Gaetano Donizetti (Gaetano Donizetti) |

ʻO Gaetano donizetti

Hoʻohauʻoli nā mele a Donizetti i ka honua me ko lākou leʻaleʻa leʻaleʻa. Hein

He kālena holomua loa ʻo Donizetti i ʻike i nā ʻano o ka Renaissance. G. Mazzini

ʻO ke mele Donizetti nani, nani, kupaianaha! V. Bellini

Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo G. Donizetti - he ʻelele o ke kula keaka mele Italia, he kiʻi o ka poʻe aloha bel canto - ma ka ʻaoʻao o Italia i ka manawa "e make ana ʻo Bellini a hāmau ʻo Rossini." ʻO ka mea nona ka makana melodic pau ʻole, kahi talena poʻomanaʻo hohonu a me ke ʻano o ke keaka, ua hana ʻo Donizetti i nā opera 74, e hōʻike ana i ka laulā a me ka ʻokoʻa o kāna talena haku mele. He ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ka hana opera a Donizetti i nā ʻano: he socio-psychological melodramas kēia ("Linda di Chamouni" - 1842, "Gemma di Vergi" - 1834), mōʻaukala a me ka heroic ("Velisario" - 1836, "The Siege of Calais" - 1836, "Torquato Tasso" - 1833, "Mary Stuart" - 1835, "Marina Faliero" - 1835), lyric-dramatic operas ("Lucia di Lammermoor" - 1835, "The Favorite" - 1840, "Maria di Rogan" - 1843), nā melodramas pōʻino ("Lucretia Borgia" - 1833, "Anne Boleyn" - 1830). ʻOi aku ka nui o nā keaka i kākau ʻia ma ke ʻano buffa, nā mele mele ("Castle of the Invalids" - 1826, "New Pursonyak" - 1828, "Crazy by Order" - 1830), comic operas (“Love's Potion” – 1832, “Don Pasquale" - 1843), nā keaka mele me nā kamaʻilio kamaʻilio (The Daughter of the Regiment - 1840, Rita - staged in 1860) and buffa operas proper (The Governor in Difficulty - 1824, The Night Bell - 1836).

ʻO nā opera a Donizetti nā hua o ka hana maʻamau a ka mea haku mele ma nā mele a me ka libretto. ʻOiai he mea hoʻokani pila i hoʻonaʻauao nui ʻia, ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā hana a V. Hugo, A. Dumas-makua, V. Scott, J. Byron a me E. Scribe, ʻo ia iho i hoʻāʻo e kākau i kahi libretto, a ua haku i nā mele hoʻohenehene maikaʻi loa.

Ma ka hana opera a Donizetti, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā manawa ʻelua. Ma nā hana o ka mua (1818-30), ʻike nui ʻia ka mana o G. Rossini. ʻOiai ʻaʻole like nā keaka i ka ʻike, ke akamai a me ka hōʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mea kākau, ʻike ʻia ʻo Donizetti ma ke ʻano he mele mele nui. Hāʻule ka manawa o ka ulu ʻana o ka haku mele i nā makahiki 30 - ka hapa mua o nā makahiki 40. I kēia manawa, hana ʻo ia i nā masterpieces i komo i ka mōʻaukala mele. ʻO ia ka "hou mau, nani mau" (A. Serov) opera "Love Potion"; "kekahi o na daimana maemae loa o ka opera Italia" (G. Donati-Petteni) "Don Pasquale"; "Lucia di Lammermoor", kahi i hōʻike ai ʻo Donizetti i nā mea maʻalahi a pau o nā ʻike manaʻo o kahi kanaka aloha (De Valori).

He ʻokoʻa maoli ka ikaika o ka hana a ka mea haku mele: "ʻO ka maʻalahi o ka haku ʻana o Donizetti i nā mele, ka hiki ke hopu koke i kahi manaʻo mele, hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i ke kaʻina hana o kāna hana me ka hua maoli o nā kumulāʻau pua" (Donati- Peteni). E like me ka maʻalahi, ʻike ka mea kākau i nā ʻano ʻano a me nā ʻano opera. Ma waho aʻe o nā opera, ua kākau ʻo Donizetti i nā oratorios, cantatas, symphonies, quartets, quintets, nā haku mele ʻuhane a me nā leo.

