Lila. Nā ʻano lira. Pehea e koho ai i ka lira?

He kaula kaula ka lira uhukiia mea kani.

ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea kani kahiko loa. Ua loaʻa nō hoʻi nā lira i ka wā e ʻeli ʻia ai nā kauhale o Sumerian, a ma nā kiʻi pena kahiko o ʻAigupita, a ua ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia ma ka Baibala. Me kona leo kupua, ua lanakila ka lira i na naau o na miliona kanaka no na tausani makahiki. Ua loaʻa i nā kānaka like ʻole nā ​​lira o nā ʻōnaehana like ʻole, nā ʻano a me nā ʻano. Ua hoʻololi a hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka mea hana i nā manawa he nui. Ma ʻEulopa, ua loaʻa i ka harp ka kaulana loa mai ka XVIII kenekulia. Ua ʻike ʻia ua makemake ʻo Empress Elizaveta Petrovna e pāʻani ma luna.

I kēia manawa, hoʻohana ʻia ka harp ma ke ʻano he solo a me ka hui, mea hoʻokani pila ma nā ʻano a me nā ʻano mele. Mai kēia ʻatikala e aʻo ai ʻoe i ke ʻano o nā lira o kēia wā a me ka mea kani maikaʻi ke kūʻai.

Lila pedal nui

He mea hoʻokani hoʻokahi a me ka ensemble. ʻO ia ka harp pedal i hoʻokani ʻia e ka poʻe hoʻokani pila ʻoihana ma nā orkestra, aʻo ʻia e hoʻokani i nā kula mele a me nā conservatories.

ʻOiai ua ʻike ʻia ka harp ma ʻEulopa i kahi manawa lōʻihi loa (ua kākau ka mea haku mele Italia ʻo C. Monteverdi i nā ʻāpana no ia i ka makahiki 17), ua kaulana maoli ka mea kani ma ka ka lua ka hapalua o ka 18th - mua 19th kenekulia. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka harp pedal no ka manawa lōʻihi, i nā manawa āpau e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana . Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka harp pedal mua e ka Bavarian Jakob Hochbrücker i ke kenekulia 18, akā ua loaʻa ka mea kani i kona ʻano hou i ke kenekulia 19 wale nō.

ʻO ka haku Farani ʻo Sebastian Erard, e hilinaʻi ana i nā ʻike o kona mau mua, ua hiki ke hiki, ma muli o ka pedal. hana , e hoʻokani i nā semitone chromatic ma luna a ma lalo o ka harp (hoʻokahi wale nō neʻe o ka harp Hochbrücker).

ka penei: 7 pedals ke kuleana no nā kaula o kekahi memo ("do", "re", "mi", "fa", i kēlā me kēia). ʻEkolu koho kūlana o kēlā me kēia pedal: "becar", "flat" a me "sharp". Ke kau nei i ka pedal i kahi kūlana, hoʻokiʻekiʻe a hoʻohaʻahaʻa paha ka mea hoʻokani i nā kaula a pau o kēia pedal. Hana ʻia kēia ma ka hoʻonui ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka haʻalulu o nā kaula. ʻO kēia hana ʻae ʻia ka mea kani e lilo i ʻenehana a maikaʻi loa, ʻoiai ma mua o ka mea i koi ʻia ka mea hoʻokani, i ka wā e hoʻokani ana i ka mea kani, e huki i nā makau me kona lima hema e hoʻokiʻekiʻe a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka leo, akā i kēia manawa ua hāʻawi ʻia kēia hana i nā wāwae.

(pedal hana o ka harp)

Mai kēia manawa, lilo ka lira i lālā piha o kahi orkestra symphony nui. Loaʻa ia ma nā helu o Beethoven, Berlioz, Debussy, Wagner, Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninov, Shostakovich a me nā mea haku mele he nui. Hoʻohālike pinepine ka lira i nā leo o ka lute a i ʻole ke kīkā. No laila, no ka laʻana, ma ka opera ʻo Rachmaninov ʻo Aleko, kahi ʻōpio gypsy, ʻoiai e hīmeni ana i kahi aloha, ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ia e ʻohi i nā kaula o kahi kīkā ma ke kahua, akā hele pū ka harp me ka mea mele mai ka orchestra. Loaʻa pinepine ʻia ka mea kani ma nā hana no nā hui keʻena, a aia nā hana solo i kākau ʻia no ka lira a i hoʻonohonoho ʻia no ia mea.

Ka laulā o ka pedal harp mai ka "D-flat" counteroctave a i ka "G-sharp" o ka ha octave. He kumukūʻai nui nā kaula harp, no laila ʻaʻole kūʻai pinepine ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he set, akā hoʻololi ʻia e like me ka mea e pono ai.

I kēia lā, nui nā ʻoihana loea i ka hana ʻana i nā lira. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa o lākou ʻo ka Farani ” Camac" a ka ʻAmelika "Lyon & Healy".

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Lyon & Healy ma Chicago i ka makahiki 1864. Ua kapa pinepine ʻia nā mea kani o kēia hui ʻo "American" e nā mea kani. Hoʻokani pinepine ʻia kēia mau lira e nā mea hoʻokani pila ma ka hale keaka a me ka philharmonic orchestras.

