Leonard Bernstein |

Leonard Bernstein

ʻAe, ʻaʻohe mea huna i loko? Ua hoʻomālamalama ʻia ʻo ia ma ke kahua, hāʻawi ʻia i ke mele! Makemake nā Orchestras. R. Celletti

ʻO nā hana a L. Bernstein he mea kupanaha, ʻo ka mea mua, me kā lākou ʻokoʻa: he haku mele akamai, i ʻike ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa ʻo ia ka mea kākau o ka mele "West Side Story", ka mea alakaʻi nui loa o ke kenekulia XNUMX. (ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ma waena o nā mea hoʻokō kūpono loa o G. Karayan), he mea kākau mele mele a me ke kumu aʻo, hiki ke loaʻa i kahi ʻōlelo maʻamau me ka lehulehu o ka poʻe hoʻolohe, piano a me ke kumu.

ʻO ka lilo ʻana i mea hoʻokani mele ʻo Bernstein i koho ʻia e ka hopena, a ua hahai ʻo ia i ke ala i koho ʻia, ʻoiai nā pilikia, i kekahi manawa nui loa. I ka makahiki 11 o ke keiki, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e lawe i nā haʻawina mele a ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e lilo i mea hoʻokani pila. Akā,ʻo ka makuakāne, ka mea i manaʻo i ka mele he leʻaleʻa nele,ʻaʻole i uku i nā haʻawina, a hoʻomaka ke keiki e loaʻa kālā no kāna aʻoʻana iā ia iho.

I ka makahiki 17, ua komo ʻo Bernstein i ke Kulanui ʻo Harvard, kahi āna i aʻo ai i ke ʻano o ka haku mele, hoʻokani piano, hoʻolohe i nā haʻi'ōlelo e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala mele, philology a me ke akeakamai. Ma hope o kona puka ʻana mai ke kulanui i ka makahiki 1939, ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i kāna mau haʻawina - i kēia manawa ma Curtis Institute of Music ma Philadelphia (1939-41). ʻO kahi hanana i ke ola o Bernstein he hālāwai me ka alakaʻi alakaʻi nui loa, he kamaʻāina o Rūsia, ʻo S. Koussevitzky. ʻO kahi internship ma lalo o kāna alakaʻi ʻana ma ka Berkshire Music Center (Tanglewood) i hōʻailona i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi pilina aloha ma waena o lākou. Ua lilo ʻo Bernstein i mea kōkua no Koussevitzky a ua lilo koke i alakaʻi alakaʻi o ka New York Philharmonic Orchestra (1943-44). Ma mua o kēia, me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka loaʻa kālā mau, ua noho ʻo ia ma ke kālā mai nā haʻawina maʻamau, nā hana ʻaha mele, nā hana taper.

ʻO kahi pōʻino hauʻoli i wikiwiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻoihana alakaʻi akamai Bernstein. Ua maʻi koke ʻo B. Walter kaulana i ka honua, ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokani me ka New York Orchestra. E hoomaha ana ke alakai mau o ka orkestra, o A. Rodzinsky, ma waho o ke kulanakauhale (he Sabati ia), a aohe mea i koe o ka haawi ana aku i ka ahamele i ke kokua novice. Ma hope o ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka pō holoʻokoʻa e aʻo i nā helu paʻakikī loa, ʻike ʻia ʻo Bernstein i ka lā aʻe, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻokahi. He lanakila ia no ka mea alakaʻi ʻōpio a me ke ʻano o ke ao mele.

Mai kēia manawa, wehe ʻia nā keʻena ʻaha mele nui loa ma ʻAmelika a me ʻEulopa i mua o Bernstein. I ka makahiki 1945, ua pani ʻo ia iā L. Stokowski ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi alakaʻi nui o ka New York City Symphony Orchestra, alakaʻi ʻia i nā orkestra ma Lākana, Vienna, a me Milan. Ua hoʻopio ʻo Bernstein i ka poʻe hoʻolohe me kāna ʻano kumu, hoʻoikaika aloha, a me ka hohonu o ke komo ʻana i ke mele. ʻAʻole ʻike palena ʻia ka hana kiʻi o ka mea hoʻokani mele: alakaʻi ʻo ia i kekahi o kāna mau hana comic ... "me ka lima ʻole", e hoʻomalu ana i ka orchestra me nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā maka. Ma mua o 10 makahiki (1958-69) ua lawelawe ʻo Bernstein ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi alakaʻi o ka New York Philharmonic a hiki i kona hoʻoholo ʻana e hāʻawi i ka manawa a me ka ikaika i ka haku mele.

