Johann Christian Bach |

Johann Christian Bach

ʻO Johann Christian Bach, ma waena o nā pono ʻē aʻe, hānai a hoʻoulu i ka pua o ka lokomaikaʻi a me ka lokomaikaʻi ma ka ʻāina kahiko. F. Rohlic

"ʻO ka mea ikaika loa o nā keiki kāne a Sebastian" (G. Abert), ke aliʻi o nā manaʻo o ke mele mele ʻEulopa, he kumu aʻoaʻo, ka haku mele kaulana loa, hiki ke hoʻokūkū me ka kaulana me kekahi o kona mau hoa. Ua loaʻa kēia hopena i ka muli loa o nā keiki kāne a JS Bach, ʻo Johann Christian, i iho i ka mōʻaukala ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo "Milanese" a i ʻole "London" Bach. ʻO nā makahiki ʻōpio wale nō o Johann Christian i hoʻopau ʻia ma Kelemania: a hiki i 15 mau makahiki ma ka home makua, a laila ma lalo o ke aʻo ʻana a ke kaikuaʻana makua ʻo Philip Emanuel - ʻo "Berlin" Bach - ma Potsdam ma ke alo o Frederick the Great. I ka makahiki 1754, ua haʻalele ke kanaka ʻōpio, ka mua a me ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa, i kona ʻāina hānau a mau loa. Aia kona ala ma Italia, e hoʻomau ana i ke kenekulia XVIII. e lilo i Meka mele o Europa. Ma hope o ka lanakila ʻana o ka mea hoʻokani pila ma Berlin ma ke ʻano he harpsichordist, a me kahi ʻike haku mele, āna i hoʻomaikaʻi ai ma Bologna, me ka Padre Martini kaulana. Ua minoʻaka ʻo Fortune mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana iā Johann Christian, ka mea i hoʻomaʻamaʻa nui ʻia e kona lawe ʻana i ka Katolika. ʻO nā leka kākoʻo mai Naples, a laila mai Milan, a me ka inoa o kahi haumāna o Padre Martini, ua wehe i nā puka o ka hale pule ʻo Milan no Johann Christian, kahi i lawe ai i kahi o kekahi o nā mea hoʻokani. Akā,'o ka'oihana o ka mea ho'okani pila o ka halepule,'o ia kona makuakāne a me kona mau kaikunāne,'a'ole i ho'okomo i ka muli loa o ka Bach. ʻAʻole i liuliu, ua haʻi aku kahi haku mele opera hou iā ia iho, e lanakila wikiwiki ana i nā kahua keaka alakaʻi ma Italia: ua hoʻokumu ʻia kāna mau hana ma Turin, Naples, Milan, Parma, Perugia, a ma ka hopena o nā makahiki 60. a ma ka home, ma Braunschweig. Ua hiki aku ke kaulana o Johann Christian i Viena a me Ladana, a i ka Mei 1762, ua noi aku oia i na luna ekalesia e ae e hooko i ke kauoha keaka mai ka London Royal Theatre.

Ua hoʻomaka kahi manawa hou i ke ola o ka maestro, ka mea i koho ʻia e lilo i ka lua ma ka triad kaulana o nā mea mele Kelemania i hana i ka hanohano o ... Pelekania mele: ka mea pani o GF Handel, Johann Christian, ua aneane 3 mau makahiki ma mua o ka ʻIke ʻia ma kahakai o Albion I. Haydn ... ʻAʻole ia he mea hoʻonui e noʻonoʻo i ka makahiki 1762-82 i ke ola mele o ke kapikala ʻEnelani i ka wā o Johann Christian, ka mea i lanakila pono i ka inoa kapakapa ʻo "London" Bach.

ʻO ka ikaika o kāna haku mele a me ka hana noʻeau, ʻo ia hoʻi ma nā kūlana o ke kenekulia XVIII. nui loa. Energetic and purposeful - ʻo ia ke ʻano o kāna nānā ʻana iā mākou mai ke kiʻi kupanaha o kāna hoaaloha ʻo T. Gainsborough (1776), i kauoha ʻia e Padre Martini, ua hiki iā ia ke uhi i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke ola mele o ke au.