Ma ke kumu o ka prototype o nā mea kani ʻAmelika i hana ʻia ai nā mea kani Soviet "Leningradka", i ʻike ʻia ma 1947 wale nō. ʻO kēia mau lira loaʻa i nā mechanics ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, akā hoʻohana mau ʻia lākou e like me nā mea kani haumāna ma nā kula mele a me nā conservatories. I kēia mau lā, ʻo ka hale hana ʻo St. Petersburg wale nō ka mea hana i nā lira.

ʻO nā ana nui ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka mea kani, no laila ma ka home a ma ka orkestra, hoʻokani nā mea hoʻokani i nā lira like ʻole.

Levers harp

Ua kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo " Celtic ” harp, ʻaʻole ia he ʻoiaʻiʻo loa mai ka ʻike mōʻaukala. Kapa ʻia ka mea paahana he "levers" no ka mea he ʻano hana no ke kūkulu hou ʻana i ka mea hana. Ua like loa me ka hana o ka harp hook "Baroque" hope loa. ʻO ka mea ma mua o ka hana ʻana o nā mea kani pedal mua. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia mīkini in ke kenekulia 17. Me ke kōkua o ka "hook", ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe a hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ka leo o kahi kaula. A hiki i kēia manawa, he diatonic wale nō nā lira, a he mau kaula “chromatic” hou aʻe. Nui nā ʻano o levee ʻano harp, akā ʻokoʻa iki lākou. ʻO keʻano o ka hāpaiʻana i nā kaula pono'ī ma keʻano o "levers", a aia ma keʻano o "blades". I ka manawa like, ka loina hanaka mīkini ʻaʻole loli nui.

ʻAʻole hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia ʻano mea kani i ka symphony orchestra. He liʻiliʻi loa nā lira lever (22 string), hiki iā ʻoe ke paʻa i ka mea kani ma kou mau kuli, a nui (38 string). He mea maʻamau nō hoʻi nā levers lira me nā kaula he 27 a me 34. Hoʻokani ʻia nā lira levers e nā poʻe loea a me nā mea hoʻokani pila a me nā mea hoʻokani pila.

Hoʻohana ikaika ʻia ka lira hema i nā mele hou. Ua kaulana loa lākou ma ka ka lua ʻO ka hapalua o ke kenekulia 20 ma muli o ke ʻano o ka moʻomeheu kaulana, ke ʻano no ka lāhui, hikina a Celtic mele. Hoʻohana kēia i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka inoa o ka mea kani i ka ʻike nui e like me ka " Celtic ” lira. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo kahi "neo- Celtic ” hiki ke kapa ʻia kēia mea kani me ke kiko nui.

Pehea e koho ai i ka lira

ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻo ka lira ka mea paʻakikī loa e hoʻopaʻa ʻia, pono ia i ka hana nui a me ka hoʻoikaika. Ke koho ʻana i kahi harp, e like me nā mea kani ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e nīnau i kahi loea. Eia naʻe, inā e hoʻolālā ana ʻoe e aʻo i ka hoʻokani ʻana i ka harp iā ʻoe iho a ke kūʻai nei i mea kani nou iho, pono ʻoe e hoʻoholo i kāu mea e makemake ai. Inā makemake ʻoe i ke kani o ka mea kani a me kona kiʻi aloha, akā ʻaʻole ʻoe i hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ka mea kani āu e makemake ai e hoʻokani, a laila pono ʻoe e nānā pono i nā lira lever liʻiliʻi. No ka hana mele home, ka hana o nā hana ʻoluʻolu māmā, e lawa loa kēia mea kani.

Inā koho ʻoe i kahi harp no kahi keiki, a laila pono ke kūkākūkā mua me ke kumu, no ka mea he nui nā ʻano a me nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka mea kani e pono ai e hoʻomaka i ke aʻo ʻana i nā keiki. No laila, no ka laʻana, ma Moscow, ua aʻo ʻia nā keiki e pāʻani i nā lira lima hema, a ma St. Eia naʻe, pono e kūʻai koke ke keiki i kahi mea kani nui me ka helu piha o nā kaula.

ʻO ka lira kekahi o nā mea kani makamae loa. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai o nā lira pedal. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā mea hana haku ma mua o nā mea i hana ʻia e kahi hui hilinaʻi. Hoʻomaka ke kumu kūʻai o nā lira pedal mai 200,000 rubles a pau i nā haneli haneli mau kālā. Ma nāʻano he nui, pili ia i ka hui, ke kani kani, a me nā mea i hoʻohanaʻia.

ʻO ke kumukūʻai o nā lira lever, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, pili i ka helu o nā kaula. Eia kekahi, kūʻai ʻia kekahi mau mea hana me ka ʻole o nā levers (mai 20,000 rubles). Hāʻawi ka mea hana e kūʻai aku iā lākou a hoʻokomo wale i nā kaula "pono". (ʻO ke kumukūʻai o kahi hoʻonohonoho levers ≈ 20,000-30,000 rubles). Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kūpono kēia ala no nā amateurs. ʻO nā hiki o ia mea paahana e palena loa. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūʻai koke ʻana i kahi mea kani me nā levers i kau ʻia ma luna o ia (mai 50,000 rubles me ka liʻiliʻi o nā kaula).