Ua hoʻomaka ʻia nā hana a Bernstein i ka manawa like me kāna hoʻomaka ʻana ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi (ka leo leo "I Hate Music", ka symphony "Jeremia" ma kahi kikokikona mai ka Baibala no ka leo a me ka orchestra, ka ballet "Unloved"). I kona mau makahiki ʻōpio, makemake ʻo Bernstein i nā mele keaka. ʻO ia ka mea kākau o ka opera Unrest in Tahiti (1952), ʻelua ballet; aka, ua hiki mai kona lanakila nui me na mele mele eha i kakauia no na hale keaka ma Broadway. ʻO ka mua o ka mua o lākou ("Ma ke kūlanakauhale") i mālama ʻia i ka makahiki 1944, a ua loaʻa koke ka nui o kāna mau helu i kaulana ʻo "militants". ʻO ke ʻano o ka mele mele a Bernstein e hoʻi i ke kumu maoli o ka moʻomeheu mele ʻAmelika: nā mele paniolo a me nā mele ʻeleʻele, nā hula Mekiko, nā mele jazz koi. Ma ka "Wonderful City" (1952), ua kū ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalua tausani mau hana i hoʻokahi kau, hiki i kekahi ke manaʻo i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ke koʻi - kaila jazz o nā makahiki 30. ʻAʻole naʻe he hōʻike leʻaleʻa wale ka mele. Ma Candide (1956), ua huli ka mea haku mele i ka manaʻo o Voltaire, a ʻo West Side Story (1957) ʻaʻole ia he mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka moʻolelo pōʻino o Romeo a me Juliet, i hoʻoili ʻia i ʻAmelika me kāna mau hakakā lāhui. Me kāna hana keaka, pili kēia mele i ka opera.

Ua kākau ʻo Bernstein i nā mele laʻa no ka hui himeni a me ka orchestra (oratorio Kaddish, Chichester Psalms), nā symphonies (Second, Age of Anxiety - 1949; ʻO ke kolu, hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ka makahiki 75th o ka Boston Orchestra - 1957), Serenade no ka string orchestra a me ka percussion ma ke kūkākūkā o Plato "Symposium" (1954, he moʻo papaʻaina e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ke aloha), nā helu kiʻiʻoniʻoni.

Mai ka makahiki 1951, i ka make ʻana o Koussevitzky, ua lawe ʻo Bernstein i kāna papa ma Tanglewood a hoʻomaka i ke aʻo ʻana ma ke Kulanui o Weltham (Massachusetts), e aʻo ana ma Harvard. Me ke kōkua o ke kīwī, ka poʻe hoʻolohe o Bernstein - he kumu aʻo a hoʻonaʻauao - ma mua o nā palena o kekahi kulanui. Ma nā haʻiʻōlelo a ma kāna mau puke ʻo The Joy of Music (1959) a me The Infinite Variety of Music (1966), hoʻāʻo ʻo Bernstein e hoʻopōʻino i ka poʻe me kona aloha i ke mele, ʻo kona hoihoi i ia mea.

I ka makahiki 1971, no ka wehe nui ʻana o ka Center for the Arts. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo J. Kennedy ma Wakinekona Bernstein i ka Mass, kahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ai nā loiloi mai ka poʻe hoʻohewa. He nui ka poʻe i huikau i ka hui ʻana o nā mele hoʻomana kuʻuna me nā mea o nā hōʻike Broadway kupaianaha (ʻo nā mea hula e komo i ka hana o ka Mass), nā mele i ke ʻano o ka jazz a me ka mele rock. ʻO kekahi ala a i ʻole, ua hōʻike ʻia ka laulā o nā makemake mele o Bernstein, kona omnivorousness a me ka nele loa o ka dogmatism. Ua kipa aku ʻo Bernstein i ka USSR ma mua o hoʻokahi manawa. I ka huakaʻi 1988 (ma ka pō o kona lā hānau 70) ua alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka International Orchestra o ka Schleswig-Holstein Music Festival (FRG), kahi o nā mea hoʻokani pila. "Ma keʻano laulā, he mea nui iaʻu e kamaʻilio i ke kumuhana o ka ʻōpio a kamaʻilio pū me ia," wahi a ka mea haku mele. "ʻO kēia kekahi o nā mea nui i ko mākou ola, no ka mea ʻo ka ʻōpio ko mākou wā e hiki mai ana. Makemake au e hāʻawi i koʻu ʻike a me koʻu mau manaʻo iā lākou, e aʻo iā lākou.

