Giovanni Mario |
Giovanni Mario
ʻO kekahi o nā mea mele maikaʻi loa o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua loaʻa ʻo Mario i kahi leo maʻemaʻe a piha i ka leo me ka velvety timbre, impeccable musicality, a me nā mākau kūlana maikaʻi loa. He mea hoʻokani mele mele koʻikoʻi ʻo ia.
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Giovanni Mario (inoa maoli ʻo Giovanni Matteo de Candia) ma ʻOkakopa 18, 1810 ma Cagliari, Sardinia. Ma ke ʻano he aloha ʻāina ʻē a like me ke aloha i ka hana noʻeau, ua haʻalele ʻo ia i nā inoa ʻohana a me ka ʻāina i kona mau makahiki ʻōpio, a lilo ʻo ia i lālā o ka neʻe hoʻokuʻu aupuni. I ka hopena, ua koi ʻia ʻo Giovanni e holo i kāna kamaʻāina ʻo Sardinia, i alualu ʻia e nā pūʻali koa.
Ma Paris, ua lawe ʻia ʻo ia e Giacomo Meyerbeer, nāna i hoʻomākaukau iā ia no ke komo ʻana i ka Paris Conservatoire. Ma laila ʻo ia i aʻo ai i ka hīmeni ʻana me L. Popshar lāua ʻo M. Bordogna. Ma hope o ke puka ʻana mai ka conservatory, ua hoʻomaka ka helu ʻōpio ma lalo o ka pseudonym Mario e hana ma ke kahua.
Ma ka ʻōlelo aʻo a Meyerbeer, i ka makahiki 1838 ua hana ʻo ia i ka hana nui ma ka opera Robert the Devil ma ke kahua o ka Grand Opera. Mai ka makahiki 1839, ua mele ʻo Mario me ka lanakila nui ma ke kahua o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Italia, a lilo i mea hoʻokani mua o nā hana nui ma nā keaka a Donizetti: Charles ("Linda di Chamouni", 1842), Ernesto ("Don Pasquale", 1843) .
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 40, hana ʻo Mario ma ʻEnelani, kahi āna i hīmeni ai ma ka Covent Garden Theatre. Maanei, hui pū nā hopena o ka mea mele ʻo Giulia Grisi lāua ʻo Mario, ka mea i aloha nui i kekahi i kekahi. ʻO nā mea hana kiʻi i ke aloha i noho kaʻawale ʻaʻole wale i ke ola, akā ma ke kahua hoʻi.
Ua kaulana koke ʻo Mario, ua huakaʻi ʻo Mario ma ʻEulopa, a hāʻawi i kahi hapa nui o kāna mau uku nui i nā poʻe aloha ʻāina ʻo Italia.
"He mea pena kiʻi ʻo Mario no ka moʻomeheu maʻalahi," i kākau ai ʻo AA Gozenpud - he kanaka i pili pono i nā manaʻo holomua o ke au, a ma luna o nā mea āpau he aloha ʻāina ahi, ʻo Mazzini like. ʻAʻole wale ʻo Mario i kōkua nui i ka poʻe hakakā no ke kūʻokoʻa o Italia. He kanaka kiʻi-makaʻāinana, ua hoʻokomo pono ʻo ia i ke kumumanaʻo hoʻokuʻu i kāna hana, ʻoiai ua kaupalena ʻia nā mea hiki ke hana i kēia e ka repertoire a, ma luna o nā mea a pau, ma ke ʻano o ka leo: ʻo ka lyric tenor ke hana ma ke ʻano he mea aloha i ka opera. ʻAʻole ʻo Heroics kāna pōʻai. ʻO Heine, he mea hōʻike i nā hana mua a Mario lāua ʻo Grisi, i ʻike wale i ka mea mele i kā lākou hana. Ua kākau ʻia kāna loiloi i ka makahiki 1842 a ua ʻike ʻia kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka hana a ka poʻe mele.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua kokoke nā mele iā Grisi lāua ʻo Mario ma hope, akā ʻaʻole ia i uhi i ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o kā lākou hana hana. ʻAʻole i hoʻokani ʻo Roubini i nā operas o Meyerbeer a me ka ʻōpio ʻo Verdi, ua hoʻoholo ʻia kāna mau mea nani e ka Rossini-Bellini-Donizetti triad. He ʻelele ʻo Mario no kekahi au ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ua hoʻohuli ʻia ʻo ia e Rubini.