Ma waho, ua like ke ola o Donizetti i ka lanakila mau. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole kēia ka hihia. "Ua uhi ʻia koʻu hānau ʻana i ka mea pohihihi," i kākau ai ka mea haku mele, "no ka mea, ua hānau ʻia au ma lalo o ka honua, ma lalo o ke kahawai ʻo Borgo, kahi i komo ʻole ai kahi kukuna o ka lā." He poʻe ʻilihune nā mākua o Donizetti: he kiaʻi kona makuakāne, he mea ulana kona makuahine. I ka makahiki 9, komo ʻo Gaetano i ke kula mele aloha ʻo Simon Mayr a lilo i haumāna maikaʻi loa ma laila. I ka makahiki 14, ua neʻe ʻo ia i Bologna, kahi āna i aʻo ai ma ka Lyceum of Music me S. Mattei. Ua hōʻike mua ʻia nā mana koʻikoʻi o Gaetano ma ka hoʻokolokolo ma 1817, kahi i hana ʻia ai kāna mau hana symphonic a me kāna cantata. ʻOiai ma ka Lyceum, ua kākau ʻo Donizetti i 3 mau opera: Pygmalion, Olympias a me The Wrath of Achilles, a i ka makahiki 1818 ua hoʻokani maikaʻi ʻia kāna opera Enrico, Count of Burgundy ma Venice. ʻOiai ka holomua o ka opera, he wā paʻakikī loa ia i ke ola o ka mea haku mele: ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia nā ʻaelike no ka haku mele, pono ka ʻohana i ke kōkua kālā, a ʻaʻole maopopo ka poʻe kokoke iā ia. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo Simon Mayr iā Donizetti e ʻaelike me ka ʻOpera Roma e haku i ka opera Zoraida o Granata. Ua holomua ka hana ʻana, akā ʻo ka ʻōlelo hoʻohewa i kau ʻia ma luna o ka haku mele ʻōpio he ʻino loa. ʻAʻole naʻe kēia i uhaʻi iā Donizetti, akā ua hoʻoikaika wale i kona ikaika i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e hoʻomaikaʻi i kona mākaukau. Akā ʻo nā pōʻino e pili ana i kekahi ma hope o kekahi: ʻo ka mea mua, make ke keiki a ka mea haku mele, a laila kona mau mākua, kāna wahine aloha ʻo Virginia, ʻaʻole ia he 30 mau makahiki: "ʻO wau wale nō ma ka honua, a ke ola nei au!" Ua kākau ʻo Donizetti me ke kaumaha. Ua hoʻopakele ʻo Art iā ia mai ka pepehi kanaka. He kono i Parisa ma hope koke iho. Ma laila ʻo ia i kākau ai i kahi aloha, ʻoluʻolu, "Ke kaikamahine a ka Regiment", kahi "Pūnaewele" nani. ʻO kēia mau hana ʻelua, a me ka Polievkt naʻauao, ua loaʻa me ka hoihoi. ʻO Catarina Cornaro ka opera hope loa a Donizetti. Ua hoʻokani ʻia ma Vienna, kahi i loaʻa ai iā Donizetti i ka makahiki 1842 ke poʻo inoa o ka haku mele ʻo Austrian. Ma hope o ka makahiki 1844, ua koi ʻo Donizetti i ka maʻi noʻonoʻo e haʻalele i ka haku mele a make ʻo ia.

ʻO ke kiʻi a Donizetti, ka mea i hōʻike i ke ʻano hīmeni hoʻonaninani, he mea kūlohelohe a kūlohelohe. "Ua komoʻo Donizetti i nā hauʻoli a me nā kaumaha, nā hopohopo a me nā hopohopo, nā manaʻo a pau o ka poʻe maʻamau no ke aloha a me ka nani, a laila hōʻike iā lākou i nā mele nani e noho nei i loko o ka puʻuwai o nā kānaka" (Donati-Petteni).