K. Zenkin

Me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻole ʻana i nā talena o Bernstein ma ke ʻano he haku mele, pianist, aʻo, hiki nō ke ʻōlelo me ka hilinaʻi he aie ʻo ia i kona kaulana ma ke ʻano o ke alakaʻi. Ua kāhea ka poʻe ʻAmelika a me ka poʻe mele mele ma ʻEulopa iā Bernstein, ke alakaʻi, ʻo ka mea mua. Ua hana ʻia i ka waena o kanahā, i ka manawa ʻaʻole i kanakolu makahiki ʻo Bernstein, a ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi kāna ʻike noʻeau. Ua loaʻa iā Leonard Bernstein kahi hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻomaʻamaʻa piha a piha. Ma ke Kulanui ʻo Harvard, ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka haku mele a me ka piano.

Ma ka Curtis Institute kaulana, ʻo R. Thompson kāna mau kumu no ka hoʻokani pila a me F. Reiner no ke alakaʻi. Ma waho aʻe o kēia, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo ia ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a S. Koussevitzky - ma ke kula kauwela ʻo Berkshire ma Tanglewood. I ka manawa like, i mea e loaʻa ai kahi ola, ua hoʻolimalima ʻia ʻo Lenny, e like me kona mau hoaaloha a me kāna mau mea mahalo iā ia, ma ke ʻano he pianist ma kahi hui choreographic. Akā, ua hoʻokuʻu kokeʻiaʻo ia, no ka mea, ma kahi o ka hula ballet maʻamau, ua koiʻo ia i ka poʻe hula e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke mele o Prokofiev, Shostakovich, Copland a me kāna mau hana pono'ī.

I ka makahiki 1943, lilo ʻo Bernstein i mea kōkua iā B. Walter ma ka New York Philharmonic Orchestra. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ua hoʻololi ʻo ia i kāna alakaʻi maʻi, a mai ia manawa ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻokani me ka holomua nui. I ka pau ʻana o 1E45, ua alakaʻi mua ʻo Bernstein i ka New York City Symphony Orchestra.

Ua hana ʻia ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana o ʻEulopa ma Bernstein ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke kaua - ma ka punawai Prague i ka makahiki 1946, kahi i hoʻokipa nui ʻia ai kāna mau ʻahamele. I kēlā mau makahiki hoʻokahi, ua kamaʻāina nā mea hoʻolohe i nā mele mua o Bernstein. ʻO kāna symphony "Jeremia" i ʻike ʻia e nā mea hoʻohewa ʻo ia ka hana maikaʻi loa o 1945 ma United States. Ua hōʻailona ʻia nā makahiki aʻe no Bernstein e nā haneli haneli, nā huakaʻi ma nā ʻāina like ʻole, nā hoʻomaka mua o kāna mau mele hou a me ka ulu mau ʻana o ka kaulana. ʻO ia ka mea mua ma waena o nā alakaʻi alakaʻi ʻAmelika i kū ma La Scala i ka makahiki 1953, a laila hoʻokani ʻo ia me nā orkestra maikaʻi loa ma ʻEulopa, a ma 1958 ke alakaʻi nei ʻo ia i ka New York Philharmonic Orchestra a hana koke ʻo ia i kahi huakaʻi lanakila ma ʻEulopa me ia. hana ma USSR; ʻO ka hope, ma hope iki, lilo ʻo ia i alakaʻi alakaʻi o ka Metropolitan Opera. ʻO nā huakaʻi ma ka Vienna State Opera, kahi i hana ai ʻo Bernstein i ka manaʻo maoli i ka makahiki 1966 me kāna wehewehe ʻana iā Verdi's Falstaff, ua loaʻa i ka ʻike honua o ka mea pena.