He unuhi ʻōlelo koʻikoʻi o nā kuleana o Edgar ("Lucia di Lammermoor"), Count Almaviva ("The Barber of Seville"), Arthur ("Puritanes"), Nemorino ("Love Potion"), Ernesto ("Don Pasquale") a me he nui nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia me ka mākaukau hoʻokahi āna i hana ai iā Robert, Raoul a me John ma nā keaka o Meyerbeer, ke Duke ma Rigoletto, Manrico ma Il trovatore, Alfred ma La Traviata.
ʻO Dargomyzhsky, ka mea i lohe iā Mario i nā makahiki mua o kāna mau hana ma ke kahua, i ka makahiki 1844, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia penei: "… ʻO Mario, he tenor i kona maikaʻi loa, me ka leo ʻoluʻolu a hou, akā ʻaʻole ikaika, ua maikaʻi loa ʻo ia i hoʻomanaʻo mai iaʻu i kahi. hailona o Rubini, ia ia, eia nae, nana maopopo e hoohalike. ʻAʻole ʻo ia he kiʻi kiʻi paʻa i kēia manawa, akā ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei au pono ʻo ia e ala kiʻekiʻe loa.
I kēlā makahiki hoʻokahi, ua kākau ka mea haku mele Lūkia a me ka mea hoʻohewa ʻo AN Serov: "Ua loaʻa i nā Italia nā fiascos maikaʻi loa i kēia hoʻoilo e like me ka Bolshoi Opera. Ma keʻano like, ua hoʻopiʻi nui ka lehulehu e pili ana i ka poʻe mele, a ʻo ka mea ʻokoʻa wale nō ka makemake ʻole o nā virtuosos leo Italia i kekahi manawa, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i ka poʻe Farani ke hīmeni. Eia naʻe, he mau pō pō Italia aloha ʻelua, ʻo Signor Mario lāua ʻo Signora Grisi, aia nō naʻe ma ko lāua kūlana ma ka hale o Vantadour a lawe pū iā mākou me kā lāua ʻauʻau i ka pūnāwai mohala loa, ʻoiai ke anu, ka hau a me ka makani ma Paris, e haʻalulu ana nā ʻahamele piano. na hoopaapaa ma na elele keena a me Polani. ʻAe, hauʻoli lākou, nā poʻe pō; ʻO ka opera Italia kahi ulu mele mau kahi aʻu e pakele ai i ka wā e hoʻoheheʻe ai ka melancholy hoʻoilo iaʻu, i ka wā e lilo ai nā hau o ke ola i mea hiki ʻole iaʻu. Ma laila, ma kahi kihi ʻoluʻolu o kahi pahu i pani ʻia, e pumehana hou ʻoe iā ʻoe iho; ʻO nā mele mele e hoʻohuli i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo paʻakikī i ka poema, e nalowale ka ʻiʻini i nā arabesque pua, a e minoʻaka hou ka naʻau. He mea leʻaleʻa i ka wā e hīmeni ai ʻo Mario, a i ka maka o Grisi e ʻike ʻia nā leo o ka pō i ke aloha me he leo ʻike ʻia. Nani ka hauʻoli i ka wā e hīmeni ai ʻo Grisi, a ʻo ka nānā ʻoluʻolu a me ka ʻakaʻaka hauʻoli o Mario e hāmama me ka leo leo! He kāne maikaʻi! ʻO kahi haku mele Peresia i kapa i ka pō, he rose ma waena o nā manu, a ʻo ka rose he pō ma waena o nā pua, eia ka mea e huikau a huikau i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, no ka mea, ʻo ia a me Mario lāua ʻo Grisi, ʻaʻole i ke mele wale nō, nani.