M. Dvorkina

• ʻO ka opera Italia ma hope o Rossini: ka hana a Bellini a me Donizetti →

ʻO ke keiki a nā mākua ʻilihune, ʻike ʻo ia i ke kumu mua a me ka mea kōkua i ke kanaka o Mayr, a laila aʻo ʻia ma ka Bologna Musical Lyceum ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Padre Mattei. I ka makahiki 1818, ua hoʻokani ʻia kāna opera mua, ʻo Enrico, Count of Burgundy, ma Venice. I ka makahiki 1828 ua male ʻo ia i ka mea mele a me ka mea hoʻokani piano ʻo Virginia Vasselli. I ka makahiki 1830, ua hoʻokani ʻia ka opera Anna Boleyn me ka lanakila ma ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻo Carcano ma Milan. Ma Naples, paʻa ʻo ia i ka luna hoʻokele o nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me ke kūlana kumu ma ka conservatory, ʻoiai e mahalo nui ʻia; akā naʻe, i ka makahiki 1838, ua lilo ʻo Mercadante i luna o ka conservatory. He pā nui kēia no ka haku mele. Ma hope o ka make ʻana o kona mau mākua, ʻekolu mau keiki kāne a me kāna wahine, ʻo ia (ʻoiai he nui nā moʻolelo aloha) e noho hoʻokahi wale nō, ua haʻalulu kona olakino, a me ka hana kupanaha, titanic. Ma hope o kona lilo ʻana i mea kākau a me ke alakaʻi o nā ʻaha mele pilikino ma ka ʻAha ʻo Vienna, ua hōʻike hou ʻo ia i kona mana nui. I ka makahiki 1845, ua ma'i 'o ia.

"Ua hānau ʻia au ma ke kahawai ʻo Borgo ma lalo o ka honua: ʻaʻole i komo kahi kukuna o ka mālamalama i loko o ka hale, kahi aʻu i iho ai i ke alapiʻi. A, e like me ka pueo e lele ana mai ka pūnana aku, lawe mau wau i loko oʻu iho i nā manaʻo ʻino a hauʻoli paha. No Donizetti kēia mau ʻōlelo, ka mea i makemake e hoʻoholo i kona kumu, kona hopena, i hōʻailona ʻia e ka hui pū ʻana o nā kūlana, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ia i pale iā ia mai ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi, a me ka pōʻino a me ka pōʻino i kāna hana operatic me ka ʻakaʻaka a me ka pololei. pāʻani hoʻopunipuni. "Ke hānau ʻia nā mele comic ma koʻu poʻo, manaʻo wau i ka wili ʻana ma kona ʻaoʻao hema, i ka wā koʻikoʻi, manaʻo wau i ka wili like ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau," i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ai ka mea haku mele me ka eccentricity nonchalant, me he mea lā e makemake ana e hōʻike i ka maʻalahi o nā manaʻo. kona manao. . “Ua ʻike anei ʻoe i kaʻu ʻōlelo? ʻO ka wikiwiki! ʻAʻole paha kēia i kūpono i ka ʻae ʻia, akā ʻo ka mea aʻu i hana maikaʻi ai ua hana wikiwiki ʻia, ”kākau ʻo ia iā Giacomo Sacchero, kekahi o kāna freettists, a ʻo nā hopena, ʻoiai ʻaʻole mau, ua hōʻoia i ka pono o kēia ʻōlelo. Ua kākau pololei ʻo Carlo Parmentola: "ʻO ka like ʻole o nā palapala a Donizetti i kēia manawa he wahi maʻamau no ka hoʻohewa ʻana, a me kāna hana hoʻomohala keʻokeʻo, ʻo nā kumu i ʻimi pinepine ʻia ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua alakaʻi mau ʻia ʻo ia e nā manawa palena ʻole. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻoiai ʻoiai he haumāna ma Bologna, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe mea i wikiwiki iā ia, ua hana ʻo ia me ka feverishly a hoʻomau i ka hana ma ka wikiwiki like ʻoiai, i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pōmaikaʻi, ua hoʻopau ʻo ia i ka pono e hoʻomau mau. Pono paha kēia e hana mau, me ka nānā ʻole i nā kūlana o waho, i ke kumukūʻai o ka hoʻonāwaliwali ʻana i ka mana o ka ʻono, kahi hiʻohiʻona o kona ʻano hoʻomaha ʻole ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani pila. A, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea haku mele i haʻalele i ka mana o Rossini, ua manaʻo nui i ka pono e hahai i nā loli i ka ʻono.

