Jean-Philippe Rameau |

Jean-Philippe Rameau

… Pono kekahi e aloha iā ia me kēlā ʻano mahalo i mālama ʻia e pili ana i nā kūpuna, he mea ʻoluʻolu ʻole, akā ʻo wai ka mea i ʻike i ka ʻōlelo ʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo me ka nani loa. C. Debussy

Ma muli o kona kaulana wale ʻana i kona mau makahiki oʻo, ʻaʻole i hoʻomanaʻo nui ʻo JF Rameau i kona wā kamaliʻi a ʻōpio a ʻaʻole ʻike kāna wahine. Mai nā palapala wale nō a me nā moʻolelo memo o nā mea hou e hiki ai iā mākou ke kūkulu hou i ke ala i alakaʻi iā ia i ka Olympus Parisian. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia kona lā hānau, a ua bapetizo ʻia ʻo ia ma Sepatemaba 25, 1683 ma Dijon. Ua hana ka makua kāne o Ramo ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani kani o ka hale pule, a ua loaʻa i ke keiki kāna mau haʻawina mua mai iā ia. Ua lilo koke ke mele i kona makemake. I ka makahiki 18, hele ʻo ia i Milan, akā hoʻi koke ʻo ia i Farani, kahi āna i huakaʻi mua ai me nā hui huakaʻi ma ke ʻano he violinist, a laila lawelawe ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani pila ma kekahi mau kūlanakauhale: Avignon, Clermont-Ferrand, Paris, Dijon, Montpellier , Lyon. Ua hoʻomau kēia a hiki i ka makahiki 1722, i ka wā i hoʻopuka ai ʻo Rameau i kāna hana manaʻo mua, A Treatise on Harmony. Ua kūkākūkā ʻia ka ʻatikala a me kāna mea kākau ma Paris, kahi i neʻe ai ʻo Rameau i ka makahiki 1722 a i ʻole ka makahiki 1723.

He kanaka hohonu a ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole naʻe i ka honua, ua loaʻa ʻo Rameau i nā mea pili a me nā hoa paio i waena o nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi o Farani: Ua kapa ʻo Voltaire iā ia ʻo "ʻO kā mākou Orpheus", akā ʻo Rousseau, he poʻokela o ka maʻalahi a me ke ʻano kūlohelohe i ka mele, ua hoʻohewa nui ʻo Rameau no " haʻawina” a me ka hoʻomāinoino ʻana i nā symphonies (e like me A. Gretry, ʻo Rousseau ka huhū ma muli o ka loiloi pololei loa o Rameau i kāna opera “ Gallant Muses ”). I ka hoʻoholo ʻana e hana ma ke kahua operatic wale nō i kona mau makahiki he kanalima, ua lilo ʻo Rameau mai 1733 i mea haku mele opera poʻokela o Farani, ʻaʻole hoʻi i haʻalele i kāna mau hana ʻepekema a me ka hoʻonaʻauao. I ka makahiki 1745 ua loaʻa iā ia ke poʻo inoa haku mele o ke aloaliʻi, a ma mua koke o kona make ʻana - ʻo ke aliʻi. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻo ia i kāna ʻano kūʻokoʻa a ʻōlelo ʻo ia, ʻo ia ke kumu i ʻike ʻia ai ʻo Ramo ma ke ʻano he eccentric a unsociable. ʻO ka nūpepa metropolitan, e pane ana i ka make ʻana o Rameau, "kekahi o nā mea mele kaulana loa ma ʻEulopa," i hōʻike ʻia: "Ua make ʻo ia me ka ikaika. ʻAʻole hiki i nā kāhuna ʻē aʻe ke loaʻa mai iā ia; a laila, ʻike ʻia ke kahuna ... ua kamaʻilio ʻo ia no ka manawa lōʻihi e like me ke ʻano o ke kanaka maʻi ... i hoʻōho me ka huhū: "No ke aha lā ʻoe i hele mai nei e hīmeni iaʻu, e ke kahuna pule? He leo wahaheʻe kou!'” Ua lilo nā keaka mele a me nā hula a Rameau i ke au holoʻokoʻa o ka mōʻaukala o ke keaka mele Farani. ʻAʻole i hoʻokani ʻia kāna keaka mua, ʻo Samesona, i kahi libretto na Voltaire (1732), no ka moʻolelo Baibala. Mai ka makahiki 1733, aia nā hana a Rameau ma ke kahua o ka Royal Academy of Music, me ka mahalo a me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa. I hui pū ʻia me ka ʻaha hoʻokolokolo, ua koi ʻia ʻo Rameau e huli i nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻano i hoʻoili ʻia mai JB Lully, akā ua unuhi ʻo ia ma kahi ʻano hou. Ua hoʻohewa nā mea mahalo iā Lully iā Rameau no nā hana hou wiwo ʻole, a me nā encyclopedists, nāna i hōʻike i nā koi aesthetic o ka lehulehu democratic (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Rousseau a me Diderot), no ka kūpaʻa ʻana i ke ʻano opera Versailles me kāna ʻano hoʻohālikelike, nā koa aliʻi a me nā hana mana: ua like kēia mau mea iā lākou. he anachronism ola. Ua hoʻoholo ke kālena akamai o Rameau i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o kāna mau hana maikaʻi loa. I loko o nā pōʻino mele ʻo Hippolytus a me Arisia (1733), Castor a me Pollux (1737), Dardanus (1739), Rameau, e hoʻomohala ana i nā kuʻuna hanohano o Lully, e hoʻolalelale i ke ala no nā ʻike e hiki mai ana o KV kumu koʻikoʻi a me ka makemake.