I ka makahiki 1849-1853, ua hoʻokani ʻo Mario a me kāna wahine ʻo Giulia Grisi ma ke kahua o ka ʻOpera Italia ma St. Petersburg. ʻO ka timbre hoʻohiwahiwa, kaʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka nani o ka leo, e like me ka poʻe o kēia wā, ua hoʻopio i ka lehulehu. Ua mahalo ʻo V. Botkin i ka hana ʻana a Mario i ka ʻāpana o Arthur ma The Puritans, ua kākau ʻo V. Botkin: “ʻO ka leo o Mario ʻo ia ke kani ʻana o ka cello haʻahaʻa loa i ka maloʻo, ʻinoʻino ke hele pū lākou me kāna mele: ke kahe ʻana o kekahi ʻano mehana uila i loko. komo iā ʻoe , kahe maikaʻi i loko o nā aʻalolo a lawe i nā manaʻo āpau i loko o ka manaʻo hohonu; ʻAʻole kēia he kaumaha, ʻaʻole hopohopo noʻonoʻo, ʻaʻole hauʻoli nui, akā ʻo ka manaʻo.
Ua ʻae ke kālena o Mario iā ia e hōʻike i nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe me ka hohonu like a me ka ikaika - ʻaʻole wale i ka palupalu a me ka leʻaleʻa, akā ʻo ka huhū, ka huhū, ke kaumaha. Ma kahi o ka hōʻino ma Lucia, ʻo ka mea pena, me ke koa, kanikau, kānalua a ʻeha. Ua kākau ʻo Serov no ke kiʻi hope loa: "He ʻoiaʻiʻo nui kēia i lawe ʻia i kona kiʻekiʻe." Me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo loa, alakaʻi pū ʻo Mario i ke ʻano o ka hui ʻana o Manrico me Leonora ma Il trovatore, e neʻe ana mai ka "naive, hauʻoli kamaliʻi, poina i nā mea āpau o ka honua", i ka "hoʻohuhū lili, i nā hōʻino ʻawaʻawa, i ka leo o ka manaʻolana piha. he mea aloha i haʻalele ʻia ..." - "Eia poetry ʻoiaʻiʻo, keaka ʻoiaʻiʻo," i kākau ai ʻo Serov mahalo.
"He mea hoʻokani maikaʻi ʻole ʻo ia o ka ʻāpana o Arnold ma William Tell," wahi a Gozenpud. - Ma St. Petersburg, hīmeni pinepine ʻo Tamberlik iā ia, akā i nā ʻaha mele, kahi i haʻalele ʻia ai ka trio mai kēia opera, i haʻalele ʻia i nā hana, kani pinepine ʻo Mario. "I kāna hana ʻana, ʻo ka uwē nui o Arnold a me kāna "Alarmi!" hoʻopiha, hoʻoluliluli a hoʻoulu i ka hale nui holoʻokoʻa. Me ka hana keaka ikaika, ua hana ʻo ia i ka ʻāpana o Raoul ma The Huguenots a me John ma The Prophet (The Siege of Leiden), kahi o P. Viardot kona hoa.