"No ka ʻoi aku o nā makahiki he ʻumi," i kākau ai ʻo Piero Mioli, "ua hōʻike kūʻokoʻa ʻia ke kālena ʻaoʻao nui o Donizetti i nā keaka koʻikoʻi, semi-koʻikoʻi a me ka comic e like me ka hapa haneli o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa opera Italia, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kēlā manawa. i ke kiʻi o ka Rossini maikaʻi ʻole, ʻoiai e hoʻomaka ana mai ka 30s XNUMXs, ʻo ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi e loaʻa i ka waiwai nui, ʻoiai, ua koi ʻia kēia e ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka romanticism a me ka hiʻohiʻona o ka mea hou e like me Bellini, ʻo ia hoʻi. malihini i ka comedy ... Inā hoʻokumu ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Rossini iā ​​ia iho ma Italia i ka lua a me ke kolu o nā makahiki o ke kenekulia XNUMX, inā piʻi ka hale kiʻi Verdi i ka lima, ʻo ka hā no Donizetti.

E noho ana i keia kulana nui, Donizetti, me kona ano kuokoa o ka hooikaika ana, holo i ka embodiment o ka oiaio hoao ana, ia ia i haawi aku i ka ia laulā, hoʻokuʻu aku ia lakou, ina pono, mai ka pahuhopu a me ka pono koi o ka dramatic sequence. Ma muli o ka ʻimi ʻana o ka haku mele, ua makemake ʻo ia i ka hope o ka moʻo opera ʻoiai ʻo ia wale nō ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻomaopopo ai i ka manaʻo. ʻO kēia makemake i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ka mea i hānai i kāna hoʻoikaika comic, mahalo i ka hana ʻana i nā caricatures a me nā caricatures, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea kākau nui loa o nā mele mele ma hope o Rossini, a ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia i kona huli ʻana i kona wā oʻo i nā ʻāpana comic i hōʻailona ʻia ʻaʻole wale e ka hoʻohenehene kaumaha. , aka, ma ke akahai a me ke kanaka. . Wahi a Francesco Attardi, "ʻo ka opera buffa i ka wā Romantic kahi counterbalance, kahi hoʻāʻo noʻonoʻo a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā manaʻo kūpono o ka melodrama o ka makahiki ʻumikumamāiwa. ʻO ka Opera buffa, me he mea lā, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ke kālā, e paipai ana iā mākou e noʻonoʻo hou e pili ana i ka opera seria. inā he hōʻike e pili ana i ke ʻano pilikanaka bourgeois.

ʻO ka hoʻoilina nui o Donizetti, ka mea e kali nei no ka ʻike ʻia ʻana, kūpono i ka loiloi maʻamau e like me ka mana o ke aʻo ʻana i ka hana a ka haku mele e like me Guglielmo Barblan e hāʻawi iā ia: "I ka manawa hea e maopopo ai iā mākou ka manaʻo noʻonoʻo o Donizetti? ʻO ka manaʻo i hoʻomaka mua ʻia i kaupaona ʻia ma luna o ia no hoʻokahi keneturi i hōʻike ʻia iā ia ma ke ʻano he mea pena, ʻoiai he akamai, akā lawe ʻia e kona māmā kupaianaha ma luna o nā pilikia āpau i mea e hāʻawi aku ai i ka mana o kahi manawa hoʻoikaika. ʻO ka nānā wikiwiki ʻana i ʻehiku mau kakini ʻo Donizetti opera, nā hoʻolaʻa hou ʻana o nā opera poina i kēia manawa, hōʻike ʻia, ma ke ʻano ʻē aʻe, inā i kekahi mau manaʻo ʻaʻole paha he manaʻo ʻino, a laila ma kāna mau hana koʻikoʻi ... He mea pena ʻo Donizetti i ʻike i ka ʻO ke kuleana o ka hana i hāʻawi ʻia iā ia a me ka nānā pono ʻana i ka moʻomeheu ʻEulopa, kahi āna i ʻike maopopo ai i ke ala hoʻokahi e neʻe ai i kā mākou melodrama mai nā kūlana maʻalahi i hāʻawi iā ia i ka provincialism, i kapa ʻia ʻo "kuʻuna" ".