ʻO nā pilikia o ka opera-ballet "Gallant India" (1735) e pili ana i nā manaʻo o Rousseau e pili ana i ke "kanaka kūlohelohe" a hoʻonani i ke aloha ma ke ʻano he ikaika e hoʻohui i nā lāhui āpau o ka honua. Hoʻohui ka opera-ballet Platea (1735) i ka hoʻohenehene, nā mele, ka grotesque a me ka hoʻohenehene. Ma ka huina, ua hana ʻo Rameau ma kahi o 40 mau hana pae. ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka libretto i loko o ia mau mea ma lalo o ka hoʻohewa ʻana, akā ua ʻōlelo ʻakaʻaka ka mea haku mele: "E hāʻawi mai iaʻu i ka Nupepa Dutch a naʻu e hoʻonoho i ke mele." Akā, ua koi nui ʻo ia iā ia iho ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani pila, me ka manaʻo he mea pono i ka mea haku mele keaka ke ʻike i ke ʻano keaka a me ke ʻano kanaka, a me nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole; e hoʻomaopopo i ka hula, a me ke mele, a me nā lole. A ʻo ka nani ola o nā mele a Ra-mo e lanakila mau ana ma luna o ke ʻano hoʻohālike anu a i ʻole ka nani o ke alo o nā kumuhana moʻolelo kuʻuna. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke mele o ka arias e kona ʻano hōʻikeʻike, hoʻohālikelike ka orchestra i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi a pena i nā kiʻi o ke ʻano a me nā kaua. ʻAʻole naʻe ʻo Rameau i hoʻonohonoho iā ia iho i ka hana o ka hana ʻana i kahi aesthetics operatic integral a kumu. No laila, ʻo ka kūleʻa o ka hoʻoponopono operatic a Gluck a me nā hana o ke au o ka French Revolution i hoʻopau i nā hana a Rameau i kahi poina lōʻihi. Ma nā kenekulia XIX-XX wale nō. ua ike hou ia ke akamai o ke mele a Rameau; ua mahaloia oia e K. Saint-Saens, K. Debussy, M, Ravel, O. Messiaen.