Loaʻa i ka nani o ke kahua, ka nani, ka plastique, ka hiki ke komo i ka lole, ʻo Mario i kēlā me kēia hana āna i hoʻokani hou ai i kahi kiʻi hou. Ua kākau ʻo Serov e pili ana i ka haʻaheo Castilian o Mario-Ferdinand ma The Favourite, e pili ana i kona makemake nui melancholic i ka hana a Lucia i aloha ʻole, e pili ana i ka hanohano a me ka wiwo ʻole o kāna Raul. ʻO ka pale ʻana i ka hanohano a me ka maʻemaʻe, ua hoʻāhewa ʻo Mario i ka meanness, cynicism a me ka voluptuousness. Me he mea lā ʻaʻohe mea i loli i ke ʻano o ke kahua o ka meʻe, ua like kona kani ʻana i kona leo e like me ka hoihoi, akā me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka mea hoʻolohe-nānā, ua hōʻike ka mea pena i ke ʻano lokoino a me ka ʻole o ka naʻau o ke ʻano. ʻO ia kāna Duke ma Rigoletto.
Maʻaneʻi ua hana ka mea mele i ke kiʻi o kahi kanaka moe kolohe, he cynic, nona hoʻokahi pahuhopu - leʻaleʻa. Ke koi nei kona Duke i kona kuleana e kū ma luna o nā kānāwai a pau. Mario - He weliweli ka Duke me ka nele o ka ʻuhane.
Ua kākau ʻo A. Stakhovich: "ʻO nā tenor kaulana a pau aʻu i lohe ai ma hope o Mario ma kēia keaka, mai Tamberlik a hiki i Mazini ... mele ... he aloha (ʻo ke Duke) me nā roulades, nightingale trills a me nā hana hoʻopunipuni like ʻole i hauʻoli i ka lehulehu ... ma keia aria, ka lealea a me ka oluolu o ke koa i ka manao ana i ka lanakila oluolu. ʻAʻole kēia ke mele ʻo Mario i kēia mele, hoʻokani ʻia e nā hurdy-gurdies. I loko o kāna hīmeni ʻana, hiki ke lohe i ka ʻike ʻia o ke aliʻi, i hoʻopau ʻia e ke aloha o nā nani haʻaheo a pau o kona alo a maʻona i ka kūleʻa ... Ua kani kamahaʻo kēia mele i nā lehelehe o Mario no ka manawa hope loa, i ka wā e like me ka tiger. ʻO ka hoʻomāinoino ʻana i kāna mea i hōʻeha ʻia, ua uwē ka mea ʻakaʻaka ma luna o ke kupapaʻu… ʻO kēia manawa o ka opera ma luna o nā monologues Triboulet i ka hana keaka a Hugo. Akā ʻo kēia manawa weliweli, ka mea e hāʻawi nui ai i ke kālena o kahi mea pena kiʻi i ka hana ʻo Rigoletto, ua piha i ka weliweli no ka lehulehu pū kekahi, me hoʻokahi mele ma hope o Mario. Me ka mālie, kokoke i ka nininiʻiaʻana, kani kona leo, e mae mālie ana i ka wanaʻao hou o ke kakahiaka - e hiki mai ana ka lā, a he nui nā lā likeʻole e hiki mai ana, a me ka hoʻopaʻiʻole, me ka manaʻoʻole, akā me nā leʻaleʻa halaʻole like, ka nani. e kahe ana ke ola o ka "meʻe o ke aliʻi". ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka wā i mele ai ʻo Mario i kēia mele, ʻo ka pōʻino ... o ke kūlana i hōʻoluʻolu i ke koko o Rigoletto a me ka lehulehu.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano o Mario ma ke ʻano he mele aloha, ua kākau ka mea hoʻohewa o Otechestvennye Zapiski "no ke kula ʻo Rubini lāua ʻo Ivanov, ʻo ke ʻano nui o ia ... ʻoluʻolu, ʻoiaʻiʻo, cantabile. Aia i loko o kēia ʻoluʻolu kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona kumu a nani loa o ka nebula: i loko o ke kani o ka leo o Mario aia ka nui o kēlā romanticism i lanakila ma ka leo o ka Waldhorn - ʻo ka maikaʻi o ka leo he mea hiki ʻole a hauʻoli loa. Kaʻana like ʻana i ke ʻano maʻamau o nā tenor o kēia kula, he leo kiʻekiʻe loa kona (ʻaʻole mālama ʻo ia i ka si-bemol luna, a hiki i ka falsetto i fa). Hoʻokahi Rubini i ʻike ʻole ʻia mai ka leo o ka umauma i kahi fistula; ʻO nā tenor a pau i lohe ʻia ma hope ona, ua hoʻokokoke ʻo Mario ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe i kēia hemolele: piha kāna falsetto, palupalu, akahai a maʻalahi hoʻi i nā aka o ka piano… … He nani nā ʻōlelo a Mario, e like me nā mele a pau i hoʻonaʻauao ʻia e ka lehulehu Farani… Ua hoʻopiha ʻia nā mele a pau me ke kala hoʻohiwahiwa, e ʻōlelo paha kākou ua lawe ʻia ʻo Mario e ia i kekahi manawa… .