G. Marchesi (unuhi e E. Greceanii)

Nā haku mele:

kahawai (74), me Madness (Una Follia, 1818, Venice), Poor wandering virtuosos (I piccoli virtuosi ambulanti, 1819, Bergamo), Peter the Great, the Russian Tsar, or the Livonian carpenter (Pietro il grande Czar delle Russie o Il Falegname di Livonia, 1819, Venice), male male ʻana (Le Nozze in villa, 1820-21, Mantua, carnival), Pomegranate Zoraida (1822, hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni "Argentina", Roma), Chiara a me Serafina, a i ʻole Pirates (1822, hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni " La Scala", Milan), Hauʻoli hoʻopunipuni (Il fortunato inganno, 1823, hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni "Nuovo", Naples), Kiaʻāina i ka pilikia (L'Ajo nell'imbarazzo, ʻike ʻia ʻo Don Gregorio, 1824, hale keaka "Valle", Roma) , Castle of the Invalidi (Il Castello degli invalidi, 1826, Carolino Theatre, Palermo), ʻEwalu mahina i ʻelua hola, a i ʻole nā ​​pio ma Siberia (Otto mesi in due ore, ossia Gli Esiliati in Siberia, 1827, Nuovo Theatre, Naples), Alina, Queen of Golconda (Alina regina di Golconda, 1828, Carlo Felice Theatre, Genoa), Pariah (1829, San Carlo Theatre, Naples), Elizabeth in the Castle Kenilw orth (Elisabetta al castello di Kenilworth, kapa ʻia hoʻi. ʻO Kenilworth Castle, ma muli o ka puke moʻolelo na W. Scott, 1829, ibid.), Anne Boleyn (1830, Carcano Theatre, Milan), Hugo, Count of Paris (1832, La Scala Theatre, Milan), Love Potion (L' Elisir). d'amore, 1832, Canobbiana Theatre, Milan), Parisina (ma hope o J. Byron, 1833, Pergola Theatre, Florence), Torquato Tasso (1833, Valle Theatre, Roma), Lucrezia Borgia (ma muli o ke keaka o ka inoa like V Hugo, 1833, La Scala Theatre, Milan), Marino Faliero (ma muli o ka pāʻani o ka inoa hoʻokahi e J. Byron, 1835, Italien Theatre, Paris), Mary Stuart (1835, La Scala Theatre, Milan), Lucia di ʻO Lammermoor (ma muli o ka puke moʻolelo na W. Scott "The Lammermoor Bride", 1835, ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo San Carlo, Naples), Belisarius (1836, ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Fenice, Venice), The Siege of Calais (L'Assedio di Calais, 1836, ka hale keaka ” San Carlo, Naples), Pia de'Tolomei (1837, Apollo Theatre, Venice), Robert Devereux, or Earl of Essex (1837, San Carlo Theatre, Naples), Maria Di Rudenz (1838, theater ” Fenice, Venice ), Kaikamahine o ka Regiment(La fille du régiment, 1840, Opera Comique, Paris), Martyrs (Les Martyrs , he paʻi hou o Polyeuctus, e pili ana i ka pōʻino a P. Corneille, 1840, ka Grand Opera Theatre, Paris), Favorite (1840, ibid. ), Adelia, a i ole ke kaikamahine a ka Panapana (Adelia, e pili ana i La figlia dell'arciere, 1841, hale keaka ” Apollo, Roma), Linda di Chamouni (1842, Kärntnertorteatr, Vienna), Don Pasquale (1843, Italien Theatre, Paris) , Maria di Rohan (Maria dl Rohan ma Il conte di Chalais, 1843, Kärntnertorteatr) , Vienna), Don Sebastian o Pokukala (1843, Grand Opera Theatre, Paris), Caterina Cornaro (1844, San Carlo Theatre, Naples) a me nā mea'ē aʻe; 3 oratorio, 28 cantata, 16 himeni, 19 quartet, 3 quintets, mele halepule, nui na hana leo.