ʻO kahi wahi koʻikoʻi o ka hana a u3bu1706bRamo he mele harpsichord. ʻO ka mea haku mele he mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi loa, 1722 paʻi o kāna mau ʻāpana no ka harpsichord (1728, 5, c. 11) i hoʻokomo ʻia i nā suites XNUMX kahi i hoʻololi ʻia ai nā ʻāpana hula (allemande, courante, minuet, sarabande, gigue) me nā mea i loaʻa nā inoa hōʻike ( "Nā hoʻopiʻi mālie", "Ke kamaʻilio ʻana o nā Muses", "Savages", "Whirlwinds", etc.). Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka haku mele a F. Couperin, i kapa ʻia ʻo "nui" no kona akamai i kona wā e ola ana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ko Rameau kaila a me ke keaka. ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana iā Couperin i kekahi manawa i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe filigree o nā kikoʻī a me ke ʻano palupalu o nā naʻau, ʻo Rameau i kāna mau pāʻani maikaʻi loa e hoʻokō ʻole i ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻuhane ("Birds Calling", "Peasant Woman"), hauʻoli nui ("Gypsy", "Princess"), kahi hui maʻalahi o ka ʻakaʻaka a me ka melancholy ("Chicken", "Khromusha"). ʻO ka Variations Gavotte ka hana nui a Rameau, kahi e loaʻa mālie ai ke kumu hula nani. Me he mea lā e paʻa ana kēia pāʻani i ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻuhane o kēia au: mai ka mele hoʻomaʻemaʻe o nā ʻoliʻoli nui i nā kiʻi pena o Watteau a hiki i ka classicism kipi o nā kiʻi pena a David. Ma kahi o nā suites solo, kākau ʻo Rameau i nā concerto harpsichord XNUMX i hui pū ʻia me nā hui keʻena.

Ua ʻike mua ʻia ka poʻe o Rameau ma ke ʻano he haku mele, a laila ma ke ʻano he haku mele. ʻO kāna "Treatise on Harmony" i loaʻa i kekahi mau mea i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia i hoʻokumu i ke kumu no ka ʻepekema ʻepekema o ka lokahi. Mai ka makahiki 1726 a hiki i ka makahiki 1762, ua paʻi ʻo Rameau i 15 mau puke a me nā ʻatikala āna i wehewehe ai a pale aku ai i kona mau manaʻo ma ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa me nā hoa paio i alakaʻi ʻia e Rousseau. Ua mahalo nui ka Academy of Sciences o Farani i na hana a Rameau. ʻO kekahi kanaka ʻepekema koʻikoʻi, ʻo d'Alembert, ua lilo i mea kaulana i kona mau manaʻo, a ua kākau ʻo Diderot i ka moʻolelo ʻo Rameau's Nephew, ʻo ia ka prototype ʻo Jean-Francois Rameau, ke keiki a ke kaikaina o ka haku mele ʻo Claude.

Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o nā mele a Rameau i nā keʻena ʻaha mele a me nā kahua opera i ka makahiki 1908 wale nō. a mahalo nui i ka hana a nā mea hoʻokani pila Farani. I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo i ka poʻe hoʻolohe o ka mua o ka opera Hippolyte a me Arisia a Rameau, ua kākau ʻo C. Debussy ma XNUMX: "Mai makaʻu mākou e hōʻike iā mākou iho i ka mahalo nui a i ʻole ka hoʻopā ʻana. E hoʻolohe kākou i ka naʻau o Ramo. ʻAʻohe leo i ʻoi aku ka Farani… "

L. Kirillina

Hānau ʻia i loko o ka ʻohana o ka mea hoʻokani ʻoka; ʻehiku o nā keiki he ʻumikumamākahi. I ka makahiki 1701 ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e hāʻawi iā ia iho i ke mele. Ma hope o ka noho pōkole ʻana ma Milan, ua lilo ʻo ia i poʻo o ka hale pule a me ka mea hoʻokani ʻoka, ma mua ma Avignon, a laila ma Clermont-Ferrand, Dijon, a me Lyon. I ka makahiki 1714, ua ʻike ʻo ia i kahi pāʻani aloha paʻakikī; i ka makahiki 1722, ua paʻi ʻo ia i kahi Treatise on Harmony, i ʻae iā ia e loaʻa i ke kūlana lōʻihi i makemake ʻia o ka mea hoʻokalakupua ma Palisa. I ka makahiki 1726 ua mare ʻo ia iā Marie-Louise Mango mai ka ʻohana mele, a e loaʻa iā ia ʻehā mau keiki. Mai ka makahiki 1731, ke alakaʻi nei ʻo ia i ka ʻaha mele pilikino a ka mea hanohano ʻo Alexandre de La Pupliner, he mea aloha mele, he hoaaloha o nā mea pena a me nā poʻe akamai (a ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo Voltaire). I ka makahiki 1733, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ka opera Hippolyte a me Arisia, i hoʻoulu ai i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa wela, i hoʻololi hou ʻia i ka makahiki 1752 mahalo iā Rousseau a me d'Alembert.