Ua ʻike ʻo Serov, ka mea i mahalo nui i ke ʻano o Mario, "ke kālena o kahi mea hoʻokani mele o ka mana nui", "ka lokomaikaʻi, ka ʻoluʻolu, ka maʻalahi", ka ʻono kiʻekiʻe a me ka stylistic flair. Ua kākau ʻo Serov ua hōʻike ʻo Mario ma "Huguenots" iā ia iho "ka mea pena kiʻi nani loa, i kēia manawa ʻaʻohe mea like"; ʻoi aku ka manaʻo nui i kona hōʻike ʻana. "ʻO kēlā hana ma ke kahua opera kahi mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia."
Ua nānā nui ʻo Mario i ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokūkū, ka pololei o ka mōʻaukala o ka lole. No laila, i ka hana ʻana i ke kiʻi o ke Duke, ua lawe ʻo Mario i ka hero o ka opera kokoke i ke ʻano o ka pāʻani o Victor Hugo. Ma ka hiʻohiʻona, make-up, ʻaʻahu, hana hou ka mea pena i nā hiʻohiʻona o kahi Francis I maoli. Wahi a Serov, he kiʻi mōʻaukala ola hou ia.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole wale ʻo Mario i mahalo i ka pololei o ka mōʻaukala o ka lole. Ua hana ʻia kekahi hanana hoihoi i ka wā i hana ʻia ai ʻo Meyerbeer's The Prophet ma St. Petersburg i nā makahiki 50. ʻO ka mea i hala aku nei, ua lele ka nalu o nā kipi kipi ma ʻEulopa. Wahi a ka manaʻo o ka opera, ʻo ka make ʻana o kahi mea hoʻopunipuni i ʻaʻa e kau i ka lei aliʻi iā ia iho e hōʻike ana i ka hopena like e kali nei i nā mea a pau e komo i ka mana kūpono. ʻO ka Emperor Russian Nicholas I pono'ī i hahai i ka hoʻomākaukauʻana i ka hana me ka nānā kūikawā, e nānā pono ana i nā kiko'ī o kaʻaʻahu. ʻO ka lei aliʻi i kau ʻia e Ioane ua kau ʻia ma luna o ke keʻa. 'Ōleloʻo A. Rubinstein, ma hope o kona heleʻana i hope, ua huli ke tsar i ka mea hoʻokani (Mario) me kahi noi e wehe i ka lei aliʻi. A laila, ʻoki ʻo Nikolai Pavlovich i ke keʻa mai ka lei aliʻi a hoʻihoʻi iā ia i ka mea mele pupule. ʻAʻole hiki i ke keʻa ke uhi i ke poʻo o ke kipi.
I ka makahiki 1855/68, ua kaapuni ka mea mele ma Paris, Lādana, Madrid, a i ka makahiki 1872/73 ua kipa ʻo ia i ʻAmelika.
I ka makahiki 1870, hana ʻo Mario no ka manawa hope loa ma St. Petersburg, a haʻalele i ke kahua ʻekolu makahiki ma hope.
Ua make ʻo Mario i ka lā 11 o Dekemaba, 1883 ma Roma.
