ia hoʻi i ke ʻano o ke kikowaena ("developing variation" ma ke ʻano he kuhikuhi i hoʻololi hou ʻia o ka mea i koho ʻia. pūʻulu kani, me he mea lā, he hoʻololi ma luna). He mea nui nā hana kikowaena. kiʻekiʻe (high-altitude abutment) ma ke ʻano otd. kani (ka leo waena, e like me IF Stravinsky - "poles"; no ka laʻana, i ka hoʻokani piano "Signs on White", 1974, leo a2 na EV Denisov; e nānā hoʻi i kekahi laʻana ma Art. Dodecaphony, kolamu 274, waena leo es ), kikowaena. consonances (eg polychord Fis-dur + C-dur ma ke kumu o ka 2nd scene o Stravinsky's ballet "Petrushka", e nānā i kekahi laʻana ma Art. Polychord, kolamu 329), kikowaena. nā kūlana o ka moʻo (no ka laʻana, ka moʻo i ke kūlana ge-dis-fis-cis-fdhbca-gis ma ka pōʻai leo o A. Webern op. 25, e ʻike i kekahi laʻana ma ka ʻatikala Pointillism). I ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka sonorno-harmonic. ʻenehana, hiki ke loaʻa ka manaʻo o ka abutment kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻole o ka hōʻike ʻana i kahi kumu maopopo. nā kani (ka hopena o ka hopena o ka 2nd piano concerto na RK Shchedrin). Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo "F. l.” e pili ana i nā hanana like ʻole i ke kenekulia 20. he pilikia (a ʻaʻole hiki ʻole paha), pono kā lākou wehewehe ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo kikoʻī.

E hoʻomaopopo ': e nānā ma lalo o nā ʻatikala i ʻōlelo ʻia.

ʻO Yu. N. Kholopov