He aha nā kumu o kona holomua? ʻO ka mea i lohe iā Bernstein i hoʻokahi manawa e pane maʻalahi i kēia nīnau. He mea pena ʻo Bernstein i ka ʻano o ka lua pele e hoʻohauʻoli i ka poʻe hoʻolohe, hoʻolohe iā lākou i ke mele me ka hanu ʻana, ʻoiai ʻo kāna wehewehe ʻana he mea maʻamau a hoʻopaʻapaʻa paha iā ʻoe. ʻO ka orchestra ma lalo o kāna alakaʻi e hoʻokani mele me ka manuahi, kūlohelohe a i ka manawa like me ka ikaika ʻole - ʻo nā mea āpau e like me ka improvisation. ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o ka mea alakaʻi he mea hōʻike nui loa, ʻoluʻolu, akā i ka manawa like me ka pololei loa - me he mea lā ʻo kona kiʻi, kona mau lima a me nā hiʻohiʻona helehelena, me he mea lā, e hoʻomālamalama i ke mele i hānau ʻia ma mua o kou mau maka. ʻO kekahi o nā mea hoʻokani pila i kipa i ka hana a Falstaff i alakaʻi ʻia e Bernstein, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia he ʻumi mau minuke ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua haʻalele ʻo ia i ka nānā ʻana i ke kahua a ʻaʻole ʻo ia i haʻalele i kona mau maka mai ke alakaʻi - ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻike holoʻokoʻa o ka opera i loko. pololei. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia ʻōlelo hoʻopaʻa ʻole, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia ʻano hoʻonāukiuki - hoʻokō ʻo ia i kāna pahuhopu wale nō no ka mea ʻo ia ka hohonu o ka naʻauao e hiki ai i ka mea hoʻokele ke komo i ka manaʻo o ka mea haku mele, e haʻi me ka pololei loa a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, me ka mana kiʻekiʻe. o ka hoao ana.

Mālama ʻo Bernstein i kēia mau ʻano ʻoiai ke hana like ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi a me ka piano, e hoʻokani ana i nā concerto na Beethoven, Mozart, Bach, Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue. He nui ka repertoire a Bernstein. Ma ke ʻano he poʻo o ka New York Philharmonic, hana ʻo ia i nā mele kahiko a me nā mele hou, mai Bach a Mahler a me R. Strauss, Stravinsky a me Schoenberg.

Ma waena o kāna mau hoʻopaʻa leo ʻaneʻane nā symphonies a Beethoven, Schumann, Mahler, Brahms, a me nā hanana o nā hana nui ʻē aʻe. He mea paʻakikī ke kapa ʻana i kēlā mele mele ʻAmelika ʻaʻole e hoʻokani ʻo Bernstein me kāna orkestra: no kekahi mau makahiki, ua hoʻokomo ʻo ia i hoʻokahi hana ʻAmelika i kēlā me kēia o kāna mau papahana. He unuhi maikaʻi loa ʻo Bernstein i nā mele Soviet, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā symphonies a Shostakovich, ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e ke alakaʻi "ʻo ka mea hoʻokani mele hope loa."

ʻO Peru Bernstein-ka haku mele nona nā hana o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole. Ma waena o lākou he ʻekolu symphonies, opera, nā mele mele, ka mele "West Side Story", i hele a puni nā pae o ka honua holoʻokoʻa. I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻoikaika ʻo Bernstein e hāʻawi i ka manawa hou i ka haku mele. I kēia hopena, i ka makahiki 1969 ua haʻalele ʻo ia i kona kūlana ma ke ʻano he poʻo o ka New York Philharmonic. Akā ke manaʻo nei ʻo ia e hoʻomau i ka hana ʻana i kēlā me kēia manawa me ka ensemble, ka mea, e hoʻolauleʻa ana i kāna mau hoʻokō kupaianaha, hāʻawi ʻo Bernstein i ka inoa ʻo "Lifetime Conductor Laureate o New York Philharmonic."

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, 1969