ʻO ka mua, ka hale keaka. ʻO ka Hale Aliʻi, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka "Italian" opuses o ka maestro, a me ka Royal Covent Garden, kahi i 1765 ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana o ka mele mele mele Pelekane kahiko ʻo The Mill Maiden, kahi i kaulana ai ʻo ia. Ua mele ʻia nā mele o "The Servant" e ka lehulehu ākea. ʻAʻole i emi iki ka lanakila o nā Arias Italia, i paʻi ʻia a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, a me nā mele ponoʻī, i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i nā hōʻiliʻili 3.

ʻO ka lua o nā wahi koʻikoʻi o ka hana a Johann Christian e pāʻani ana i ke mele a me ke aʻo ʻana i ka pōʻai o nā aristocrats aloha mele, ʻoi aku hoʻi kāna patroness Queen Charlotte (ma ke ala, he kamaʻāina o Kelemania). Pono nō hoʻi au e hoʻokani me nā mele kapu, i hoʻokani ʻia e like me ka ʻōlelo Pelekane ma ka hale keaka i ka wā Lent. Eia nā oratorio a N. Iommelli, G. Pergolesi, a me kāna mau haku ponoʻī, a ka mea haku mele i hoʻomaka ai e kākau ma Italia (Requiem, Short Mass, etc.). Pono e ʻae ʻia he liʻiliʻi ka makemake o nā ʻano ʻuhane a ʻaʻole i kūleʻa loa (ʻo nā hihia o ka hāʻule ʻana i ʻike ʻia) i ka "London" Bach, nāna i hāʻawi iā ia iho i nā mele honua. I ka nui loa, ua hōʻike ʻia kēia iā ia iho ma ke kahua koʻikoʻi loa o ka maestro - ʻo "Bach-Abel concertos", āna i hoʻokumu ai ma ke kahua pāʻoihana me kāna hoa ʻōpio, haku mele a me ka mea pāʻani gambo, he haumāna mua o Johann Sebastian CF Abela. Hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1764, ua hoʻonohonoho ka Bach-Abel Concertos i ka leo no ka honua mele ʻo Lākana no ka manawa lōʻihi. ʻO nā premieres, nā hana pono, nā hōʻikeʻike o nā mea kani hou (no ka laʻana, mahalo iā Johann Christian, ua hoʻomaka ka piano ma ke ʻano he mea kani ma Lākana no ka manawa mua) - ua lilo kēia mau mea i mea nui o ka ʻoihana Bach-Abel, nāna i hāʻawi. a hiki i 15 mau ʻahamele i hoʻokahi kau. ʻO ke kumu o ka repertoire nā hana a nā mea hoʻonohonoho ponoʻī: cantatas, symphonies, overtures, concertos, nā mele mele he nui. Ma ʻaneʻi hiki ke lohe i nā symphonies a Haydn, e kamaʻāina me ka poʻe soloists o ka Chapel kaulana ʻo Mannheim.

I ka huli ʻana, ua hoʻolaha nui ʻia nā hana o ka "English" ma ʻEulopa. Aia i nā makahiki 60. ua hana ia ma Parisa. Ua ʻimi ka poʻe aloha mele ʻEulopa e kiʻi iā Johann Christian ʻaʻole wale ma ke ʻano he haku mele, akā ma ke ʻano he haku mele. Ua kali ʻia ka pōmaikaʻi kūikawā iā ia ma Mannheim, kahi i kākau ʻia ai kekahi mau mele (me 6 quintets op. 11 no ka ohe, oboe, violin, viola a me basso continuo, i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ka mea hoʻokani mele kaulana ʻo Elector Karl Theodor). Ua neʻe ʻo Johann Christian i Mannheim no kekahi manawa, kahi i hoʻokani maikaʻi ʻia ai kāna mau opera Themistocles (1772) a me Lucius Sulla (1774).

Ke hilinaʻi nei i kona kaulana i nā pōʻai Farani ma ke ʻano he mea haku mele, kākau ʻo ia no Paris (i kauoha ʻia e ka Royal Academy of Music) i ka opera Amadis o Gaul, i hana mua ʻia ma mua o Marie Antoinette ma 1779. ʻOiai ua hana ʻia ma ke ʻano Farani - me ka divertissement kuʻuna. i ka hopena o kēlā me kēia hana - ʻaʻole kūleʻa ka opera, kahi i hōʻailona ai i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka emi ʻana o ka hana hana a me ka hana noʻeau o ka maestro. Ke hoʻomau nei kona inoa i ka papa inoa o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni aliʻi, akā ua hoʻoholo ʻia ʻo Amadis i hāʻule i lilo i hana operatic hope loa a Johann Christian. Ma ke ʻano liʻiliʻi, nalowale ka hoihoi i ka "Bach-Abel Concertos". ʻO nā hana hoʻokolokolo i hōʻole iā Johann Christian no ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe, ke olakino olakino, nā aie i alakaʻi i ka make mua o ka mea haku mele, ka mea i ola pōkole i kona nani mae. Ua poina koke ka lehulehu o ʻEnelani, makemake i ka mea hou.