ʻO nā keaka nui:

Hippolytus and Arisia (1733), Gallant India (1735-1736), Castor and Pollux (1737, 1154), Dardanus (1739, 1744), Platea (1745), Temple of Glory (1745-1746), Zoroaster (1749-1756). ), Abaris, or Boreads (1764, 1982).

Ma waho aʻe o Farani, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka hale keaka o Rameau. Aia nā pilikia ma kēia ala, pili i ke ʻano o ka mea hoʻokani pila, me kona kūlana kūikawā ma ke ʻano he mea kākau o nā hana keaka a me kahi talena indefinable, i kekahi manawa e pili ana i ka moʻomeheu, i kekahi manawa uninhibited i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā harmonies hou a me ka orchestration hou. Aia kekahi pilikia ma ke ʻano o ka hale keaka o Rameau, piha i nā mele lōʻihi a me nā hula aliʻi, nani a me ka maʻalahi. ʻO kāna makemake i kahi ʻōlelo koʻikoʻi, kūlike, noʻonoʻo, mele a me ka dramatic, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻole e lilo i ka impulsive, ʻo kona makemake no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka melodic a me ka harmonic huli - ʻo kēia mau mea a pau e hāʻawi i ka hana a me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā manaʻo monumentality a me ka ceremoniality a, me he mea lā, hoʻohuli i ka nā huaʻōlelo i kahi kāʻei kua.

Akā ʻo kēia wale nō ka manaʻo mua, ʻaʻole e noʻonoʻo i nā puʻupuʻu koʻikoʻi kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ka maka o ka mea haku mele i ke ʻano, i kēia a i kēlā kūlana a hōʻike iā lākou. I kēia mau manawa, ola hou ka mana pōʻino o ke kula kahiko Farani, ke kula o Corneille a ʻoi aku ka nui o Racine. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻōlelo hoʻolaha ma ke kumu o ka ʻōlelo Farani me ka mālama like, kahi hiʻohiʻona e mau a hiki i Berlioz. Ma ke kahua o ke mele, noho ʻia ka wahi alakaʻi e nā ʻano ariose, mai ka maʻalahi-aka ʻoluʻolu a hiki i ka hana ʻino, mahalo ʻia i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka ʻōlelo o ka opera seria Farani; ma ʻaneʻi ke manaʻo nei ʻo Rameau i nā haku haku o ka hopena o ke kenekulia, e like me Cherubini. A e hoʻomanaʻo paha kekahi mau mele koa o nā koa iā Meyerbeer. ʻOiai makemake ʻo Rameau i ka opera mythological, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻokumu i ke kumu o ka "grand opera", kahi e hoʻohui ʻia ai ka mana, ka hanohano a me nā ʻano like ʻole me ka ʻono maikaʻi i ka stylization, a me ka nani o ka ʻike. Aia i loko o nā opera a Rameau nā ʻāpana choreographic i hui pū ʻia me nā mele nani i loaʻa kahi hana dramatic descriptive, e hāʻawi ana i ka nani a me ka hoihoi, e kali ana i kekahi mau hopena hou loa kokoke iā Stravinsky.

Ma hope o kona noho ʻana ma mua o ka hapalua o kona mau makahiki mai ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ua hānau hou ʻia ʻo Rameau i kahi ola hou i kona kāhea ʻia ʻana i Paris. Hoʻololi kona mele. Ua mare ʻo ia i kahi wahine ʻōpio, ʻike ʻia i nā nūpepa keaka me nā hana ʻepekema, a mai kāna "mare" hope i hānau ʻia ai ka opera Farani o ka wā e hiki mai ana.

G. Marchesi (unuhi e E. Greceanii)