No kahi ola pōkole, ua hana ʻo "London" Bach i kahi helu nui o nā haku mele, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻuhane o kona manawa me ka hoʻopiha piha. ʻO ka ʻuhane o ke au e kokoke ana e pili ana. Uaʻikeʻia kāna mau'ōlelo i ka makua kāne nui "alte Perucke" (lit. - "old wig"). Ma kēia mau ʻōlelo, ʻaʻole nui ka manaʻo ʻole i kahi kuʻuna ʻohana kahiko e like me ka hōʻailona o ka huli ʻana i ka mea hou, kahi i hele ʻoi aku ai ʻo Johann Christian ma mua o kona mau kaikuaʻana. ʻO kahi ʻōlelo ma kekahi o nā leka a WA ​​Mozart he ʻano: "Ke ʻohi nei au i nā fugues a Bach. "E like me Sebastian, pēlā ʻo Emanuel lāua ʻo Friedemann" (1782), ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale i kona makuakāne mai kāna mau keikikāne i ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano kahiko. A he ʻokoʻa loa ka manaʻo o Mozart no kāna kiʻi ʻo Lākana (ua kamaʻāina ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1764 i ka wā o ka huakaʻi a Mozart ma Lākana), ʻo ia ke kikowaena o nā mea kiʻekiʻe loa o ka ʻoihana mele.

ʻO kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻoilina o ka "London" Bach i hana ʻia i nā opera ma ke ʻano seria, i ʻike ʻia i ka manawa o 60-70s. Ke kenekulia XVIII i nā hana a J. Sarti, P. Guglielmi, N. Piccinni a me nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka mea i kapa ʻia. kula neo-Neapolitan lua opio. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ma kēia kaʻina hana ʻo Johann Christian, nāna i hoʻomaka i kāna ʻoihana opera ma Naples a alakaʻi maoli i ka kuhikuhi i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna.

Inflamed i ka 70s. Ma ke kaua kaulana ma waena o nā "glukkists a me nā picchinnists",ʻo ka "London" Bach ka mea nui loa ma kaʻaoʻao o ka hope. ʻAʻole no ka mea ʻole ʻo ia, me ka kānalua ʻole, hāʻawi ʻo ia i kāna mana ponoʻī o Gluck's Orpheus, e hāʻawi ana, me ka hui pū ʻana me Guglielmi, kēia mea hoʻokani reformist mua me nā helu (!) i hoʻokomo ʻia, i loaʻa iā ia ka pālākiō e pono ai no ka leʻaleʻa ahiahi. Ua lanakila 'o "Novelty" ma Lādana no kekahi mau kau (1769-73), a laila lawe 'ia e Bach i Naples (1774).

ʻO nā opera a Johann Christian ponoʻī, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e like me ke ʻano kaulana o ka "concert in costume", i noho ʻia mai ka waena o ke kenekulia XNUMX. ʻO ka libretto o ke ʻano Metastasian, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa loa i waho mai ka nui o nā hana ʻē aʻe o kēia ʻano. ʻO kēia ka hana liʻiliʻi loa a ka haku mele-mele. Aia ko lākou ikaika ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe: i ka lokomaikaʻi melodic, ka hemolele o ke ʻano, "ka waiwai o ka lokahi, ka lole akamai o nā ʻāpana, ka hoʻohana hauʻoli hou o nā mea kani" (C. Burney).

Hōʻailona ʻia ka hana instrumental a Bach e kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa. ʻO ke kaulana nui o kāna mau kākau ʻana, i māhele ʻia i nā papa inoa (e like me kā lākou i ʻōlelo ai i kēlā manawa i "nā mea leʻaleʻa", mai nā kamaʻāina maʻamau a i nā lālā o nā kula aliʻi), kūʻē kūʻē ʻia (ʻo Johann Christian ma kahi o 3 mau ʻano like ʻole o kona inoa. i Kelemānia. Bach, Italian. Bakki, English . Bakk) ʻaʻole ʻae ʻoe e noʻonoʻo pono i nā mea a pau i hana ʻia e ka haku mele, nāna i uhi kokoke i nā ʻano mea kani o kēia wā.

I kāna mau hana orchestral - overtures a me nā symphonies - ua kū ʻo Johann Christian ma nā kūlana pre-classicist ma ke kūkulu ʻana i ka holoʻokoʻa (e like me ka papahana "Neapolitan", wikiwiki - lohi - wikiwiki), a ma ka hoʻonā orchestral, maʻamau maʻamau. ma kahi a me ke ʻano o ke mele. Ma kēia ʻano ʻokoʻa ʻo ia mai ka Mannheimers a mai ka Haydn mua, me kā lākou hoʻoikaika ʻana no ka crystallization o ka pōʻai a me nā haku mele. Eia naʻe, ua nui ka mea maʻamau: ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ua kākau nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka "London" Bach, i kēlā me kēia, ma ke ʻano o ka sonata allegro a ma "ke ʻano punahele o ke au gallant - rondo" (Abert). ʻO ka hāʻawi nui loa o Johann Christian i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka concerto e ʻike ʻia i kāna hana ma nā ʻano like ʻole. He mele mele ia no kekahi mau mea kani a me ka orchestra, he kea ma waena o ka concerto baroque grosso a me ka concerto solo o ka classicism makua. ʻO ka op kaulana loa. 18 no nā mea mele ʻehā, e ʻimi ana i ka waiwai melodic, virtuosity, kūʻokoʻa o ke kūkulu ʻana. ʻO nā mele a pau a Johann Christian, koe naʻe nā opuses mua no nā woodwinds (flute, oboe and bassoon, i haku ʻia i ka wā o kāna aʻo ʻana ma lalo o Philipp Emanuel ma ka hale pule ʻo Potsdam), ua kākau ʻia no ka clavier, kahi mea kani i loaʻa ke ʻano o ke ao holoʻokoʻa nona. . ʻOiai i kona wā ʻōpiopio, ua hōʻike ʻo Johann Christian iā ia iho he mea hoʻokani clavier akamai loa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, i ka manaʻo o nā kaikunāne, a me kā lākou lili liʻiliʻi, ʻāpana o ka hoʻoilina: 3 harpsichords. He mea hoʻokani pila, he kumu hoʻonaʻauao, ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka hapa nui o kona ola e hoʻokani ana i kāna mea kani punahele. Nui nā mea liʻiliʻi a me nā sonata i kākau ʻia no ka clavier (me nā "haʻawina" ʻehā no nā haumāna a me nā amateurs, e hoʻohauʻoli ana me ko lākou ʻano hou a me ka maikaʻi, ka nui o nā mea i loaʻa mua, ka lokomaikaʻi a me ka nani). ʻO ka pōʻaiapuni ʻEono sonata no ka harpsichord a i ʻole "piano-forte" (1765), i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e Mozart no ka clavier, ʻelua violins a me ka bass. He mea nui loa ka hana a ka clavier ma ke keena mele o Johann Christian.

ʻO ka momi o kā Johann Christian mea hana hoʻohālike, ʻo ia kāna ensemble opuses (quartets, quintets, sextets) me kahi ʻāpana virtuoso ikaika o kekahi o nā mea komo. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia ʻano hierarchy ʻo ia ka Concerto no clavier a me ka orchestra (ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā Johann Christian i ka makahiki 1763 ke poʻo inoa o ka "master of music" a ke aliʻi wahine me ka concerto clavier). ʻO ia ke kuleana no ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻano clavier concerto hou me kahi hōʻike pālua i ka neʻe 1.

ʻO ka make ʻana o Johann Christian, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia e Londoners, ua ʻike ʻia e Mozart he poho nui no ka honua mele. A he mau kenekulia wale nō ma hope mai, ua lilo ka ʻike ʻana o Mozart i nā "pono" o kona makuakāne ʻuhane. "He pua o ka lokomaikaʻi a me ka lokomaikaʻi, ʻo ka mea ikaika loa o nā keiki kāne a Sebastian i lawe i kona wahi kūpono i ka mōʻaukala mele."

T. Frumkis